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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB113 specifically regulates anthocyanin accumulation in Lycium ruthenicum.

LrMYB113 drives anthocyanin biosynthesis in Lycium ruthenicum by forming an MBW complex and directly activating LrDFR and LrANS promoters, providing a genetic target for enhancing flavonoid production. Lycium ruthenicum Murray (black goji berry), a Solanaceae medicinal plant, is valued for its high flavonoid content. However, the transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in L. ruthenicum remains unclear, hindering its pharmaceutical development. Here, we identified and characterized LrMYB113, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, as a key regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in L. ruthenicum. Phylogenetic analysis grouped LrMYB113 into the anthocyanin-associated S6 subgroup of MYBs. Heterologous expression of LrMYB113 in tobacco induced pigment accumulation and upregulated anthocyanin pathway genes. LrMYB113 overexpression in L. ruthenicum hairy roots enhanced accumulation of four acylated anthocyanins and activated anthocyanin pathway genes. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed LrMYB113 interacts with bHLHs (LrJAF13/LrAN1b) and WD40 (LrAN11) to form an MBW complex. Promoter binding and transactivation assays demonstrated LrMYB113 directly binds to and activates LrDFR and LrANS promoters. Dual-luciferase assays showed LrMYB113 alone strongly activates LrDFR and LrANS promoters; MBW complexes enhanced activity compared to individual bHLH/WD40 but not to LrMYB113 alone. Our findings identify LrMYB113 as a critical regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in L. ruthenicum, shedding light on flavonoid molecular mechanisms and supporting genetic improvement for pharmaceutical use.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2026

Natural variation in the PmbHLH162 promoter regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in Prunus mume.

Anthocyanin accumulation is a vital agronomic and ornamental trait, as it not only contributes to adaptation to environmental stress but also enhances ornamental value. In this study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using 328 accessions of mei (Prunus mume) to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with red pigmentation in petals, filaments, and xylem. Based on these significant SNPs, we defined 2 haplotypes (bHLH162hap1 and bHLH162hap2) and identified PmbHLH162, a bHLH transcription factor gene responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation. Transient silencing of PmbHLH162 in mei petals via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation resulted in significant color fading, whereas its overexpression dramatically elevated anthocyanin levels. Haplotype analysis showed that 2 promoter variants in bHLH162hap2 (Chr03_2669885 A/C and Chr03_2670272 A/G) alter the binding affinity of transcription factors PmWRKY18 and PmWRKY70. Stronger binding to the G/C alleles gave rise to higher PmbHLH162 expression in bHLH162hap2, thereby promoted red pigmentation in multiple tissues. By contrast, accessions carrying bHLH162hap1 displayed light/colorless phenotype without accumulation of red pigment. Furthermore, PmbHLH162 interacted respectively with PmMYC2, PmTT8, and PmEGL1 to form heterodimers, and markedly enhanced PmMYC2-mediated transcriptional activation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes PmCHS and PmANS. Geographic haplotype analysis revealed that bHLH162hap2 was predominantly enriched in high-latitude northern populations but was declining markedly at lower latitudes. Collectively, our study reveals the genetic and molecular basis underlying anthocyanin accumulation in mei and identifies a PmbHLH162-PmMYC2 regulatory module in which PmbHLH162 enhances PmMYC2-mediated activation of key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. The additional interactions of PmbHLH162 with the MBW-associated bHLH factors PmTT8 and PmEGL1 further suggest potential crosstalk between this module and the canonical anthocyanin regulatory network.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2026

Cis-regulatory evolution of CsANS1 drives cultivar variation in anthocyanin accumulation in tea plants.

