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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Safety and immunogenicity of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in concurrent administration with a typhoid fever vaccine or a typhoid fever + yellow fever vaccine.

Two clinical studies were conducted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of concomitant administration of a new inactivated hepatitis A (HA) vaccine and either a typhoid fever (Vi) vaccine or a combination of Vi and yellow fever (YF) vaccines. In study 1, 62 healthy adults received HA+Vi into the deltoid muscle on contralateral sides. In study 2, 59 healthy adults received HA and a combined Vi/YF vaccine into the contralateral deltoid muscles. Reactogenicity was evaluated for 14 days following vaccination. Blood samples (for antibody titration) were obtained prior to vaccination on days 0 and 28 in study 1 and prior to vaccination on day 0 and on days 14 and 28 in study 2. The overall rate of local reactions was 19% at the HA injection site and 75% at the Vi injection site in study 1; the rate of systemic reactions was 41%. In study 2, local reactions occurred at 27% and 78% of the HA and Vi/YF injection sites; the rate of systemic reactions was 42%. All reactions were transient. Twenty-eight days after vaccination, the seroconversion rate was 100% for HA antibodies and 90% for the Vi vaccine in study 1. Rates of seroconversion in study 2 were 100% for the HA vaccine, 92% for the Vi vaccine, and 100% for the YF vaccine. Although this study was not comparative, both tested combinations were safe and immunogenic, and their routine use for persons at risk, such as travelers, can be recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Current Assessment of Yellow Fever and Yellow Fever Vaccine.

Yellow fever (YF) is a mosquito-borne viral illness that causes hemorrhagic fever in tropical Africa and South America. Although a very safe and efficient vaccine (17D) is available, it is underused. An estimated 200,000 people are still infected annually, and YF remains a major public health concern. This article reviews the recent data on YF epidemiology, virology, and immunity, and analyzes the rare postvaccination adverse effects that have been recently reported. YF vaccine should be included in the expanded program of immunization for children and sustained for people living in or traveling to endemic areas. A surveillance of vaccinated people also should be reinforced. New research programs should be developed to identify molecular markers of YF virus tropism and attenuation, and to understand mechanisms of host responses to virus infection.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

[Yellow Fever].

Yellow fever is an infectious and non-contagious disease caused by an arbovirus, the yellow fever virus. The agent is maintained in jungle cycles among primates as vertebrate hosts and mosquitoes, especially Aedes in Africa, and Haemagogus and Sabethes in America. Approximately 90% of the infections are mild or asymptomatic, while 10% course to a severe clinical picture with 50% case-fatality rate. Yellow fever is largely distributed in Africa where urban epidemics are still reported. In South America, between 1970-2001, 4,543 cases were reported, mostly from Peru (51.5%), Bolivia (20.1%) and Brazil (18.7%). The disease is diagnosed by serology (detection of IgM), virus isolation, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Yellow fever is a zoonosis and cannot be eradicated, but it is preventable in man by using the 17D vaccine. A single dose is enough to protect an individual for at least 10 years, after which revaccination is recommended. In this paper, the main concepts about yellow fever as well as the fatal adverse effects of the vaccine are updated.

Aedes↗
PubMed2004

[Yellow fever].

Yellow fever is a mosquito born viral illness that causes hemorrhagic fever in tropical Africa and South America. An estimated 200 000 people are still infected annually. There is no antiviral therapy available and vaccination is major strategy in the control yellow fever. From 60 years ago is available very safe and efficient vaccine. The vaccine is a live attenuated virus strain 17D. Recently identified vaccine associated viscerotropic diseases (YFV-AVD). This paper describes knowledge about yellow fever disease, vaccine associated adverse events and actually recommendation for vaccine use.

Central America↗
PubMed2005

Immunohistochemical examination of the role of Fas ligand and lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of human liver yellow fever.

