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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Using women's health research to develop women leaders in academic health sciences: the National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health.

While the number of women entering U.S. medical schools has risen substantially in the past 25 years, the number of women in leadership positions in academic medicine is disproportionately small. The traditional pathway to academic leadership is through research. Women's health research is an ideal venue to fill the pipeline with talented women physicians and scientists who may become academic leaders in positions where they can promote positive change in women's health as well as mentor other women. The Office on Women's Health (OWH) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has contracted with 18 academic medical centers to develop National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health. Emphasizing the integral link between women's health and women leaders, each of the Centers of Excellence must develop a leadership plan for women in academic medicine as part of the contract requirements. This paper describes the training programs in women's health research that have developed at five of the academic medical centers: the University of Wisconsin, Magee Women's Hospital, the University of Maryland, Medical College of Pennsylvania Hahnemann University, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. We discuss some of the challenges faced for both initiation and future viability of these programs as well as criteria by which these programs will be evaluated for success.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1973

Studies of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in women developing hypertension on oral contraceptives.

Metabolic studies in 100 women developing hypertension on combined oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives have been compared with similar studies in normotensive women on oral contraceptives, matched for age and duration of contraceptive use, and in women not taking contraceptives.The metabolic changes known to be induced by oral contraceptives-impaired glucose tolerance, elevated blood pyruvate levels, and raised serum lipid concentrations-were found to be exaggerated in the matched hypertensive group, largely due to pronounced abnormalities in 33 subjects with diastolic blood pressures over 110 mm Hg.Women developing severe hypertension were older, more obese, and of higher parity than those with mild hypertension and there was a high incidence of previous toxaemia of pregnancy in the hypertensive group.The results show that in women on oral contraceptives changes in blood pressure and in metabolic functions tend to be correlated with one another, and are consistent with the hypothesis that oral contraception induces a primary biochemical effect whose expression in the individual is determined by intrinsic factors including genetic constitution, age, weight, and parity.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Increased blood pressure response to the cold pressor test in pregnant women developing pre-eclampsia.

OBJECTIVES: Recent data indicate an increased vascular reactivity due to an overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system in women with pre-eclampsia. We therefore evaluated whether this increased vascular reactivity can be detected prior to the clinical manifestation of preeclampsia by the use of a physiological stimulus. DESIGN: Prospective data collection. SETTING: Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology in a 2000 bed tertiary care hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and twenty-three pregnant women between the 16th to 20th week of gestation. INTERVENTIONS: A cold pressor test was performed by positioning an ice-bag on the forehead of the woman for 3 min. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored by a continuous, noninvasive blood pressure measurement device during the stimulus and after removal of the icebag. A clinical follow-up was carried out by review of the charts after delivery to identify those women who have developed pre-eclampsia. RESULTS: Ten (8%) out of 123 pregnant women developed pre-eclampsia. During the cold pressor test systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure increased significantly and was more pronounced in women developing pre-eclampsia compared with healthy pregnant women (systolic blood pressure: 14.2 +/- 5.5 versus 8.5 +/- 7.2 mmHg, P= 0.02; diastolic blood pressure: 7.3 +/- 4.9 versus 3.9 +/- 4.7 mmHg, P=0.03). The change in heart rate was similar between both groups (8 +/- 2.6 versus 10.4 +/- 6.4 beats/min, not significant). CONCLUSIONS: An increased vasoconstrictive response to a physiological stimulus is present in women with pre-eclampsia as a sign of an increased vascular reactivity prior to clinical manifestation of the disease. The cold pressor test may be a suitable diagnostic tool to identify women, who will develop pre-eclampsia. However, future studies in larger cohorts are required to establish the final value of this test.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Women, development and population in Latin America].