Anthocyanins, a ubiquitous class of water-soluble phytochemicals renowned for their chromatic diversity and potent bioactivity, are integral to the phenotypic and metabolic plasticity of higher plants. Using an integrative multi-omics approach that combines transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling, we identified anthocyanin synthase (CsANS1) as the key genetic determinant responsible for interspecific variation in anthocyanin accumulation among tea plants. Architectural comparison of promoter regions revealed a 192-bp variation insertion in the CsANS1 cis-regulatory region with potential functional significance. This insertion was strictly conserved in anthocyanin-rich (purple-leaf) cultivars, including both natural and hybrid genotypes, but entirely missing in anthocyanin-deficient (green-leaf) cultivars. Dual-luciferase assays confirmed that this insertion enhances promoter activity. Additionally, we delineated a tripartite regulatory axis comprising CsmiR156b, CsSPL9, and CsMYB75 which orchestrates the spatiotemporal modulation of CsANS1 expression and, consequently, anthocyanin biosynthesis. Collectively, these findings provide a mechanistic paradigm for anthocyanin polymorphism in tea plants, implicating both cis-regulatory evolution and transcriptional network synergy as pivotal drivers of phytochemical diversification.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2025

High temperature induces MdGATA15 to suppress anthocyanin accumulation in apple peels.

Although GATA transcription factors are known to play broad roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses, their involvement in high-temperature-induced anthocyanin suppression remains largely unexplored. In this study, using "Otome" as the experimental material, we revealed the important role of MdGATA15 in inhibiting anthocyanin accumulation under high temperature through multiple molecular mechanisms. A series of physiological and biochemical experiments demonstrated that MdGATA15 directly binds to the promoters of anthocyanin activators MdMYB11, MdANS, and the transporter gene MdGSTF12, repressing their expression. Simultaneously, MdGATA15 activates the expression of the anthocyanin biosynthesis repressor MdMYB308, further enhancing the inhibition. Notably, MdGATA15 binds to its own promoter, forming a positive feedback loop that significantly enhances its expression under high-temperature conditions. This mechanism provides new insights into understanding how apple responds to high-temperature stress. Additionally, we identified the bHLH transcription factor MdPIF4-Like3 in apple as an interactor of MdGATA15, which stabilizes and enhances the transcriptional activity of MdGATA15, thereby further reinforcing the inhibition of anthocyanin biosynthesis. These findings highlight the central role of MdGATA15 in high-temperature-mediated suppression of anthocyanin synthesis in apple and provide significant advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of apple's response to heat stress. This study provides a theoretical basis for breeding heat-resistant apple cultivars with improved fruit quality by targeting key transcription factors involved in high-temperature stress response.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2026

BnaPAP2.C2 plays a novel inhibitory role in anthocyanin accumulation compared to its paralogs in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.).

Tissue-specific anthocyanin pigmentation is observed in rapeseed (Brassica napus L. AACC, 2n = 38) as well as in its ancestral diploids Brassica rapa (AA, 2n = 20) and Brassica oleracea (CC, 2n = 18). We previously identified the MYB genes BnaPAP2.A7b and BnaPAP2.C6a as key regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Here we uncover an antagonistic regulatory mechanism in leaves involving their paralog BnaPAP2.C2. Unlike the pigmentation-associated genes, BnaPAP2.C2 is constitutively expressed in both green and purple leaves, regardless of anthocyanin levels. Its promoter contains two enhancers (463 and 486 bp) that synergistically regulate transcription. Competitive binding studies reveal that BnaPAP2.C2, although lacking activation capacity, sequesters BnaTT8 and outcompetes BnaPAP2.A7b, thereby suppressing anthocyanin biosynthesis. Under environmental stress, elevated expression of BnaPAP2.A7b promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis, whereas BnaPAP2.C2 is downregulated. This paralog-specific molecular antagonism provides new insight into the evolution of MYB-bHLH interaction specificity. Together, these findings uncover a novel inhibitory mechanism within the anthocyanin regulatory hierarchy of polyploid rapeseed, highlighting competitive binding as an evolutionary innovation driving functional diversification of duplicated MYB regulators.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed1976

Studies on Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides. II. Aspects of anthocyanins pharmacokinetics in the rat.

Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanins adminstered by i.v. or i.p. route to the rat undergo a rapid body distribution and in part also are easily eliminated such as to fit a three-compartments pharmacokinetic model. The anthocyanins elimination occurs mostly through urine and bile. The slight difference between the amount of anthocyanins eliminated after i.v. and after i.p. application shows a modest liver extracion of these substances. Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanins possess a greater affinity for some tissues, namely kidneys and skin rather than for plasma. This fact could explain the long-lasting activity of anthocyanins on capillary resistance which is still elevated when plasma levels of these substances are no more detectable.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

A stable transformation platform in pomegranate uncovers PgMYB10 as a key regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis.

An efficient genetic transformation platform enables functional validation of PgMYB10, identifying it as a master regulator governing anthocyanin biosynthesis in pomegranate. Limited availability of stable genetic transformation systems restricts functional genomics research in pomegranate. Here, we established efficient in vitro regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation systems for 'Taishanhong' pomegranate using stem segment explants. Optimized medium combinations produced high-frequency regeneration: a 93.3% shoot-induction rate on MS medium with 1.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0.6 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 30.0 mg/L adenine sulfate (ADS); a proliferation coefficient of 5.4 on MS medium supplemented with 0.8 mg/L BAP and 0.3 mg/L indole‑3‑butyric acid (IBA); effective shoot-strengthening on MS medium containing 1.2 mg/L BAP, 0.3 mg/L NAA and 0.2 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA₃); and a rooting rate of 95.3% on half-strength MS medium with 1.5 mg/L IBA and 0.5 mg/L NAA. For transformation, precultured explants were immersed with A. tumefaciens suspension (OD₆₀₀ = 0.8) containing 20.0 mg/L acetosyringone (AS) for 30 min. After four days of dark co-culture, sequential antibiotic screening with 30 mg/L kanamycin and bacteriostatic treatment with 400 mg/L timentin yielded a stable average transformation efficiency of 17.5% in 'Taishanhong' pomegranate. Subsequent functional analysis revealed that overexpression of PgMYB10 induced pigment accumulation in leaves and stems. In three independent transgenic lines, maximum anthocyanin content and PgMYB10 transcript levels were 5.4-fold and 27.2-fold higher than in wild-type plants, respectively. Six anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (PgCHS, PgCHI, PgF3H, PgDFR, PgANS, and PgUFGT) were markedly upregulated, demonstrating that PgMYB10 positively controls anthocyanin biosynthesis. This transformation system provides a reliable technical platform for functional genomic studies in pomegranate, and PgMYB10 represents as a promising candidate gene for molecular breeding aimed at improving fruit pigmentation.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2026

The link between phosphate starvation-triggered anthocyanin biosynthesis and jasmonate-driven regulation in tomato.

Phosphate Starvation Response (PSR) in plants integrates inorganic phosphate (Pi) sensing with hormonal and metabolic reprogramming. Recent evidence supports a PSR-jasmonate (JA)-anthocyanin axis in which the PSR-associated PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE (PHR)/PHR-like-SYG1-PHO81-XPR1-inositol pyrophosphate 8 (PHR/PHL-SPX-InsP8) module gates transcriptional activation, while the core JA components JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) and MYELOCYTOMATOSIS 2 (MYC2) mediate hormone-induced activation of secondary metabolism. In Solanum lycopersicum, PHR/PHL transcription factors (TFs) serve as core PSR hubs, with expanded regulatory networks and InsP-associated control layers that tune SPX buffering and transcriptional output. Downstream, JA signaling and MYC2-dependent transcription interface with anthocyanin regulators, including key MYB and bHLH TFs that form the MYB-basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-WD40 repeat (MBW) complex, thereby regulating tissue capacity for pigmentation under Pi starvation (PiS). Anthocyanin-rich tomato cultivars such as 'Indigo Rose' exemplify how genetic configuration can enhance MBW responsiveness and potentiate pigment accumulation under PiS. Here, we collate recent advances linking PSR gating, JA response, and anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation in tomato, and propose a working model with testable predictions to accelerate causal validation, and enable breeding strategies targeting phosphorus use efficiency and nutritional quality.

