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PubMed1990

[Synopsis of wrist pathology. Xeroradiography vs digital radiology].

Pathologic conditions of the wrist involve both musculoskeletal structures (bones and joints) and soft tissues, of which fat pads are an important diagnostic aid to recognize various disorders. The authors report their 5-year experience with Xeroradiography in the diagnosis of various pathologic conditions (e.g., inflammatory, degenerative, and tumoral conditions) of the wrist. The importance of Xeroradiography was emphasized, in the past, because of its characteristic technical properties, especially in demonstrating lower-density tissues tumors. The main advantage of Xeroradiography is the physical phenomenon known as edge effect, which increases image contrast at the borders. Other differences between xeroradiography and conventional radiography are: broader recording latitude of the former, together with its higher resolution power (100 lines/mm), and high exposition power (which makes repeats useless). Thus, Xeroradiography allows the contemporary depiction of various and different structures and densities--e.g., bones and soft tissues. Unfortunately, radiation dose to the patient is higher during Xeroradiography than during conventional radiography. That is why digital radiography has nowadays replaced Xeroradiography. In fact, the former provides images that are comparable with those obtained by means of conventional radiography and--sometimes--even with xeroradiographic images. Moreover, the use of digital radiography allows radiation dose to the patient to be markedly reduced, whereas recording latitude remains the same.

Bone Diseases↗

PubMed1979

Xeroradiography of bone and soft tissue tumors.

Xeroradiography was used for the study of 233 cases of bone and soft tissue tumors, both benign and malignant, 177 of which were histologically proven. In 150 cases, comparative x-ray films were also available. In bone tumors, xeroradiography was more effective than film radiography in 33 cases (44%), less effective in 16 cases (22%) and the 2 techniques were substantially equivalent in 25 cases (34%). In soft tissue tumors, xeroradiography was more effective than film radiography in 59 cases (78%), less effective in 2 cases (3%) and equivalent in 15 cases (19%). Xeroradiography is held to be a useful second-line technique in selected bone tumors, in particular for the study of trabecular structure, periosteal calcifications and cortical bone. In the field of soft tissue tumors, xeroradiography can be a promising first-choice examination in the presence of a mass or when a recurrence is suspected. The advantages and drawbacks of this technique in both types of tumors are reviewed and discussed.

Bone Neoplasms↗

PubMed1976

Xeroradiography in dentistry.

Extensive review of the literature reveals that the diagnostic benefits of xeroradiography in medicine are rapidly being recognized. It is viewed with particular interest by clinicians managing neoplasms of the laryngopharyngeal, mammary, and joint regions. Xeroradiography is a definite aid in cephalometric analysis. Examples of use have been presented. The main disadvantage of xeroradiography in dentistry is that of slow-speed developing in comparison with that of our current silver halide films. This becomes significant when dealing with intraoral films. However, the only disadvantage that we have experienced with xerocephalometrics is that of head orientation. Because our radiology department is not equipped with a wall mount for proper alignment along the horizontal and vertical planes, the head position must be estimated with a plumb line. Very often, therefore, the head may be tipped in one direction or another. This, however, is not difficult to correct. I have noted several definite advantages that include: --Sharp, clear-cut contrast (because of the edge effect), which enhances image quality. --Simplified viewing (no need for view boxes). --Less radiation than that required for conventional radiographs. Because of the benefit of multiple-tissue diagnosis on one radiograph, there is no need to take multiple radiographs to record tissues of different densities, with the possible exceptional of special situations in tomography. --Dry, automatic processing, therefore, eliminating the need for mixed chemicals and darkroom. --Less cost to produce a xeroradiograph than a conventional radiograph because of the lower cost of materials and equipment (for example, no darkroom requirement). The Russian investigators reported an eightfold reduction in cost. Xeroradiography (from Greek word xeros meaning dry) is a radiographic process in which the quality is critically dependent on the potential of the surface charge on the plate, the amount of radiation exposure, and the conditions of development, all of which must be carefully controlled. This technique is gaining general acceptance. Special courses are being offered to teach technicians this process. I believe we have come on a new horizon in diagnostic radiography. Only through further investigation and research will we be better able to delineate the exact role of xeroradiography in dentistry.

Humans↗

PubMed1980

Xeroradiography--an in-depth review.

