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Results for “behavioral responses”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Effect of chronic treatment on the cardiovascular and behavioral responses of 8-OH-DPAT in conscious normotensive rats.

Cardiovascular and behavioral responses induced by intravenous administration of the serotonin (5-HT)1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), were studied in conscious normotensive rats either after a single administration, after repeated subcutaneous treatments (1 mg/kg daily for 3 days), or after chronic intravenous infusion (200 micrograms/kg per h for 72 h). In naive rats, a single intravenous treatment with 10, 30 or 100 micrograms/kg 8-OH-DPAT produced a blood pressure reduction of approximately 10% and a heart rate reduction of 15-20%. The duration of blood pressure and heart rate reduction was dose-dependent. Behavioral responses were observed (i.e. reciprocal forepaw treading, flat body posture, hind limb abduction and headweaving), the severity and duration of which were also dose-dependent. Subcutaneous pretreatment with 8-OH-DPAT greatly reduced the behavior responses but did not alter the hypotensive or the heart rate response to a single intravenous administration of 8-OH-DPAT. Blood pressure and behavior were not monitored during the subcutaneous pretreatment period. Intravenous infusion of 8-OH-DPAT attenuated both the cardiovascular and behavioral effects to post-infusion intravenous treatment. The differential tolerance development to these responses suggests that 8-OH-DPAT may exert its blood pressure response and its behavior response through two distinct mechanisms.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1978

Sex differences in responsiveness to infants: a developmental study of psychophysiological and behavioral responses.

Sex differences in responsiveness to infants were investigated by comparing physiological responses to infants with overt behavioral reactions. The former were assumed to be more biologically determined than the latter whereas overt behavioral responsiveness was presumed to be more affected by societal norms than were psychophysiological indices. The subjects were boys and girls in middle childhood and early adolescence. Psychophysiological indices showed that children, like parents, responded differentially to infant smiles and cries. As predicted, there were no sex differences on psychophysiological measures of responsiveness to babies. When permitted to interact with a baby, however, girls interacted more and ignored less than boys did. The results suggest that sex differences in overt responsiveness to babies are attributable to societal pressures rather than innate factors. Sex differences appear to wax and wane depending on the salience of sex stereotypy in differing developmental phases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Comparison of the effect of propofol and that of pentobarbital on behavioral responses to somatic and visceral stimuli in rats].

The behavioral responses to tail-flick and colorectal distension after intraperitoneal administration of either small or large dose of propofol as well as of pentobarbital were studied in rats. Immediately after baseline testing, animals were randomly divided into four groups; propofol groups of 50 mg.kg-1 (n = 4) or 100 mg.kg-1 (n = 4) and pentobarbital groups of 10 mg.kg-1 (n = 4) or 20 mg.kg-1 (n = 4). Both tests were repeated every 10 minutes for 1 hour in each group. There were no changes in the thresholds of colorectal distension and tail-flick latencies in those animals receiving small doses of propofol and pentobarbital. The thresholds for colorectal distension following administration of large doses of propofol and pentobarbital had greatly increased at 10 minutes and this increase persisted for about 30 minutes although it declined gradually. In contrast, the state of high sensitivity to tail-flick test was seen in the large dose groups of both drugs. It is concluded that there are no pharmacological differences between propofol and pentobarbital in behavioral responses to somatic and visceral stimuli in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Behavioral response of altricial and precocial rodent fetuses to acute umbilical cord compression.

Norway rat fetuses (Rattus norvegicus) exhibit a stereotypic behavioral response when the umbilical cord is experimentally compressed with a vascular clamp. In this study, the development of the fetal behavioral response to cord compression was compared in altricial and precocial rodents, which differ markedly in neural and motor maturity at the time of birth. Both altricial and precocial species showed some form of behavioral response to umbilical cord compression. Fetuses of two altricial species, Norway rats and Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), expressed hyperactivity in response to cord compression throughout the last third of gestation. In contrast, precocial cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) did not respond to cord compression until relatively late in gestation. Thus, altricial and precocial species do not express the cord compression response during comparable periods of neural development: precocial species are much more mature at the earliest expression of this behavior than altricial species. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that the cord compression response is a behavioral adaptation that can promote survival of the fetus in utero.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of age on cold acclimation in rats: metabolic and behavioral responses.

