Incidence of suicide among the ethnic groups of the Northwest Territories and Yukon Territory.
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Adolescent↗
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Further studies on horn aberrations in Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) from Yukon Territory, Canada.
The prevalence of horn aberrations in Dall's sheep from the Kluane Lake area of Yukon Territory observed during July 1982 represented 1% of the total population and 7% of rams 6 yr or older. Ewes were not considered in these percentages because they were too difficult to inspect by aerial survey. When these data were combined with other data collected from 1977 through 1981, the prevalence equalled 2.4% of the total population and slightly exceeded 16% in mature rams (greater than or equal to 6 yr). The anomaly followed necrosis of the terminal region of the horn core and the sequestering of portions of the core within the sheath as the sheath continued to grow. Sheath that was produced after the core was anatomically altered resulted in abnormal growth patterns of the horn. Rams with aberrant horns could not maintain homeostatic temperatures within horn cores when horns were experimentally exposed to -80 C for 30 min. Histologic examination of superficial and cornual vascular systems did not reveal any structural alterations that would restrict blood flow within cores of affected horns. Examination of museum specimens consisting of 130 skulls from rams and 81 from ewes collected from Alaska, USA, Yukon Territory, Canada, and Northwest Territories, Canada, established only one ewe and no rams with the horn aberration. The skull was from a ewe and had both horns affected and was collected from the Joe River Drainage, Yukon Territory in 1912.
Animals↗
An anonymous seroprevalence survey of HIV infection among pregnant women in British Columbia and the Yukon Territory.
We performed an anonymous seroprevalence survey of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection through HIV antibody testing of blood samples from 22,512 women aged 15 to 44 years receiving prenatal care in British Columbia and the Yukon Territory from Mar. 15 to Sept. 30, 1989. Of the samples six were confirmed to be HIV positive; this yielded a crude overall seroprevalence rate of 2.7 per 10,000 pregnant women (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0 to 5.8). All of the positive samples were from women 20 to 29 years of age; four were from Vancouver, one was from Victoria, and one was from elsewhere. The highest seroprevalence rates were among women aged 15 to 29 years in Vancouver and Victoria (7.2 and 9.4 per 10,000 pregnant women respectively). Thus, 1 in 1300 pregnant women in that age group in the metropolitan areas of British Columbia was HIV positive. Application of seroprevalence rates to the total female population in British Columbia and the Yukon Territory revealed that as many as 401 women had HIV infection in 1989. Our estimates likely represent the minimum. As a subset of women of childbearing age pregnant women are likely at lowest risk of HIV infection, and so the true number of women 15 to 44 years of age with HIV infection is probably several times higher. Our study has provided a baseline assessment and will be repeated annually to analyse trends in HIV seroprevalence among pregnant women in British Columbia and the Yukon Territory.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Antineoplastic agents. 488. Isolation and structure of yukonin from a yukon territory fungus.
Cancer cell line bioassay-guided separation of an extract from a Yukon Territory fungus resulted in the isolation of a new C(16)-terpene dilactone designated yukonin (1) accompanied by two previously known, structurally related constituents (2 and 3). The structure of each was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Dilactone 2 was found to correspond to LL-Z1271alpha isolated from fungi in the genera Oidiodendron, Acrostalagmus, and Holwaya, while dilactone 3 had earlier been prepared by reduction of an alpha-lactol derivative. Each of the dilactones was found to inhibit growth of human cancer cell lines (pancreas, breast, CNS, lung, colon, and prostate) and some pathogenic fungi.
Antineoplastic Agents↗
Serologic survey for selected disease agents in wolves (Canis lupus) from Alaska and the Yukon Territory, 1984-2000.
Wolves (Canis lupus) were captured in several geographic areas of Alaska (USA) and the Yukon Territory (Canada) during 1984-2000. Blood was collected from 1,122 animals. Sera were tested for antibodies against infectious canine hepatitis virus (ICH), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), Francisella tularensis, and serovars of Leptospira interrogans. Antibody prevalence for ICH was >84% for all areas. Area-specific prevalences of antibodies ranged from 12% to 70% for CPV, from 0% to 41% for CDV, and from 4% to 21% for F. tularensis. There was no evidence of CDV exposure at the two southernmost locations in Alaska. Prevalence of antibodies for ICH increased slightly during the 16-yr course of the survey. There was essentially no evidence of exposure to L. interrogans. Prevalences of antibodies for both CPV and CDV were age-specific, with higher values in the adult cohort compared with the pup cohort. There were no sex-specific differences in prevalence of antibodies for any of the five disease agents.
Alaska↗
California encephalitis virus endemicity in the Yukon Territory, 1972.