Xeroradiology has been reviewed from the earliest description of charged powder imaging by Lichtenberg in 1977 through its more recent development and widespread use. The principles of photoconductivity, selenium characteristics, and edge enhancement were explained, and the basic components and operation of xeroradiographic equipment were outlined. Xeroradiography has achieved its greatest usefulness in mammography and the evaluation of breast disease. Although early workers in the field were discouraged by the relatively primitive nature of the equipment, Wolfe, by his persistent investigation, demonstrated the value of xeroradiography. He proposed the following advantages over film mammography: ease of interpretation; more information on one image; a more rapid, dry developing process; less irradiation required than nonscreen industrial type film; and probably greater accuracy. Each of these factors were reviewed in detail, type film; and probably greater accuracy. Each of these factors were reviewed in detail, and the factors influencing dose reduction were elaborated. The application of xeroradiography to nearly every aspect of diagnostic radiology has been attempted. Areas of greatest effectiveness include the evaluation of the pharyngeal and laryngeal structures of the head and neck, foreign body detection in soft tissues, verification of radiotherapy beam coverage and treatment field, detection of soft tissue tumors and some bone tumors for soft tissue components, and visualization of the smaller skeletal structures of the extremities. Because of radiation dosage limitations, xeroradiography cannot, at present, be used for routine examinations of the thicker body portions, the chest, or the abdomen. Investigations are continuing into methods of increasing the sensitivity of the process, thereby hopefully significantly reducing the radiation dose and allowing more widespread use of xeroradiography in these areas.

Arthrography↗

PubMed1980

Radiologic exposure conditions and resultant skin doses in application of xeroradiography to the orthodontic diagnosis.

Xeroradiography is the recording of radiologic images by a photoelectric process rather than the photochemical one used in conventional radiography. In order to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of xeroradiography in the orthodontic field, minimum xeroradiologic exposure conditions for skull projections, Schüller's and oblique temporomandibular joint projections, and hand projections were established by thirteen examiners and the relationship between the image production and x-ray radiation was discussed in comparison with related findings obtained with conventional film techniques. The advantages of xeroradiograph were finer and clear images caused by the "edge effect" and wide latitude of xeroradiography; the main hazard was the unavoidable larger skin dose required by the projection procedures. The skin doses with xeroradiography were 2.4 to 16.2 times larger than those with conventional film techniques.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

[Xeroradiography and conventional radiological methods in chronic polyarthritis (author's transl)].

Xeroradiograms and conventional radiographs of the hands of 50 patients with chronic polyarthritis were performed. These were compared with regard to the features which are found in chronic polyarthritis. There were no significant differences between xeroradiography and conventional radiology. Xeroradiography was a little better for demonstrating changes in the soft tissues and erosions, but conventional radiographs were superior in showing osteoporosis, cysts and the absorption of subchondral lamellae. In general, xeroradiography and conventional procedures were of equal value in the diagnosis of chronic polyarthritis. For practical purposes, conventional radiography is to be preferred and xeroradiography may be regarded as an additional procedure, particularly for the investigation of soft tissue changes.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Theoretical and experimental determination of sensitivity and edge enhancement in xeroradiography and ionography.

A study of the factors affecting image quality and x-ray sensitivity of ionography and xeroradiography is presented. First, the relative charge sensitivities (nC/cm2mR) are compared. It is shown that high pressure xenon (10 atm cm) as used in ionography produces more than 2.5--3.5 times more charge than the selenium layers used in xeroradiography for the same x-ray exposure. The influence of development time and toner deposition on the appearance of images is investigated theoretically and experimentally. A parameter describing development sensitivity is proposed. It is shown that an increase in development sensitivity (ODcm2/nC) with increasing development time is accompanied by a loss in edge enhancement. The development sensitivity of ionography is about twice that typical of xeroradiography. This makes the total sensitivity (OD/mR) or the ionography process more than 4.5--6.5 times that of xeroradiography. The total sensitivity of ionography is about 1/2 that of par speed film screen combinations.

Polyethylene Terephthalates↗

PubMed1975

A critical analysis of xeroradiography of the breast.

Xeroradiography is a process that utilizes an electrostatically charged selenium-coated aluminum plate to record the radiographic image instead of the familiar X-ray film, and employs the same basic principles of positioning and exposure technique used in conventional film mammography. The latent image of charges remaining on the selenium plate after exposure to X-rays is developed with a coating of blue toner powder, and transferred to a special plastic-coated paper for interpretation and permanent storage. Resolution in xeroradiography is adequate and, combined with the characteristic edge enhancement, allows clear visualization of the fine internal structures of the breast. Xeroradiography is proposed to have the following advantages over film mammography: easier to interpret, requires less radiation, greater detail, a more rapid, easier, dry developing process, and is probably more accurate. Reports from several centers of xeroradiography reveal increased confidence in mammographic interpretation and in increase in the diagnosis of minimal breast cancers.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed1978

Soft tissue xeroradiography.