To determine whether senescence affects the metabolic and behavioral responses of rats to chronic cold exposure, 8- and 22-mo-old male Fischer 344 rats were studied before and after 6 wk of cold (6-10 degrees C) exposure. Measurements of body weight, food consumption, oxygen consumption, body temperature, and ambient temperature selection in a thermocline (7-37 degrees C linear gradient) were made at regular intervals throughout the acclimation period. Before acclimation, age groups differed significantly only by weight. During acclimation, older rats had increased mortality and morbidity below 10 degrees C. After acclimation at 10 degrees C, younger and older rats both selected cooler ambient temperatures (7 and 5 degrees C cooler than preacclimation, respectively), and older rats had a significantly greater decrease in body temperature in the thermocline. Both age groups increased resting metabolic rate at 25 degrees C with cold acclimation (16.5 and 10% increase for younger and older rats, respectively). This study indicates distinct differences in metabolic and behavioral responses of younger and older rats to cold acclimation. Chronic cold exposure is detrimental to thermoregulatory function in older rats, since it is not as effective in stimulating sustained increases in metabolic rate in older rats as in young adults and it leads to a preference for cooler ambient temperatures, resulting in increased heat loss and reduced body temperature.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1992

Glutathione-binding proteins identified by monoclonal antibodies which depress the behavioral response evoked by glutathione in Hydra.

Hydra shows at least 5 components of the behavioral response (R1-R5) which are evoked at different concentrations of S-methylglutathione (GSM). We have prepared several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), each of which depressed specific responses and visualized specific structures. In this paper, we analyzed molecules participating in the signaling pathway of R5 response with use of three mAbs (J245, J5 and J5/1), all of which depressed the response. A behavioral analysis of the response in the presence of mixtures of these mAbs suggested that J245 and J5 both acted on a component of the receptor-effector system which was not affected by J5/1. Correspondingly, an immunoblotting analysis showed two 220 kDa proteins which reacted with both J245 and J5 but not with J5/1. ELISA analyses also showed that the J245 antigens formed only a portion of the J5 antigens. A labeled major peak was found in the 220 kDa protein fraction by gel permeation HPLC after immunoprecipitation of the J245 antigen photolabeled with [35S]-S-(p-azidophenacyl)-glutathione. Competition of the photolabeling by the ligands GSM and L-glutamate (a competitive inhibitor of the R5 response) indicated dissociation constants for their binding to the protein of 55 and 90 microM, respectively. These values were consistent with those expected from behavioral experiments. The 220 kDa proteins therefore appear to be candidates for the receptor molecules mediating R5.

Affinity Labels↗
PubMed2025

Mouse Testing Methods in Psychoneuroimmunology: Measuring Behavioral Responses.

The field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) aims to uncover the processes and consequences of nervous, immune, and endocrine system relationships. Behavior is a consequence of such interactions and manifests from a complex interweave of factors including immune-to-neural and neural-to-immune communication. Often the signaling molecules involved during a particular episode of neuroimmune activation are not known, but behavioral response provides evidence that bioactives such as neurotransmitters and cytokines are perturbed. Immunobehavioral phenotyping is a first-line approach when examining the neuroimmune system and its reaction to immune stimulation or suppression. Behavioral response is significantly more sensitive than direct measurement of a single specific bioactive and can quickly and efficiently rule in or out relevance of a particular immune challenge or therapeutic to neuroimmunity. Classically, immunobehavioral research was focused on sickness symptoms related to bacterial infection, but neuroimmune activation is now a recognized complication of diseases and disorders ranging from cancer to diabesity to Alzheimer's. Immunobehaviors include lethargy, loss of appetite, and disinterest in social activity/surrounding environment. In addition, neuroimmune activation can diminish physical activity, precipitate feelings of depression and anxiety, and impair cognitive and executive function. Provided is a detailed overview of behavioral tests frequently used to examine neuroimmune activation in mice with a special emphasis on pre-experimental conditions that can confound or prevent successful immunobehavioral experimentation.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Metabolic and experimental factors in the behavioral response to repeated amphetamine.