Sera from 218 of 1574 (14%) small mammals collected in the Yukon Territory between 14 May and 13 August 1972 neutralized a Yukon strain of California encephalitis virus (snowshoe-hare subtype). These included 133 of 319 (42%) snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), 84 of 1243 (7%) ground squirrels (Citellus undulatus) and 1 of 12 (8%) tree squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). California encephalitis virus (snow-shoe hare subtype) was isolated from four pools of unengorged Aedes communis mosquitoes collected near Whitehorse (61 degrees N., 135 degrees W.) and on one occasion each from pools of the same species collected at Hunker Creek (64 degrees N., 138 degrees W.) and at mile 125, Dempster Highway (66 degrees N., 138 degrees W.) during July 1972. Replication of a Yukon strain of California encephalitis virus was observed in wild-caught Culiseta inornata and Aedes canadensis mosquitoes after intrathoracic injection and holding at temperatures of 80 degrees , 50 degrees and 40 degrees F.
Animals↗
Large summertime influenza A outbreak among tourists in Alaska and the Yukon Territory.
We investigated a large summertime outbreak of acute respiratory illness during May-September 1998 in Alaska and the Yukon Territory, Canada. Surveillance for acute respiratory illness (ARI), influenza-like illness (ILI), and pneumonia conducted at 31 hospital, clinic, and cruise ship infirmary sites identified 5361 cases of ARI (including 2864 cases of ILI [53%] and 171 cases of pneumonia [3.2%]) occurring primarily in tourists and tourism workers (from 18 and 37 countries, respectively). Influenza A viruses were isolated from 41 of 210 patients with ILI at 8 of 14 land sites and 8 of 17 cruise ship infirmaries. Twenty-two influenza isolates were antigenically characterized, and all were influenza A/Sydney/05/97-like (H3N2) viruses. No other predominant pathogens were identified. We estimated that >33,000 cases of ARI might have occurred during this protracted outbreak, which was attributed primarily to influenza A/Sydney/05/97-like (H3N2) viruses. Modern travel patterns may facilitate similar outbreaks, indicating the need for increased awareness about influenza by health care providers and travelers and the desirability of year-round influenza surveillance in some regions.
Adolescent↗
Contaminant residue levels in arctic wolves (Canis lupus) from the Yukon Territory, Canada.
Kidney, liver and bone samples were taken from 19 wolves (Canis lupus) collected from two locations in the Yukon Territory. Liver samples pooled by age and sex were analyzed for 22 organochlorine pesticides and 101 PCB congeners. Individual kidney and liver samples were analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, total mercury, selenium and zinc. Thirteen individual bone samples were analyzed for lead. While most organochlorines were not present at detectable levels in wolf liver, some chlorobenzenes, dieldrin and sigma PCB were present at low levels. PCB congeners 149, 153, 170/190, 180 and 187/182 made up 86% of the total PCBs measured in wolf liver. The hexa- and heptachlorobiphenyls dominated the pattern in wolf liver, while congeners containing less than five chlorine atoms were not detected. The pattern of chlorobenzene and PCB homologues found in wolf liver are more similar to those found in marten (Martes americana) and other carnivores than caribou (Rangifer tarandus), perhaps reflecting similarities in food habits and metabolic capacities. With the exception of cadmium, average element concentrations in all wolf tissues are similar to those found in other arctic carnivores. Cadmium concentrations in wolf liver and kidney were somewhat higher in Yukon wolves than other arctic wolves. This may reflect high cadmium concentrations found in livers and kidneys of moose and some caribou herds in the Yukon. Renal arsenic and bone lead decreased significantly with age in wolves, while renal mercury increased with age. Because the ranges seen are relatively small, and all values are within the range normally seen in wildlife, it is difficult to determine the biological significance of these relationships. Contaminant levels in Yukon wolves are generally low and are similar to those found in other arctic terrestrial carnivores. They do not approach levels that are known to potentially cause adverse effects in animals. Contaminant concentrations found in this study should be considered baseline levels.
Aging↗
Outbreak of influenza A infection among travelers--Alaska and the Yukon Territory, May-June 1999.
On June 18, 1999, CDC and Health Canada received reports from public health authorities in Alaska and the Yukon Territory about clusters of febrile respiratory illness and associated pneumonia among travelers and tourism workers. This report presents information about the outbreak. Laboratory evidence, including rapid influenza A antigen-detection tests and viral cultures from respiratory specimens, has implicated influenza A virus as the cause of illness.
Alaska↗
Mandibular and dental abnormalities of two Pleistocene American lions (Panthera leo atrox) from Yukon Territory.
Fragmented mandibles of two Pleistocene lions (Panthera leo atrox) recovered from Yukon Territory possessed acquired pathological changes and congenital abnormalities, judging from the anatomy of contemporary and modern lions. One specimen showed evidence of chronic periodontitis, an extensive sclerosing osteomyelitis and congenital absence of left lower incisor teeth 1 and 2. The second showed long-standing loss of the left lower canine tooth with subsequent obliteration of the alveolus by lamellar and spicular bone and the congenital absence of two incisors in each half of the mandible. Both specimens had reduced incisive widths.
Animals↗
Heavy metal (Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, and Cu) contents of plant foliage near the Anvil Range lead/zinc mine, Faro, Yukon Territory.