Xeroradiography of soft tissue lesions, both malignant and benign, has been performed on 121 patients, 79 of whom having also undergone conventional film radiography. In 72 cases (59%), the diagnosis was proved by surgery and histological examination. Xeroradiography was found to be more effective in representing soft tissues than film radiography in 63 cases (80%) and equally effective in 16 cases (20%). Film radiography has never given a better representation of soft structures. The main xeroradiographic aspects of soft tissue lesions are reviewed. A diagnosis of the nature of the lesions on the basis of the extraosseous xeroradiographic picture is deemed possible only for lipomas. In the remaining cases, xeroradiography may offer useful information as regards size, shape and anatomic relationships of lesions but does not allow univocal diagnosis of their nature. Advantages and drawbacks of this technique are discussed, with emphasis on radiation dosage. It is assumed that xeroradiography may prove to be a helpful second-line examination in patients with soft tissue masses or swelling. It may also offer a simple method for follow-up in tumors of soft tissues having undergone conservative treatment.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1979

Applications of xeroradiography in dentistry-a review.

Xeroradiography is the technique in which electrostatically charged plates sensitive to X-rays are used in diagnostic radiology in place of conventional film. There has however been anxiety that radiation dosage for xeroradiography may be at unacceptably high levels. James et al., however, in 1973 showed that by increasing the kilovoltage to at least 120 the exposure could be reduced by 60 per cent. Using higher kV lateral oblique jaw and lateral and anteroposterior skull xeroradiographs have been produced with lower radiation exposure than conventional film. Bony detail is much more sharply delineated on xeroradiographs and soft tissues are visible on the same picture without use of a grid or wedge filter. These features are of obvious advantage in cephalometrics and orthognathic surgery. Panoramic techniques are potentially the most useful way of applying xeroradiography. The combination of full jaw coverage with the sharp definition only possible at present with intra-oral radiographs would provide more information for the dentist, save time for the radiographer and reduce the dose to the patient. Excellent results have been obtained with autopsy specimens on machines which develop 90kVp, but optimal exposure for a normal adult requires a panoramic X-ray machine development 120 kVp. Xeroradiography has the advantage, therefore, of providing more detail of diagnostic value with lower radiation exposure to the patient. The process requires no silver, which is in increasingly short supply.

Humans↗

PubMed1981

[Xeroradiography in radiotherapy of tumors of the bone and soft parts: value in the beginning of therapy in long-term follow-up studies].

Xeroradiography was performed on 38 cases of bone or soft tissue tumors submitted to radiotherapy. The examination was done before, during and after the radiological treatment and at longer intervals after the completion of its course. The indications and the drawbacks of xeroradiography for the follow-up of irradiated cases and for the search of recurrences are discussed, taking also into account the other radiological techniques used in this field. Xeroradiography is held to be very useful in planning the treatment of malignant bone tumors with extraosseous spread, since it allows to establish the real limits of the tumor to be irradiated. Moreover, xeroradiography is helpful to recognize the radiotherapeutic sequelae on superficial soft tissues, as oedema, fibrosis and necrosis of the subcutaneous fat and skin.

Bone Neoplasms↗

PubMed1985

[Clinical advantage of xeroradiography in the diagnosis of breast cancer].

Xeroradiography is an excellent method of visualizing soft tissue structures in mammography. A feature of xeroradiography is the edge effect and wide recording latitude, which permit visualization of variety of tissue densities. Recent advancement in film mammography using molybdenum anode and film-screen system appears to exceed xeroradiography in spatial resolution and sensitivity. In the large breast, however, the characteristic lower energy radiation of molybdenum anode is almost absorbed by the glandular tissue, resulting in a loss of image quality and reduced diagnostic accuracy. Xeroradiography can maintain the good contrast resolution even in such a case.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed1977

Xeroradiography of dental structures. I. Preliminary investigations.

