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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

[A clinical study of two cases with immediate hypersensitivity to apple-pulp and an investigation of cross-allergenicity between apple-pulp allergen and some other pollen allergens].

In Japan there are no case reports of immediate hypersensitivity to apple-pulp. Here, we report on two patients: a 23-year-old woman and a 14-year-old girl with 3-year and 7-year histories, respectively, of anaphylactic reactions to apple-pulp. In the first patient, eating raw apples immediately elicited itching and tingling of the lips and mouth with severe edema of the lips and tongue, irritation of the throat and slight colic in the upper abdomen. In the second, nausea and vomiting occurred after ingestion of apples. In skin prick tests, they showed positive reactions to apple-pulp extract prepared by the method of Björkstén et al. and to fresh apple juice. In addition, IgE antibody to the apple-pulp extract was detected in the sera of both patients. They also possessed IgE antibodies to some other species of both pollens and fruits/vegetables in their sera. In the present study, cross-allergenicity between apple-pulp and five pollen species, which consisted of birch, Japanese cedar, orchard grass, mugwort and ragweed pollen, was investigated by RAST inhibition. The apple-pulp extract effectively inhibited RASTs to all the pollens except Japanese cedar pollen. These results suggested that the four pollens might have shared allergen with the apple-pulp extract.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Marker-assisted screening of resistance to fire blight, powdery mildew, and apple scab in local apple varieties from Uzbekistan.

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is one of the most economically important fruit crops worldwide; however, its production is severely constrained by major diseases, including fire blight, powdery mildew, and apple scab. Breeding disease-resistant cultivars represents a sustainable alternative to chemical control, particularly through the effective utilization of local germplasm resources from Central Asia. This study aimed to evaluate the presence and distribution of resistance-associated alleles in local apple varieties from Uzbekistan using polymorphic DNA markers. A collection of local apple accessions was screened to identify markers linked to resistance against fire blight, powdery mildew, and apple scab. The analysis revealed substantial genetic variation in resistance gene combinations among the studied varieties. The fire blight-associated marker AE10-375 was detected in 79.8% of the accessions. For powdery mildew resistance, 75.2% of the varieties carried resistance alleles corresponding to both Pl1 and Pl2 genes. Screening for apple scab resistance demonstrated that Vfa2, Vfa1, and Rvi6 were the most prevalent genes, with Vfa2 detected in 95.4% of the accessions. Regional analysis indicated that accessions from Karakalpakstan exhibited the highest proportion of genotypes harboring markers associated with resistance to multiple diseases. Six local varieties-Atlas olma, Turkish, Xuboni, Krasniy jeleznyak, Shoyi olma, and Besh barmoq-were identified as carrying resistance-associated markers for all three diseases. These findings demonstrate that local apple germplasm from Uzbekistan represents a valuable genetic resource for resistance to economically important diseases. The identified genotypes provide promising donor material for breeding programs aimed at developing cultivars with durable, broad-spectrum resistance while reducing reliance on chemical control strategies.

Malus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scar skin and dapple apple viroids are seed-borne and persistent in infected apple trees.

The closely related apple scar skin viroid (ASSV) and dapple apple viroid (DAV) were identified in whole seeds from infected pome fruits by hybridization of extracted nucleic acids with a 32P-labelled ASSV cRNA probe. Viroid amounts were greater in seed coats and subcoats than in seed cotyledons and embryos. ASSV or DAV was also detected in nucleic acid extracts from infected seeds, cotyledons and embryos by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction with viroid-cDNA-specific primers followed by Southern blot hybridization analysis of the amplified products with an ASSV cRNA probe. These results indicate that ASSV and DAV are seed-borne. ASSV and DAV were also found in the anthers, petals, receptacles, leaves, bark and roots of infected trees. The results suggest that viroid-infected trees constitute potential sources of the viroid in field spread. ASSV and DAV infections have been observed sporadically in commercial orchards in the United States and Canada and the infected trees have been eliminated. The use of viroid-free sources of seeds, seedlings, rootstocks and budwood should greatly reduce the risk of the future spread of the viroid.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Azinphos-methyl residues in apples and spatial distribution of fluorescein in vase-shaped apple trees.