Mining and processing of lead (Pb)/zinc (Zn) ore at the Anvil Range mine occurred near the town of Faro in the Yukon Territory, Canada, for approximately 30 years, beginning in 1968. A study was undertaken to examine whether the mining activities had left a detectable "footprint" on the environment in the way of heavy metal phytoaccumulation. Foliage of three native plant species was sampled: bog blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), and willow (Salix sp.), at approximately 0.25, 2.5, 12, 30, and 200 (control) km distant from the mill (ore-processing facility at the mine). Foliage samples were oven-dried, wet- or dry-ashed, and analyzed for metal content using ICP-AES. In addition to Pb and Zn, the primary ore constituents, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and cadmium (Cd), were also assayed. As expected, foliar Pb and Zn concentrations were elevated in plants at the sites closest to the mill, i.e., 0.25 and 2.5 km from the mine facility. Copper and Fe, both essential nutrients for plants, were also elevated in foliage at the sites closest to the mill, but not to a level that would be of concern. Foliar Cd levels were highest in Salix relative to the other species but were not affected by proximity to the mill. Results suggest that Ledum may be the best indicator of high environmental concentrations of Pb, while Salix may be the best indicator of elevated Zn and Cd.
Environmental Exposure↗
Horn aberrations in Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli) from Yukon Territory, Canada.
Horn aberrations in Dall's sheep from the Kluane Lake area of Yukon Territory were of two basic types. In the more prevalent type, the horn was severed at an annual growth check and the terminal segment of the remaining portion formed a short conical protuberance. The second type had characteristics of the first, but in addition, underwent extreme twisting or torquing during subsequent growth. Sheep with aberrant horns represented 2% of the Kluane Lake population or 14% of harvestable rams (greater than or equal to 6 yr old). Deformed horns, occurring in ewes and rams, were generally observed in animals 6 yr or older. Aberrations followed necrosis of the terminal segment of the horn core: cavitation of the sheath between successive periods of growth or the sequestering of portions of necrotic core within the sheath resulted. All sheep examined (eight) had a normal complement of 54 chromosomes.
Animal Population Groups↗
Update: outbreak of influenza A infection--Alaska and the Yukon Territory, July-August 1998.
On July 26, 1998, CDC and Health Canada, in cooperation with local public health authorities, began investigating reports of febrile respiratory illnesses and associated pneumonia among summer land and sea travelers to Alaska and the Yukon Territory (1). Epidemiologic and laboratory evidence has implicated influenza A virus as the etiologic agent of the outbreak. From June 11 through August 22, completed viral cultures of 101 (48%) of 209 nasopharyngeal specimens have yielded 26 influenza A isolates, four other respiratory viruses, and 71 negative results; results are pending for 108 additional specimens. Of the 26 influenza A isolates, five have been characterized at CDC; all have been identified as influenza A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like viruses, a strain included in the 1998-99 influenza vaccine. This report presents updated information about the outbreak and includes recommendations for influenza A prevention and control in this setting.
Alaska↗
Outbreak of influenza A infection--Alaska and the Yukon Territory, June-July 1998.
Since July 26, CDC and Health Canada, in cooperation with local public health authorities, have been investigating reports of febrile respiratory illness and associated pneumonia among persons traveling on land and sea, both independently and on tour packages, in Alaska and the Yukon Territory. Commonly reported symptoms include fever and cough, and laboratory evidence suggests that influenza A infection may be a cause of many of the illnesses. Summertime outbreaks of influenza A have previously been reported among tourists in the United States and Canada. No evidence suggests increased respiratory illness activity among residents of these areas.
Adolescent↗
California encephalitis virus prevalence throughout the Yukon Territory, 1971-1974.
California encephalitis (CE) virus (snowshoe hare subtype) was isolated from 1 of 38 pools comprising 970 unengorged female Aedes canadensis mosquitoes and from 3 of 152 pools containing 5,676 A. communis mosquitoes which were collected in the Yukon Territory, Canada between latitudes 61 and 66 degrees N during June and July 1974. During four summers 1971 through 1974, this virus was recovered from 26 of 648 pools derived from 30,686 mosquitoes of 4 species. Isolation of CE virus from 1 of 109 pools of Aedes sp. larvae collected during May 1974 suggests maintenance of this virus over winter by transovarial transfer. Infectivity has been maintained in Culiseta inornata mosquitoes which were held continuously at 32 degrees F for 138 days. Neutralizing antibodies to CE virus were detected in 705 of 4,913 (14%) mammals collected during summers 1971 through 1974, including 430 of 1,076 (40%) snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), 266 of 3,610 (7%) ground squirrels (Citellus undulatus) and 9 of 227 (4%) red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus).
Aedes↗
From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of influenza A infection among travelers--Alaska and the Yukon Territory, May-June 1999.
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Alaska↗
Community profiles/Indian housing in Yukon Territory.
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Cold Climate↗