Xeroradiography has several inherent technical advantages over intraoral film radiography, as well as many convenience features. We found that a conventional dental x-ray unit can act as an excellent source of radiation for xeroradiography of dental structures. Furthermore, high-quality images of soft tissue, bone, and teeth were produced at radiation exposures up to seven times less than for conventional intraoral film radiography. This demonstration of reduced radiation exposure should further encourage research into the applicability of xeroradiography to the imaging of dental structures.

Dental Equipment↗

PubMed1983

Sensitometric characteristics of dental xeroradiography.

Dental xeroradiography is a high-quality intraoral imaging system which provides a potentially convenient, rapid, low-dose alternative to conventional film radiography. In this study the sensitometric properties of dental xeroradiography were investigated via assessment of high- and low-contrast xeroradiographic processor settings, transmission versus reflection densitometry, reciprocity-law failure, and kVp (tube voltage) plate dependence. Findings of the study indicated that imaging at high-contrast processor settings results in greater dynamic range but less exposure latitude than imaging at low-contrast processor settings. Determination of characteristic curves demonstrated greater contrast in reflection mode than imaging by transillumination for all but the very densest of images (greater than 1.6 O.D.). There was also little difference in characteristic curves produced from 50 to 90 kVp, indicating that the xeroradiographic plate exhibits a relatively constant sensitivity over the tube voltages tested if exposure is expressed in roentgens. Finally, no substantial reciprocity-law failure was observed for dental xeroradiography over a clinically relevant range of exposure times.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1985

Comparison of dental xeroradiography and conventional film techniques for the frequency and significance of image artifacts.

The frequency of occurrence and the classification of image artifacts were determined during a large-scale clinical dental radiographic study in which two conventional film techniques and xeroradiography were used. The resultant 1,220 radiographic images were evaluated for the presence of image artifacts. A list of commonly occurring artifacts was compiled, and frequency tables were constructed. Xeroradiography showed more image artifacts and also a higher retake rate due to artifacts (17.4% for individual images and 4.3% when images were evaluated as part of a complete-mouth survey). Many of the artifacts observed for xeroradiography were related to incomplete operator training and unfamiliarity with specialized imaging techniques.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

A clinical comparison between xeroradiography and film radiography for the detection of recurrent caries.

Xeroradiographs and conventional film radiographs (D- and E-speed) were compared in a clinical study with the use of one-half complete-mouth radiographs for the detection of recurrent dental caries in 200 teeth. The results indicated that film was the most useful in identification of noncarious restored teeth (91% correct versus 79% correct for xeroradiography); however, xeroradiography was better than film for detection of recurrent caries (67% versus 53%). With ROC analysis, both film and xeroradiography were equally useful, having the same ROC value of 0.78. At rates of 67% and 53% for detection of the presence of recurrent caries, neither imaging system can overcome basic geometric limitations of superimposition of metallic restorations. Thus, there is the continued need for careful clinical assessesment of existing restorations for the presence of recurrent caries.

Dental Caries↗

PubMed1989

A subjective study of dental diagnostic utility comparing xeroradiography and film radiography.

This study determined the perceived strengths and weaknesses of xeroradiography, D-speed film, and E-speed film for intraoral radiography. Results indicated that xeroradiography was preferred for the imaging of structures useful in periodontics and endodontics whereas film demonstrated a low level of image artifacts and was judged to be better for the imaging requirements of routine restorative dentistry. D-speed film was rated higher than E-speed film. These subjective assessments are similar to previously reported pilot studies but differ from previously published objective studies, which showed no significant difference between the three imaging techniques. Although there are substantial subjective differences between xeroradiography, D-speed film radiography, and E-speed film radiography, all the techniques provide more than the threshold level of necessary diagnostic information and all techniques portray adequate information for evaluation of common abnormalities encountered in the oral cavity.

Dental Restoration, Permanent↗

PubMed1986

Xeroradiography and ultrasonography in the evaluation of a penile injury.

A 34-year-old white man presented with severe penile cellulitis following injection of epoxy glue into the shaft of the penis. Preoperative xeroradiography and ultrasonography localized the hardened masses of glue to the left corpus cavernosum and subcutaneous tissues. Under the guidance of intraoperative ultrasonography this foreign material was removed surgically. Postoperatively, the cellulitis resolved promptly and xeroradiography demonstrated no residual fragments. Although various modalities, including computerized tomography and roentgenography, are available to detect foreign bodies in soft tissues, xeroradiography and ultrasonography are ideally suited for use in the male external genitalia.

Adhesives↗