[Occupational dermatoses in workers of the wood-processing industry caused by tropical varieties of wood].
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Adult↗
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Role of soil mycelium in nutrition of wood-destroying basidiomycetous fungi on inoculated wood blocks in soil.
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Basidiomycota↗
[Comparative study of the glycosidases of 2 Lepidoptera wood-eating Cossidae (Cossus cossus L., and Zeuzera pyrina L.) and various wood-eating Coleoptera].
The authors present here the results of their research concerning the study of the osidases of the caterpillars Cossus cossus L. and Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera Cossidae). Its enzyme equipment shows very important differences compared to the different species of Scolytidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionidae and Buprestidae. The differences are lie especially in the absence of some osidases acting on polysaccharides (hémicelluloses and cellulose).
Animals↗
The effects of dynamic loading on intracalcaneal wood implants and on the tissues surrounding them.
The dorsal parts of the calcanei of rabbits were resected and replaced with similarly-shaped implants made of ash wood. In each case the Achilles tendon was reinserted into the projecting part of the implant so as to subject the latter to the dynamic loads generated by use of the limb. The implants were removed from some of the animals after 5 weeks and from the others after 14 weeks. They were evaluated by preparing undecalcified microtome sections and ground sections which were examined by light microscopy and microradiography. Some of the animals underwent vital staining so as to produce polychromatic sequential labelling of the calcaneal specimens. In the area of insertion of the Achilles tendon soft tissue grew into the larger pores of the wood and, in some cases, differentiated into cartilage. Every implant remained stably anchored in the calcaneus. In every animal the intracalcaneal part of the implant became surrounded by new bone which was in direct contact with the surface of the implant and which also formed in the pores of the wood, even all rabbits loaded the operated foot. The formation of new bone in and around the implants demonstrates the basic feasibility of using ash wood as an isoelastic implant material in bone.
Achilles Tendon↗
Incidence of infection and host specificity of Cuterebra tenebrosa in bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea) from central Washington.
Cuterebra tenebrosa Coquillett bot flies were studied under natural and laboratory conditions in bushy-tailed wood rats and 7 other small mammal host species. Larvae demonstrated strong host specificity for Neotoma cinerea. Monthly trapping samples of wood rats in central Washington showed infection peaks of 65--70% in May and 30--40% in late summer. In laboratory-induced infections, wood rats supported 7 larvae without host mortality. Natural infections in trapped rats ranged from 1 to 6 per host. Larvae developed in lateral and dorsal warbles in laboratory and natural infections. Few wood rats demonstrated evidence of acquired immunity in repeated infections over 2 years.
Animals↗
Toxic woods.
Eighty-three cases of dermatitis caused by wood or sawdust have been seen at St John's Hospital for Dieases of the Skin, London, in the last 20 years. The clinical details and results of patch tests are reported. The literature on dermatitis, mucosal irritation, asthma and other toxic effects of woods of some 300 botanical species is reviewed at length, with an index of scientific, trade and vernacular names, chemical formulae of the known sensitizing substances, and a table of the 28 toxic woods most often encountered. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and prophylaxis are discussed.
Adolescent↗
[Biocompatibility of wood in bone tissue (author's transl)].
Alcohol-extracted and sterilised cylinders of ash- and birchwood were implanted into the tibia of rabbits. The selection criteria of these two wood species were thoroughly described. 28 implants were evaluated after 3, 5, 14 and 32 weeks using undecalcified microtome sections and ground sections employing polychromatic sequential-labelling and microradiography. In spite of a foreign-body-tissue reaction new bone is formed around the implants and within the pores of the wood as well. Both wood species therefore seem to be suitable implant materials, which were anchoraged by the bone itself. A tensile strength and elastic properties comparable to bone and simple handling would be the advantages of this material.
Animals↗
Isolation of Klebsielleae from within living wood.
Previous studies from this laboratory have documented the presence of coliform bacteria emanating from wooden reservoirs containing finished drinking water. Coliforms were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. In the present report, evidence is presented which suggests that the origin of these coliforms is from the wood used to construct the reservoirs. In liquid expressed from freshly cut redwood, total bacterial counts in the range of 10(5) to 10(6)/ml were commonly observed. When present, coliform counts were over 10(3)/ml of expressed liquid. E. agglomerans was the most prevalent coliform present, but Klebsiella was isolated from freshly cut logs. Citrobacter freundii was also occasionally isolated. No fecal coliform-positive Klebsiella were obtained from any of the samples. Highest total bacteria and coliform counts were observed in sapwood specimens. Coliforms were present throughout sapwood as evidenced by contact plating serial sections of freshly cut wood. Scanning electron micrographs illustrate the presence of bacterial colonies within sapwood tracheids. Other wood species also contained coliform bacteria but in numbers lower than found in redwood.