Vase-shaped standard apple trees cv. McIntosh were sprayed with azinphos-methyl at pink, pink and 1st cover and 1st cover only. Residue analyses by gas chromatography revealed detectable residues on foliage until mid summer. At harvest, negligible residue levels were found on the peel and the whole apple. On four trees, fluorescein was sprayed in the same manner as the insecticide and maximum levels of the dye were detected on the outside lower canopy along the row. Minimal concentration of fluorescein was detected on the inner upper canopy away from the direction of the row.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1992

Promotion of apple tree growth and fruit production by the EBW-4 strain of Bacillus subtilis in apple replant disease soil.

A field trial was conducted near Kelowna, British Columbia, to determine the effect of biological treatments alone and in combination with formalin fumigation in apple replant disease soil. The response was measured by the increase in cross-sectional trunk area, total shoot growth, and fruit yield of McIntosh apple trees on M.26 rootstock. The postplanting drench application of strain EBW-4 of Bacillus subtilis alone was consistently effective in increasing cross-sectional trunk area for 5 years, total shoot growth for 4 years, and fruit yield for 3 years. The biological agent EBW-4 of B. subtilis in combination with formalin fumigation was also effective in promoting total shoot growth and cross-sectional trunk area. The application of formalin fumigation alone was effective in increasing shoot growth for 2 years and cross-sectional trunk area for 1 year only. This treatment did not increase fruit yield for 3 years. The consistent performance of strain EBW-4 of B. subtilis during 1986-1991 indicates that this bacterium has the potential for biological control of replant disease under orchard conditions in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Choosing between apples and apples: physicians' choices of prescription drugs that have similar side effects and efficacies.

OBJECTIVE: To examine physician choices of commonly used medications having similar side effects and efficacies, and to evaluate factors that may affect these choices. DESIGN/SETTING: Cross-sectional survey conducted in winter 1989-1990. PARTICIPANTS: 263 physicians at a university teaching hospital (response rate = 71%). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Physicians rated patient compliance, cost to patient, and patient preference as the three most influential factors in their selection of a particular agent from a class of similar drugs. Housestaff were less likely than faculty to consider cost to patient as a "very important" factor (33% vs. 60%; p less than 0.05), and only 11% of all physicians felt that cost to third-party payer was very important. Physicians reported that their choices of particular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), histamine-2 (H2) blockers, and inhaled beta-agonists were mainly determined by which drugs enhanced compliance or were used by others (the "traditional choice"); cost to patient was a less important influence in these instances. All physician subgroups were inaccurate in predicting the approximate prices of their first- and second-choice agents. For example, only 28% of those selecting naproxen as their preferred NSAID were within $10 of the range of the prices of a one-month supply, and 14% were within $10 for cimetidine. CONCLUSION: Although this group of physicians reported considering drug costs to be important when choosing between similar drugs, they acknowledged that cost was relatively unimportant in several specific instances studied and their knowledge of the absolute and relative prices of drugs they commonly prescribed was deficient.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1990

Identification, secretion, and neural expression of APPL, a Drosophila protein similar to human amyloid protein precursor.

