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A case of massive air embolus secondary to use of an intravenous infusion pump is presented. The pump is unable to detect air entering the intravenous line if the air enters distal to the air detection device. A simple solution is presented.
A clinical report on the detection of venous air embolism during neurosurgery is presented. The use of end-tidal CO2 monitoring is described.
Occupational toxicological observations made during the last few years have shown that the respiratory intake of certain alkylating compounds entails a major carcinogenic risk even at concentrations below 1 ppm. Such inhalation carcinogens can also stem from photochemical and spontaneous chemical reactions in the atmosphere and not merely from direct emissions. For the examination of air samples for alkylating activities simple colorimetric test methods are available. Some of them must be considerably modified and matched to the reaction of the various alkylating compounds. In this manner colour reactions of, in part, high selectivity are obtained: thus, for example, carcinogenic alpha halogen ether can be detected in concentrations of 10 ng/ml test solution. By the use of sensitive colorimetric methods of analysis it was possible to fractionate the alkylating activity found in the exhaust gases of automobiles. It is now possible to enrich certain compounds, which react positively to the colour test, and to purify them for further chemical characterization.
Vestibular decruitment is a pathological finding which indicates retrolabyrinthine disease. In the overwhelming majority of cases, it is consistent with posterior fossa pathology. Weak and strong caloric stimulations must be applied with precision for detecting decruitment. Air-caloric stimulation has inherent limitation in regards to reproducing the strength of the stimulus. Thus, it is inadequate for decruitment detection. It is, therefore, advisable to use water-caloric testing to assess vestibular decruitment or recruitment as one of the most revealing diagnostic clues in our neurotologic armamentarium.
Reptiles rely on behavioural thermoregulation to maintain optimal body temperature (Tb), essential for many physiological functions. However, thermal biology remains poorly studied in many snake species, including the Caspian whipsnake (Dolichophis caspius, Gmelin, 1789). This study examined the thermal biology of the Caspian whipsnake under natural and laboratory conditions. In the field, we investigated the influence of sex, age category, season, time of day, air temperature, detection status, feeding status, and shedding phase on Tb. Under controlled conditions, we assessed preferred Tb variation and its relationship to active thermoregulation. In the field, Tb was significantly affected by sex, season, time of day, air temperature, feeding status, and shedding phase, but not age category, body size or detection status. Males had lower Tb than females and snakes with food in their stomachs exhibited higher Tb. Tb increased from March to June and from morning to afternoon, and air temperature had a positive effect on Tb. In the laboratory, mean Tb (24.5 ± 4.9 °C) was lower than in the field (26.9 ± 5.2 °C) and was significantly associated with body posture and terrarium part, indicating active behavioural thermoregulation. In the laboratory, males had lower Tb than females, and juveniles had lower Tb than adults. The lower thermal preference suggests a cooler thermal niche than many colubrids, potentially increasing their susceptibility to climate warming. However, the broad Tb variation and behavioural thermoregulation indicate some flexibility in responding to environmental changes. These findings highlight the role of behavioural thermoregulation in snake thermal responses to environmental variation.
The Aerotest sampler (Olympic Medical Corp., Seattle, Wash.) is designed to detect bacterial contamination of respirator-generated aerosols in a simple one-step process. The sampler was evaluated by controlled contamination of Bennett AP-5, PR-2, and MA-1 respirators with Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter. Bacteria present as viable 1.4 to 3.5-mum particles in each of 77 aerosols were quantitated by using the Andersen viable-particle sampler, and the results were compared with those of colonies obtained from 10-s or 15-cycle Aerotest samples. All aerosols containing counts greater than expected in hospital air were detected by the Aerotest method. Thirteen of 14 aerosols containing less than 20 bacteria/0.028 m3 showed fewer than 5 colonies, whereas all aerosols containing greater than 1,000 bacteria/0.028 m3 showed at least 40 colonies. Aerosols with intermediate counts fell in between. Under the conditions described here, the Aerotest sampler was able to discriminate between the low levels of bacteria commonly found in hospital air and the bacterial contamination associated with nosocomial pneumonia. The Aerotest sampler provides a practical method for surveillance sampling of respirator nebulizers.
By means of fluorescein-labeled anti-AHP agglutinin isolated from the albumen gland of the snail Helix pomatia L. L cells were detected in air dried and fixed monolayer preparations, smear preparations or cryostat sections of tumours induced in two different host systems. The tumours consisting of L cells could be clearly distinguished from the surrounding normal host tissues, and also single tumour cells lying separtely in the host tissued were identified in the same unequivocal manner. The cells were marked by characteristic granular fluorescence caused by specific agglutinin binding within the cell membrane. With these results the previously expressed thesis that anti-AHP agglutinin might be used as a marker for L cells is confirmed for L cells grown in suitable host systems, too.
The method of choice for the early detection of air metabolism during neurosurgical operations in a sitting position is that of continuous cardiac auscultation using Doppler effect ultrasound apparatus. In the present study, involving 15 patients, an air embolism was produced by the injection of 2 ml of CO2 into the right heart and acoustic changes were recorded on paper using a photographic process. These optical changes, although variable, were invariably present and characteristic of aire emboli and represent an additional element in early diagnosis.
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Centrilobular necrosis and a ten-fold elevation in serum alanine amino-transferase (ALT) consistently followed 2 hours of 1% halothane anaesthesia in an animal model. Conditional factors were the presence of enzyme induction and moderate hypoxia (14% oxygen), indicating an association between reductive metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Under these conditions there was at least a four-fold increase in reductive metabolites detected in the exhaled air. In clinical studies, reductive metabolites were also detected in the exhaled air of all patients examined, even after halothane anaesthesia with 100% oxygen. The amounts of reductive metabolites were comparable in man and the model, following equivalent halothane doses. It appears that a model with a similar route and rate of halothane biotransformation to man has been identified. The lesion of halothane hepatotoxicity in this model appears to be similar to that reported in man - centrilobular hepatic necrosis.