Citrobacter↗
Ecology and taxonomy of bacteria attaching to wood surfaces in a tropical harbor.
Water, sediment, and wooden pilings, samples of which were collected from a harbor in Puerto Rico during the course of a long-term study of biofouling of wood treated with creosote and related compounds, were found to support growth of microbial populations, the dominant taxa of which included Hyphomicrobium, Hyphomonas, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and Bacillus. New wood exposed to the harbor water was rapidly colonized by Hyphomicrobium vulgare. Old pilings in an advanced stage of biodeterioration maintained a diverse bacterial microflora, representatives of which were also found widely distributed in the water column and sediment. Evidence for bacterial species succession was obtained, indicating that microbial interactions are important for attachment to, and subsequent colonization of, wood surfaces in the marine environment.
Bacteria↗
Nitrosylhemoglobin Wood: effects of inositol hexaphosphate on thiol reactivity and electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum.
Properties of Hb Wood (beta-97(FG4)His leads to Leu), a high oxygen affinity hemoglobin with reduced hemeheme interaction, were examined in its nitric oxide liganded form. The reactivity of the beta-93 thiol groups and the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum were examined to determine what effect the amino acid substitution, which occurs at the alpha1beta2 interface, would have on inositol hexaphosphate induced transition of this form of the tetramer. Binding of inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) in a 1:1 stoichiometry was demonstrated. In spite of apparently normal interaction with IHP, there was little or no change in the reactivity of the beta-93 thiol groups and in the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum as contrasted with the marked changes characteristic of normal hemoglobin (HbA). In contrast with NO-HbA, there was also no development of the EPR hyperfine structure in NO-Hb Wood with increased protonation of the protein at pH below 7.0. Taken together with the observations of Henry and Banerjee ((1973), J. Mol. Biol. 73, 469) on the development of NO-Hb EPR hyperfine structure and of Perutz et al. (1974a), Biochemistry 13, 2174) on changes in thiol reactivity with the R leads to T transition, the results suggest that IHP or H+ cannot switch NO-Hb Wood to the T conformation. Since the atomic structures of met- and deoxyhemoglobin offer no indication that His-97 plays any special part in the allosteric mechanism (M. E. Perutz, personal communication), it appears that the replacement of His-97 by Leu reduces the stability of the T structure relative to that of R.
Binding Sites↗
Comparison of hemoglobins Wood (alpha 2 beta 2 97 leu) and Malmö (alpha 2 beta 2 97 gln). Diagnostic value of citrate agar electrophoresis.
Diagnostic value of citrate agar electrophoresis. Am J Clin Pathol 71:668-671, 1979. Of approximately three dozen hemoglobin variants that have greater than usual oxygen affinity, nearly half are inseparable from hemoglobin A by electrophoresis at pH 8.6. A comparison of hemoglobins Wood (alpha2beta297leu) and Malmö (alpha2beta297gln) is of interest from several standpoints. They represent similar substitutions at the identical locus in the beta chain. They result in identical clinical and hematologic manifestations. Oxygen affinities of these variants are identical. Both are poorly resolved from hemoglobin A by electrophoresis at pH 8.6. The position of each is identical when studied by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. Finally, they are easily distinguished by citrate agar electrophoresis at pH 6.2. The excellent resolution of hemoglobins Malmö and Wood from each other results neither from difference in charge, nor size, nor in quaternary structure. This technic provides a simple but effective means for identifying and differentiating these hemoglobin variants. Comparison with the results of citrate agar electrophoresis of other high oxygen-affinity hemoglobins indicates that the findings for hemoglobins Malmö and Wood are unique and unambiguous.
Adolescent↗
A simple method of isolation and purification of cultures of wood-rotting fungi.
A simple method of isolation and purification of cultures of higher fungi, mainly wood-rotting fungi, without special requirements for the presence of nitrogencontaining nutrients is described. Parts of fruiting bodies, spores or infected wood is inoculated on Petri dishes with an agar medium of the following composition: 1.0 g KH2PO4, 0.2 g MgSO4 - 7 H2O, 0.1 g caSO4, 0.01 g Fe2(SO4)3, 10.0 g glucose, tap water to 1 litre; 20.0 g agar. This medium does not suit most of the contaminants but fungal hyphae overgrow the whole surface of the dish so that a purified culture can be obtained from parts distant from the inoculation site.
Agar↗
On the evolutionary stability of the female-biased sex ratio in the wood lemming (Myopus schisticolor): the effect of inbreeding.