Yellow fever is an infectious, non-contagious disease caused by an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, which is transmitted to man by the bite of hematophagous mosquitoes. Infection with the yellow fever virus can progress with lesions in the heart, kidneys, central nervous system, and liver. In the liver, the histopathological picture is characterized by necrosis, steatosis and hepatocyte apoptosis, with a preferential midzone distribution. In the present study, liver samples from fatal patients with yellow fever were analyzed. The histopathological pattern was characterized by steatosis, lytic necrosis and hepatocyte apoptosis associated with a moderate mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. The inflammatory component mainly consisted of CD4+ T lymphocytes, followed by CD8+ T lymphocytes, which showed a preferential portal and midzone distribution. Immunoreactivity to Fas ligand was mainly observed in hepatocytes of the midzone region. Based on these findings, we conclude that lymphocytes play an important role in the genesis of hepatic lesions in severe yellow fever, inducing hepatocyte apoptosis through the binding to Fas receptors. However, further studies are necessary to investigate the participation of other immune factors and to quantify the role of the cytotoxic cellular response in the lesion evolution during the course of disease in the liver.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An open randomized study of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine administered concomitantly with typhoid fever and yellow fever vaccines.

BACKGROUND: Concomitant administration of several vaccines is a common practice when travel clinics prepare persons for international travel. The purpose of the study was to compare the immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis A, typhoid fever, and yellow fever vaccines administered concomitantly with hepatitis A vaccine administered alone and typhoid fever and yellow fever vaccines administered alone. METHODS: Healthy adults 18 to 55 years of age were randomized to receive either VAQTA, TyphimVi, and YF-VAX on day 0 and VAQTA at week 24 (Group 1); TyphimVi and YF-VAX on day 0 and an optional dose of VAQTA 1 month later (Group 2); or VAQTA at day 0 and week 24 (Group 3). RESULTS: From March to December 1997, a total of 240 subjects were enrolled, 80 in each treatment group. Most were female and Caucasian, and the mean age was 29.4 years. Four weeks after vaccine dose 1, seroconversion to protective antibody levels against hepatitis A was 95.9% in Group 1 and 100% in Group 3. In Group 1, 93.4% of subjects demonstrated at least a 4-fold rise in neutralizing antibody levels against typhoid, compared with 90% in Group 2. Serum neutralizing antibody against yellow fever developed in 98.6% of subjects in Group 1 compared with 100% in Group 2. CONCLUSIONS: These findings were consistent with similarity in the immune responses between treatment groups as defined a priori. The adverse experience (AE) profile did not appear to be substantially affected by concomitant administration of all three vaccines. Providing these three vaccines concomitantly can simplify the process of obtaining pretravel prophylaxis and may help ensure that all needed vaccines are administered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Reconsideration of histopathology and ultrastructural aspects of the human liver in yellow fever.

Yellow fever is a re-emerging infectious disease that currently is at risk of urbanization due to the advance of the Aedes aegypti vector. The disease affects about 200,000 individuals annually, mainly in tropical Africa and South America. It causes severe disease involving especially the liver, with lesions characterized by midzonal steatosis, apoptosis and lytic necrosis of the hepatocytes. Quantitative histological and immunohistochemical analysis of 53 human hepatic samples demonstrated apoptosis, steatosis and lytic necrosis of hepatocytes with midzonal pattern. No substantial alterations and reticular network were observed. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted of mononuclear cells and intensity was minimal or moderate, disproportionate to the intense death of the hepatocytes. Hepatic damage in yellow fever resulted mainly from a massive death of hepatocytes due to apoptosis and to a lesser extent due to lytic necrosis. It is recommended that therapeutic regimens for serious cases should include measures to protect against apoptosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

A century of progress in combating yellow fever.

Yellow fever was responsible for several epidemics among the settlers in tropical areas of the Americas and Africa during the 17th to the 19th centuries. Scientific research into its cause and epidemiology was started at the beginning of the present century and progressed well ahead of other viral disease research. However, epidemics still occur and the worst one ever recorded was in Ethiopia in 1960-62. Epidemiological research has recently provided new findings on the ecology of the virus and the risk of epidemics. Recent breakthroughs in the molecular study of the virus should provide new tools for further progress in treatment and control of the disease. Meanwhile, the risk of urbanization of the disease, deficiencies in treatment, limitations in vector control, and erratic policies in preventive immunization present real problems.

Africa↗