Solanum lycopersicum↗
PubMed1977

Control of anthocyanin synthesis by the C locus in maize.

Alleles at the C locus in maize include C, one of the complementary genes required for anthocyanin pigmentation in the aleurone tissue of the mature kernel; C-I, dominant inhibitor of pigmentation; and c, recessive colorless. The recessive colorless alleles can be differentiated into two distinct forms: c-p (p for positive), conditional colored, develops pigment in the light during germination; c-n (n for negative), colorless, fails to develop pigment at any time. Four-point linkage data support the differentiation of c-p (in the alleles derived from either W22 or K55 inbreds) from c-n. Light and germination conditions are both required for anthocyanin synthesis in c-p tissue, but light "induction" and germination "induction" are two separable events inasmuch as the light stimulus can be stored. The ratio between the two major pigments, cyanidin and pelargonidin, is lowered in c-p tissue relative to that in dominant colored (C) tissue for the W22 allele and background but not for the K55 allele and background. Segregation tests reveal that the difference in the cyanidin-to-pelargonidin ratio in the C and the c-p tissue of W22 background is associated with the C locus. Several properties of the C locus, including anomalous allelic functions, stage- and properties of the C locus, including anomalous allelic functions, stage- and condition-dependent anthocyanin synthesis controlled by its multiple allelic series, and tissue-specific function, suggest that C may be a regulatory locus in the control of anthocyanin synthesis in aleurone tissue.

Alleles↗
PubMed2026

Allelic variation and light-responsive regulation of FaMYB10-2 underlie tissue-specific anthocyanin accumulation in strawberry.

Anthocyanins critically determine fruit color, nutrition, and stress resilience in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), directly influencing consumer preference. Despite complex genetic and environmental regulation of their biosynthesis, the basis for tissue-specific pigmentation, notably the widespread occurrence of red skin and pale flesh, remains poorly understood. We integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and functional analyses across 200 cultivars to dissect receptacle pigmentation regulation. Approaches included FaMYB10-2 allele mining, promoter structural variant (SV) identification, expression profiling, regulatory interaction assays, and characterization of upstream light-responsive factors. FaMYB10-2 was identified as the key R2R3-MYB regulator of fruit anthocyanin biosynthesis. Alleles FaMYB10-2.2 and FaMYB10-2.3 encode truncated proteins retaining bHLH-binding capacity but lacking activation domains, functioning as dominant-negative repressors. A promoter SV 986 bp upstream of FaMYB10-2 was associated with reduced pale fruit due to cis-regulatory divergence. The SV (Alt) allele is prevalent in Asian cultivars, while the Ref allele is enriched in Western germplasm. Crucially, a light-responsive FaHYH-FaWRKY71 cascade activates FaMYB10-2 and structural genes haplotype-dependently, compensating for weak MYB activity in the skin. Our findings reveal a multilayered regulatory system integrating allelic variation, cis-regulatory divergence, and environmental signals, advancing anthocyanin understanding and providing engineering targets for polyploid crop color improvement.

Fragaria↗
PubMed2026

Adaptive genomic evolution and WD40-regulated temporal dynamics of anthocyanins support leaf photoplasticity in Parrotia subaequalis.