Previous studies have shown that repeated administration of d-amphetamine results in a progressive augmentation of locomotor activity and stereotypy. The present studies demonstrate that rats also exhibit an enhanced behavioral response following multiple daily injections of l-amphetamine and methylphenidate. Furthermore, behavioral augmentation is shown to persist for at least six days after a single injection of d-amphetamine. These results demonstrate the generality of the reverse tolerance phenomenon and indicate that metabolic factors, such as the formation of false neurotransmitters, do not account for the enhanced behavioral responsiveness observed with multiple injections of these drugs. The role of experiential factors in the behavioral augmentation was studied by (1) varying the amount of continuous exposure to the experimental environment prior to d-amphetamine administration, and (2) examining the effects of repeated injections of saline or d-amphetamine in different environments prior to testing in the experimental chambers. The results, which revealed a behavioral augmentation independent of pretreatment condition, indicate that neither acclimation to the test chamber nor state-dependent conditioning to external stimuli accounts for the enhanced locomotor activity and stereotypy observed with repeated administration of psychomotor stimulants.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1992

3'-modified antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides complementary to calmodulin mRNA alter behavioral responses in Paramecium.

The calcium-binding protein calmodulin has been shown to modulate the Ca(2+)-dependent ion channels of Paramecium tetraurelia. Mutations in the calmodulin gene of Paramecium result in an altered pattern of behavioral responses. Antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs), complementary to calmodulin mRNA in Paramecium, were synthesized from a modified solid support that introduced a 3'-hydroxyhexyl phosphate. These 3'-modified ODNs were tested for their ability to alter the behavioral response of Paramecium. The microinjection of antisense ODNs temporarily reduced the backward swimming behavior of the cells in test solutions containing Na+. The injection of sense and random 3'-modified ODNs, or unmodified antisense ODNs, had no effect. The antisense ODN-induced effect was reversed by the injection of calmodulin protein. The pattern of response of the injected cells in various behavioral test solutions indicated that the calmodulin antisense ODNs reduce the Ca(2+)-dependent Na+ current. Antisense ODNs, complementary either to the 5' start site or to an internal sequence of the calmodulin mRNA, were similarly effective in altering behavior. These results show that antisense ODNs may be utilized in ciliated protozoa as a tool for reducing the expression of specific gene products. In addition, Paramecium represents a powerful model system with which to study and develop antisense ODN technology.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of angiotensin II on behavioral responses of defensive burying paradigm in rats.

The effects of angiotensin II (ATII) administered intracerebroventricularly in male Wistar rats in doses of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 micrograms, as well as of ATII (1.0 micrograms) + saralasin (SAR, an analog ATII) (5.0 micrograms), on behavioral responses of the defensive burying paradigm were studied. ATII-treated animals displayed significantly less defensive burying behavior (less time spent in defensive burying and less frequent burying than in vehicle-treated rats) in a dose-dependent manner. SAR at a dose of 5 micrograms did not affect burying behavior significantly; it also did not modify the inhibition effects of ATII on behavioral responses of the defensive burying test. These results provide evidence that ATII can exert anxiolytic actions on central transmitter systems mediating conditioned fear-related behaviors (i.e., defensive burying). The present study suggests that the defensive burying animal model is a rather sensitive test fulfilling the pharmacological criteria of dose-dependent sensitivity for studying the central effects of neuropeptides (e.g., ATII).

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed1992

Sympathetic nervous system and behavioral responses to stress following exercise training.

This study tests the hypothesis that a short-term (16 weeks) exercise program modifies sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and selected behavioral responses to acute psychological stress. Twenty-four previously sedentary middle-aged men with maximal aerobic capacity (VmaxO2) values less than 40 ml.kg-1.min-1 were assigned to experimental (n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups. All subjects performed a modified Stroop test (18 min) at pre- and postexercise training during which intravenous blood samples were drawn at three time intervals for plasma catecholamine (CA) determination. Motor performance was continuously recorded for assessment of premotor (PMT) and motor (MOT) components of reactions time. A set of anagrams were administered immediately following the modified Stroop to determine the level of cognitive fatigue induced. At both pre- and postexercise intervention, the total group (n = 24) manifested significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) elevations in state anxiety, heart rate, and plasma norepinephrine. No significant changes occurred over time on PMT or MOT. There were significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01) lengthened anagram performance scores poststress compared to nonstress values. The experimental group exercise trained 3 days/week for 16 weeks, resulting in a 20% increase in VO2max. However, there were no group differences on the CA or behavioral responses to the modified Stroop at pre- or postintervention. These findings do not support the hypothesis that short-term aerobic training significantly alters SNS activity or behavioral measures of central processing in middle-aged men exposed to an acute psychological challenge.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