The evolutionary stability of the female-biased sex ratio observed in the wood lemming (Myopus schisticolor) is discussed. The hypothesis analysed is that the skewed sex ratio is maintained as a result of partial and/or recurrent inbreeding. Fredga et al. (1976, 1977) have suggested that an X-linked mutant gene, X, affects the male-determining action of the Y chromosome, thus converting some XY individuals into females. By a mechanism of selective non-disjunction in the foetal ovary only X-carrying eggs are produced. In particular the stability of that genetic mechanism (or the X chromosome) is analysed by considering the introduction of a "suppressing" sex-linked mutant gene Y. Several deterministic simulation models assuming father-daughter and/or brother-sister matings have been developed and analysed. It is concluded that in the case of extremely strong inbreeding, the hypothesised genetic mechanism may, as a result, be evolutionarily stable. Interpreting field observations on microtine rodents in general it is concluded that only a few species are likely to experience such extreme cases of inbreeding. The wood lemming and the related collared lemming (Dicrostonyx troquatus), another case which seems to have XY-females, are likely to exhibit sufficiently strong inbreeding.
Animals↗
The determination of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins in pentachlorophenol and wood treatment solutions.
Analytical methods have been implemented to measure levels of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorodibenzofurans in pentachlorophenol solutions used in the Boulton wood treatment process. When normalized against the pentachlorophenol (PCP) content, the octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin level was 34% higher in the recirculating PCP solution than in the fresh PCP solution, and in the sludge it was 90% higher. A smaller concentration increase was observed for the heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the recirculating solution, but a similar increase was observed in the sludge.
Chlorophenols↗
The microbial colonization of some woods of small dimensions buried in soil.
Several species of wood veneer, including some in a green undried state, were buried in various soils, and at intervals the colonists were isolated and identified. In addition, veneers were deteriorated for different periods of time, sterilized, and then reburied in the same soil. Isolates were obtained before sterilization and compared with those found afterwards. In each case the colonization involved a small number of microfungi and, because similar species were repeatedly isolated, an absence of succession under laboratory conditions was indicated. Deteriorating cubes of weed were periodically assayed for their glucose content, pH of exudates, and the release of microbial cellulase and amylase. A lack of any consistent change in colonist activity, with respect to these factors, again indicated an absence of stages during decay. The colonization pattern was contrasted with successions described in previous studies and the simplest explanation was given for the differences found.
Amylases↗
Nasocytologic examination of wood industry workers.
To establish a methodology for field examination for early diagnosis of ethmoidal cancer in workers in the furniture industry, two methods were compared, namely nasal rinsing and direct sample-taking from the middle meatus. The latter method proved superior, resulting in a high number of cylinder cells. This method was tried out in a field survey of 715 furniture workers. No tumours of precancerous changes were revealed. The investigation continues, by exposing the Syrian golden hamster to wood-dust and using, amongst other methods, quantitative nuclear morphometry for evaluation.
Cytodiagnosis↗
[Effect of wood waste on the digestibility of glycides and level of volatile fatty acids in sheep].
Sheep were subject to an experiment concerning the effect of treated beech sawdust and thickened aqueous hydrolyzate of beech wood (xylocel) on the digestibility of glycides and on the level of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen content. The results prove that the use of treated beech sawdust as a replacer for ground barley straw favourably influenced the digestibility of monosaccharides, cellulose, lignin and total dry matter of the diet. Sawdust reduced the concentration of total VFA in the rumen content but the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (A:P) was lower and the energetic efficiency of the VFA produced was higher in the diet containing sawdust. The addition of urea to the diet with beech sawdust conditioned less effectively, as distinct from the case mentioned above, did not give a clear effect. Urea encouraged the digestibility of pentosanes, glucose and cellulose, but reduced the energetic efficiency of the VFA produced. Xylocel had no clear effect on the digestibility of sugars either. The higher A:P ratio and the lower energetic efficiency of the VFA produced testify to the fact that xylocel in combination with beet molasses was not a sufficient replacer of sugar-beet glycides.
Animal Feed↗
Purification and properties of an exo-cellulase of Avicelase type from a wood-rotting fungus, Irpex lacteus (Polyporus tulipiferae).
A cellulase component of Avicelase type was obtained from Driselase, a commercial enzyme preparation from a wood-rotting fungus Irpex lacteus (Polyporus tulipiferae). It showed a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of this cellulase resembled those of cellulase components of endo-type from the same fungus. However, it produced exclusively cellobiose from CMC as well as from water-insoluble celluloses such as Avicel or cotton at earlier stages of hydrolysis. In addition, the hydrolysis of CMC practically stopped after an initial rapid stage. The cellulase showed a strong synergistic action with an endo-cellulase of higher randomness (typical CMCase-type) in the hydrolysis of CMC as well as Avicel. In contrast to cellotriose and -tetraose, cellopentaose and -hexaose were attacked very rapidly, and only cellobiose was produced. These results suggest that the cellulase is an exo-type component. However, it mutarotated the products from cellopentaitol in the same direction as endo-cellulases. it represented a relatively large portion of the total cellulase activity, and may play an important role in the degradation of native cellulose in vivo.
Amino Acids↗