BACKGROUND: Parrotia subaequalis, a Tertiary relict endemic to China, plays a significant role in phylogeny and adaptive evolution as a key species in the early differentiation of angiosperms. It has abundant leaf colors and great potential as an ornamental tree. RESULTS: This study assembled the first chromosome-level genome of P. subaequalis (Contig N50 = 2.15 Mb), revealing transposable element proliferation, key paleopolyploid events and dynamic gene family evolution, including the expansion of secondary metabolite transport and synthesis genes (such as WD40, 2OG-FeII_Oxy) and the contraction of gene families related to flower morphogenesis (such as F-box-like, K-box). Through integrative transcriptomics and targeted metabolomics approaches, we further revealed that the color transition of young leaves from red to green was driven by temporal accumulation differences of malvidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, whose biosynthesis is progressively down-regulated during leaf development. WGCNA revealed that a subset of WD40 genes (light-signaling, TTG1/HOS15-like, etc.) coexpresses with anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, like 4CLL9, GT1, in anthocyanin-related modules enriched for auxin signaling and hydrolase activity, suggesting a potential link between WD40 expansion and photoprotective plasticity. Relevant regulatory networks were found to complement the species-specific gene pool related to leaf color regulation. CONCLUSION: This genomic resource of P. subaequalis advanced our understanding of early angiosperm adaptation through neofunctionalized regulatory networks and established a foundation for molecular breeding aimed at enhancing environmental resilience while preserving ornamental traits.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed1978

Pigment synthesis in maize aleurone from precursors fed to anthocyanin mutants.

Aleurone tissue of c2 Pr, C2 pr, or c2 pr genotypes can utilize either of two flavanones (naringenin, homoeriodictyol) or a flavanonol (dihydroquercetin) to synthesize anthocyanin. The anthocyanins formed have substitution patterns corresponding to those of the precursors, but c2 Pr tissue can hydroxylate the 4'-OH precursor at the 3' position. The results presented suggest that C2 acts before the flavanone step and that the hydroxylation gene (Pr) can act after C2.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2026

Inhibitory mechanism of anthocyanin B-ring substituents on advanced glycation end-product formation through bovine serum albumin binding: Insights from multispectral, molecular docking and proteomics approaches.

This study demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of anthocyanins on AGEs formation is highly dependent on the substitution pattern of the B-ring. Among the four anthocyanins, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (D3G) exhibited the most potent antiglycation activity across BSA-fructose, MGO, and GO models with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 30.77, 200.29 and 269.97 μM. This superior performance was attributed to the presence of three hydroxyl groups on the B-ring, which facilitates a high-affinity, spontaneous binding interaction with BSA primarily through hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonding. Spectroscopic and computational analyses revealed that D3G effectively stabilizes the protein scaffold, specifically recovering α-helix content and shielding critical subdomains (IB, IIA, and IIIA). Proteomics data are consistent with a protective binding mechanism, suggesting that D3G reduces the accessibility of key lysine and arginine residues to glycation-induced modifications. These findings provide a structural basis for developing D3G-rich extracts as targeted, structure-based functional ingredients to mitigate glycation-associated food quality degradation and related health issues.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2026

Black Rice Anthocyanin-Hyaluronic Acid Complex Alleviates Hyperuricemia-Associated Renal Injury Through Synergistic Inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway and Modulation of Uric Acid Transport.

Hyperuricemia-associated renal injury is closely linked to oxidative stress and inflammation, highlighting the need for safe dietary intervention. This study evaluated the protective effects of a black rice anthocyanin (ATC)-hyaluronic acid complex (HAA) against uric acid (UA)-induced injury. In UA-induced human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells, black rice ATCs, HA, and HAA improved cell viability and antioxidant defenses, as shown by increased glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. They also reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). HAA produced a greater reduction in TLR4/NF-κB-related inflammatory gene expression, suggesting that its cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects may be associated with modulation of this inflammatory axis. In hyperuricemic mice, HAA lowered serum UA, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels, inhibited hepatic xanthine oxidase and adenosine deaminase activities, and attenuated renal histopathological injury. HAA also reduced the mRNA expression of urate reabsorption-related genes, including GLUT9, OAT4, and OAT10, while increasing that of urate excretion-related genes, including OAT1 and ABCG2, which may contribute to improved urate homeostasis. These findings support the potential of HAA as a functional dietary ingredient for the management of hyperuricemia-associated metabolic disturbances and renal injury.

Hyperuricemia↗