High dietary sodium enhances gustatory nerve activity and behavioral responses to NaCl.

Neural and behavioral taste responses to NaCl were studied in rats receiving a high-salt diet. Salt preferences and voluntary sodium intake were measured by the 24-h two-bottle choice method over a wide concentration range of NaCl solutions. As expected, the salt-loaded rats showed lower preference responses for all the solutions tested, which were presented in ascending order from 0.001 to 1.0 M NaCl. However, they freely ingested significantly greater amounts of sodium than the controls by drinking larger volumes of saline solution throughout the hypotonic concentration range, from 0.001 to 0.1 M NaCl. They showed lower voluntary intake of sodium only for isotonic and hypertonic solutions. Electrophysiological recordings from the chorda tympani nerve showed that the taste responses of the salt-loaded rats were greater in magnitude than those of the controls, and the neural stimulus-response function of the experimental group had a significantly steeper slope but no apparent difference in threshold. These experiments indicate that salt-loaded rats have enhanced appetitive responses to NaCl that may be mediated by increased sensory input.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Neuroendocrine and behavioral responses during conditioned active and passive behavior in the defensive burying/probe avoidance paradigm: effects of ipsapirone.

Plasma epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and corticosterone (CORT) concentrations were determined in the rat before, during, and after a 15-min exposure to a nonelectrified probe on day after receiving electric shock (1.5 mA) through a probe mounted on the wall of the home cage. Rats displayed burying (active coping) if sawdust was provided on the floor and immobility (passive coping) if bedding was absent both during training and testing. The conditioned burying was accompanied by high plasma NE but low E and CORT concentrations, whereas immobility was associated with high CORT and low NE levels. A forced switch from the active to passive coping (training with and testing without sawdust) led to the highest rise in E concentration. The 5-HT1A agonist ipsapirone, with anxiolytic properties, dose-dependently (0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg, IV) reduced defensive burying behavior and increased the amount of time spent on feeding behavior in the presence of bedding material. Both plasma E and CORT levels were further elevated by the higher dose of ipsapirone. In the absence of bedding material, ipsapirone failed to affect immobility behavior, but it dose-dependently elevated the stress-induced increase in E, NE, and CORT concentrations. Accordingly, the behavioral anxiolytic action of the 5-HT1A agonist ipsapirone was restricted to active coping, whereas neuroendocrine activation by the drug was present in all conditions. It is suggested that the effects of ipsapirone on behavioral coping and neuroendocrine regulation are produced by different populations of 5-HT1A receptors in the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Physiological and behavioral responses to starvation in the golden hamster.

Physiological and behavioral responses of adult hamsters to starvation were studied by measuring food intake, weight recovery, serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate, and ketonuria in animals subjected to different weight losses, diets, and durations of fast. Hamsters were debilitated by fasts longer than 12 h or leading to greater than 20% weight loss. Hamsters' feeding patterns were unmodified by fasts ranging between 5 and 12 h and showed no circadian periodicity. Hamsters predominantly recovered from weight losses without increasing their food consumption (unless they were offered a diet of pellets and seeds) and without changing their meal patterns, at a rate of weight gain proportional to the magnitude of preceding weight loss if provided with uninterrupted access to food. By 8 h of fast, blood metabolites were indicative of mobilization of body fat. Hamsters are thus behaviorally unresponsive to duration of fast, but compensate physiologically for weight losses with proportional increases in the rate of weight gain.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Identification of the central tachykinin receptor subclass involved in substance P-induced cardiovascular and behavioral responses in conscious rats.