Ames's strains of Salmonella typhimurium were used to evaluate the mutagenic activity of airbone particulate materials collected at six different points in the industrial area of Ohmuta and the residential area Fukuoka. Tests were done in presence of rat-liver S-9 fraction isolated from rats that had been treated with Aroclor 1254. When the number of revertant colonies per plate was plotted against the amount of methanol extract of particulate air pollutants, using strain TA98, approximately linear relationships were observed for active samples. Generally, mutagenic activity of the samples increased in proportion to the density of air pollutants. In our system, 38--349 microng of methanol extract, from 0.225--4.51 m3 of air from the factory districts in Ohmuta City gave 100 his+ revertants per plate. On the other hand, 54--2300 microng of air pollutants, from 1.29--14.1 m3 of air from the residential districts in Fukuoka City, gave a comparable activity. Every sample from each area had mutagenic activity. Chemicals in air pollutants were fractionated by alumina column chromatography and identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. More than 28 compounds, including 12 unknown substances were identified as polycyclic hydrocarbons. Twelve of these compounds are already known to be carcinogens and to induce reversions to histidine independence in strain TA98 of Salmonella.
Assessing the risk of human pathogens in the environment is crucial for controlling the spread of diseases and safeguarding human health. However, conducting a thorough assessment of low-abundance pathogens in highly complex environmental microbial communities remains challenging. This study compiled a comprehensive catalog of 247 human-pathogenic bacterial taxa from global biosafety agencies and identified more than 78 million genome-specific markers (GSMs) from their 17,470 sequenced genomes. Subsequently, we analyzed these pathogens' types, abundance, and diversity within 474 shotgun metagenomic sequences obtained from diverse environmental sources. The results revealed that among the four habitats studied (air, water, soil, and sediment), the detection rate, diversity, and abundance of detectable pathogens in the air all exceeded those in the other three habitats. Air, sediment, and water environments exhibited identical dominant taxa, indicating that these human pathogens may have unique environmental vectors for their transmission or survival. Furthermore, we observed the impact of human activities on the environmental risk posed by these pathogens, where greater amounts of human activities significantly increased the abundance of human pathogenic bacteria, especially in water and air. These findings have remarkable implications for the environmental risk assessment of human pathogens, providing valuable insights into their presence and distribution across different habitats.
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Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) can be responsible for mild to severe respiratory infections and hospital epidemics. We investigated an outbreak in a hematology unit. Respiratory viruses were screened using multiplex PCR. HPIV-3 quantification and whole-genome sequencing were performed on HPIV-3 positive respiratory samples. Clinical characteristics, infection progression, incidence rates of respiratory viruses within the hospital and detection of respiratory viruses were documented, along with the reinforcement of infection prevention and control (IPC) measures implemented. Between November 2022, and January 2023, HPIV-3 was identified in 20 of 113 hematology patients (17.7%), of whom 80% had multiple myeloma. A majority of HPIV-3-positive patients developed pneumonia (60%), and mortality was notably higher (35%) compared to patients who were negative (3%, p < 0.0001). Respiratory HPIV-3 viral loads were similar between patients with and without pneumonia. In parallel, HPIV-3 incidence in the hospital overall was lower than in the hematology unit (p < 0.0001). Air virus screening showed the detection of HPIV-3 in the air in different areas, and whole-genome sequencing confirmed the circulation of a single HPIV-3 strain. Strengthened IPC measures were associated with the containment of the outbreak. HPIV-3 has high epidemic potential in patients with multiple myeloma and causes severe infections. Our findings highlight the need for routine HPIV-3 testing in hematology units.
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Since chlorination of drinking water produces organochlorinated substances (some possibly carcinogenic), the use of chlorine dioxide disinfectant would avoid halogenation. There is scarcely any data published on the effects of ClO2 in drinking water on human or animal health. The kinetics of 36ClO2 was studied in rats. Radioactivity was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following the administration of (0.07 microCi) 36ClO2 orally. 36Cl in plasma reached at peak at 1 hr. The half life for the elimination of 36Cl from the rat was 44 hr, corresponding to a rate constant of 0.016 hr-1. After 72 hr radioactivity was highest in plasma, followed by kidney, lung, stomach, duodenum, ileum, liver, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. 36Cl excretion was greatest at 24 and 48 hrs after the administration of 36 ClO2. Forty-three percent of the total initial dose was excreted at 72 hr in the urine and feces. No 36 Cl was detected in expired air throughout the 72 hr studied. ClO2, ClO2-, and ClO3- (1, 10, 100, 1000 ppm) given daily in drinking water decreased blood glutathione, decreased osmotic fragility, and changed the morphology of erythrocytes in both chicken and rat after two months. Methemoglobin was not detected throughout these studies.
After induction of pneumothorax in rabbits, thermograms showed decreased heat emission from the involved side. These observations suggest that noninvasive monitors of thoracic wall temperatures might be useful for early detection of air-leak phenomenon in high-risk neonates.
The strongly carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 20-Methylcholanthrene was detected in the urban atmospheric air in Budapest (the capital of Hungary). The main source of this pollution seems to be the motor vehicle traffic, since samples from a heavy traffic junction contained up to six times higher 20-Methylcholanthrene concentrations than samples from a low traffic area. Ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry yielded similar results. The presence of 20-Methylcholanthrene is apparently connected with the presence of 3,4-Benzpyrene and 1,2-Benzpyrene, respectively.