A Drosophila gene [amyloid protein precursor-like (Appl)] has recently been identified whose predicted amino acid sequence (APPL) shares extensive homology with the beta-amyloid protein precursor (APP) associated with Alzheimer's disease. Characterization of proteins encoded by the Appl gene was initiated with the expectation that this simple model system might help elucidate the basic function provided by APPL and APP proteins. In this report, we identify 2 forms of the APPL protein in embryonic extracts, primary cultures, and transfected cells. APPL is synthesized as a 145-kDa membrane-associated precursor that is converted to a 130-kDa secreted form that lacks the cytoplasmic domain. Both forms are N-glycosylated. Pulse-chase and subcellular localization studies suggest that the conversion is very rapid. The similarities of biogenesis between APP and APPL provide further evidence that APPL and APP might be functionally homologous, and that the secretion event is of physiological significance. Immunocytochemical studies show that the APPL proteins are first detected in developing neurons concomitant with axonogenesis and remain associated with differentiated neurons. APPL immunoreactivity was observed in neuronal cell bodies, axonal tracts, and neuropil regions. In the embryo, APPL proteins are expressed exclusively in the CNS and PNS neurons, consistent with the Appl transcript localization. The expression pattern of APPL proteins suggests an ancestral function for this protein in the nervous system.

Amyloid beta-Peptides↗
PubMed1990

Cross-reactivity among the pollen proteins of birch and apple trees.

In the spring of 1986, the pollen were collected from apple trees in full blossom, and were investigated for their allergenicity. The patients selected for study were subjects with a combined inhalant allergy to birch pollen and an oral allergy to apple fruit. The apple pollen extract yielded about the same percentage of nondialysable substance as obtained from birch pollen. In contrast to the latter, UV-spectroscopy revealed no flavonoids adsorbed to the apple pollen proteins. Patients with a combined allergy to birch pollen and apple fruit showed positive skin reactions to both birch and apple pollen extract. Inhibition of IgE-binding in RAST to birch pollen was observed by apple pollen extract at a 1000-fold lower potency than the homologous birch allergens. Immunoblotting demonstrated IgG-antibodies in birch-allergic sera cross-reactive with apple pollen components. It is concluded that minor allergenic determinants cross-reactive with birch pollen epitopes occur not only in the fruit, but also in the pollen of the apple tree.

Cross Reactions↗
PubMed1992

Human amyloid precursor protein ameliorates behavioral deficit of flies deleted for Appl gene.

Drosophila amyloid precursor protein-like (Appl) gene encodes a protein product (APPL) similar to beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) associated with Alzheimer's disease. To understand the in vivo function of APPL protein, we have generated flies deleted for the Appl gene. These flies are viable, fertile, and morphologically normal, yet they exhibit subtle behavioral deficits. We show that a fast phototaxis defect in Appl- flies is partially rescued by transgenes expressing the wild-type, but not a mutant, APPL protein. We further demonstrate a functional homology between APPL and APP, since transgenes expressing human APP show a similar level of rescue as transgenes expressing fly APPL.

Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor↗
PubMed2024

Phased telomere-to-telomere reference genome and pangenome reveal an expansion of resistance genes during apple domestication.

The cultivated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a cross-pollinated perennial fruit tree of great economic importance. Earlier versions of apple reference genomes were unphased, fragmented, and lacked comprehensive insights into the apple's highly heterozygous genome, which impeded advances in genetic studies and breeding programs. In this study, we assembled a haplotype-resolved telomere-to-telomere (T2T) reference genome for the diploid apple cultivar Golden Delicious. Subsequently, we constructed a pangenome based on 12 assemblies from wild and cultivated species to investigate the dynamic changes of functional genes. Our results revealed the gene gain and loss events during apple domestication. Compared with cultivated species, more gene families in wild species were significantly enriched in oxidative phosphorylation, pentose metabolic process, responses to salt, and abscisic acid biosynthesis process. Our analyses also demonstrated a higher prevalence of different types of resistance gene analogs (RGAs) in cultivars than their wild relatives, partially attributed to segmental and tandem duplication events in certain RGAs classes. Structural variations, mainly deletions and insertions, have affected the presence and absence of TIR-NB-ARC-LRR, NB-ARC-LRR, and CC-NB-ARC-LRR genes. Additionally, hybridization/introgression from wild species has also contributed to the expansion of resistance genes in domesticated apples. Our haplotype-resolved T2T genome and pangenome provide important resources for genetic studies of apples, emphasizing the need to study the evolutionary mechanisms of resistance genes in apple breeding.

Malus↗