To identify the tachykinin receptor subclass involved in the central cardiovascular and behavioral actions of substance P (SP), we compared the central actions of SP with those of neurokinin A (NKA) and senktide in conscious chronically instrumented rats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of SP (an NK1 agonist) and NKA (an NK2 agonist) increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) dose dependently and these cardiovascular responses were associated with the behavioral responses, comprising excessive grooming and exploring. Both peptides were equipotent to produce the cardiovascular and the behavioral responses. Senktide (a highly selective NK-3 agonist), injected i.c.v. increased the HR markedly. The behavioral response, 'wet dog shakes', was observed most frequently after senktide and was dissociated from the HR response. Pretreatment with a peripheral NK-1-selective antagonist, L-668,169, attenuated the NKA-induced cardiovascular and behavioral responses but not the SP-induced responses. However, pretreatment with a peripheral NK-2-selective antagonists, L-659,877, attenuated the SP-induced responses but not the NKA-induced responses. These results suggest that the central cardiovascular and behavioral actions of SP and NKA are mediated by different subclasses of receptors and that the receptor subclasses which are specific for the central nervous system differ from those which mediate the peripheral actions of the two tachykinins.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral responses elicited by intraperitoneal neurotensin in guinea pigs.

The potential behavioral responses to single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of neurotensin (NT) were examined in conscious, freely moving guinea pigs. Most animals injected with NT solvent (i.e., controls) or NT solution with low NT concentration (i.e., 5.4 nM) exhibited little or no particular behavioral reaction. On the other hand, 50 to 75% of the animals given IP injection of NT with 54, 540, or 5400 nM of NT exhibited motor responses characterized by a transient episode of clonic body jerks. Vocalization responses were observed in less than 25% of the animals given IP NT. Animal pretreatment with morphine reduced the incidence of motor and vocalization responses. The results were interpreted as an indication that IP injection of moderately concentrated NT solution (i.e., greater than or equal to 54 nM) is probably a weak noxious stimulus in conscious guinea pigs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute ethanol intoxication during pregnancy: postnatal effects on the behavioral response to serotonin agents.

Pregnant wistar rats were treated on the eighth day of gestation (GD 8) with two IP injections, spaced by 4 h, of either ethanol (2.9 g/kg in 24% v/v saline solution, EG) or saline (SG). Other pregnant females did not received any type of IP injections (absolute control group, ACG). Offspring were tested at 45 or 90 days of age. At 45 days of age, EG showed an increased behavioral response (forepaw treading and hindlimb abduction) to the 5-HT1 agonist, 5-methoxy-N,N-dymethyltryptamine. In addition, an enhanced "wet-dog" shakes behavioral response to 5-HT2 agonist, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, was also observed in EG as compared to ACG and SG. On the contrary, at 90 days, EG exhibited a diminished behavioral reactivity to 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 agonists as compared to SG. These results demonstrated that acute administration of ethanol on GD 8 induced long-lasting changes in the functioning of central serotonergic systems.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1990

Ontogeny of the enhanced behavioral response to amphetamine in amphetamine-pretreated rats.

Repeated administration of amphetamine to adult rats results in enhanced behavioral responses to subsequent amphetamine exposure. These experiments were designed to determine the earliest age at which behavioral sensitization to amphetamine could be detected. Rats from both sexes (n = 6-8/group) at ages of 1, 7, 21 or 49 postnatal days (PNDs) were injected with either d-amphetamine sulfate (5 mg/kg) or saline, SC, twice daily for 5 consecutive days. Stereotyped behavior and locomotor activity responses to a challenge dose of d-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg), or saline, IP, were assessed for a total of 90 min, 15 days after the last dose of pretreatment. Amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior was significantly enhanced only when amphetamine pretreatment was initiated at PND 49, but not at the earlier ages of PND 1, 7 or 21. There was no apparent sex difference in this effect. Correspondingly, amphetamine-induced locomotor activity was reduced in both sexes of the same age group (PND 49), but not in groups pretreated earlier, when compared to the saline-pretreated rats. These results suggest that amphetamine sensitization may be a late-developing effect, one which occurs sometime after the 3rd week of postnatal life.

Aging↗