Women's situation as defined according to cultural factors which are present both in the division of labor by sex and in the power relationships, has its own specificities in the different social groups of a society. This happens for material reasons as well as because prevalent ideologies vary, among the different groups, from very traditional models of sexual roles to others which allow a greater flexibility in these roles. The consequences are reflected in the reproductive behavior. A woman's social insertion affects her specific situation, through a set of closely related variables: the educational opportunities, the quantity and characteristics of the domestic work they must carry out and the opportunities to participate in paid work. These variables influence demographic behavior through the age at 1st marriage, infant mortality, the values assigned to children and the capacity of taking reproductive decisions. In order to improve the situation of poorer women it is necessary that the economic, social and cultural development give special benefits to that sector, greater educational opportunities which could lead to possibilities of stable and well remunerated work. In these conditions women could achieve a greater self-determination to establish more equitable conjugal relationships and to decide with more freedom the number of their children.

Developing Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How do lesbian women develop serenity?

This article considers how lesbian women recover from alcoholism and develop serenity in the context of a homophobic society. We review what is known about the incidence and lethality of alcoholism in lesbian women. We critique Finnegan and McNally's (1987) five-stage conceptual framework of lesbian and alcoholic identity development, which is based on the disease model of recovery. We present our own model, based on our own recovery experiences. The Deevey-Wall model describes factors that may determine how shaming social environments may affect drinking behavior and recovery in lesbian women. In conclusion, we explain Wall's theory of self-hate as a survival mechanism in traumatically hostile environments.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

HPV presence precedes abnormal cytology in women developing cervical cancer and signals false negative smears.

In a retrospective case-control study, we investigated high-risk HPV DNA presence by general primer GP5+/6+ PCR in the last normal cervical smear in the patient archives (i.e. baseline smear) of 57 women who later developed cervical cancer. Also, normal cervical smears of 114 age-matched control women were analysed. High-risk HPV DNA was detected in 37 of the 57 (65%) baseline smears of the case women, and 7 (6%) of 114 smears of the control women (OR 28, 95% Cl 11-72). The HPV positive subsequent smears and cervical cancer biopsies of the case women contained the same HPV type as was detected in the baseline smear. After cytological revision, the baseline smears of 48 case women (84%) were reclassified as abnormal, 33 (69%) of which scored high-risk HPV DNA positive. Ultimately, an undisputable normal baseline smear was found in only 10 case women. In 7 (70%) of them this smear was HPV positive, whereas only 7 (7%) of 104 revised, undisputable normal smears of control women were high-risk HPV positive (OR 32, 95% Cl 6.8-153). The results showed that (1) high-risk HPV presence precedes abnormal cytology in women who develop cervical cancer, and (2) high-risk HPV testing signals false-negative smears of women at risk of cervical cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

A cervical smear review in women developing cervical carcinoma with particular reference to age, false negative cytology and the histologic type of the carcinoma.

A review of all available cervical smears from 96 women who subsequently developed invasive cervical carcinoma was undertaken. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of confirmed negative smears prior to the histologic diagnosis of carcinoma and investigate the relationship between the duration and grade of smear abnormality, the patients' age and the histologic types of cervical carcinoma. The results indicate that only 10% of women had confirmed negative smears, the majority occurring more than 7 years before the diagnosis of carcinoma. In contrast, 89% of young women (under 40 years of age) had a significant abnormality (moderate dyskaryosis or worse) up to 6 years before diagnosis. There is evidence to suggest that the preinvasive phase of cervical carcinoma may be shorter in younger women and that the less common types of cervical carcinoma occur more frequently in this group. The combination of inadequate clinical follow up and false negative cytology may have allowed a significant proportion of these women to develop invasive cervical carcinoma. Possible reasons for false negative smears have been identified and methods aimed at decreasing their frequency are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Loss, humiliation and entrapment among women developing depression: a patient and non-patient comparison.

This paper is part of a series dealing with the role of life events in the onset of depressive disorders. Women who developed depression in a general population sample in Islington in North London are contrasted with a National Health Service-treated series of depressed patients in the same area. Findings among the latter confirm the importance of a severely threatening provoking event for onset among the majority of depressed women patients. The results for the two series are similar except for a small subgroup of patients characterized by a melancholic/psychotic condition with a prior episode. The severe events of importance have been recognized for some time by the traditional ratings of the Life Events and Difficulty Schedule (LEDS). However, the full descriptive material collected by the LEDS has been used to develop a new refined measure reflecting the likelihood of feelings of humiliation and being trapped following a severely threatening event, in addition to existing measures of loss or danger. The experience of humiliation and entrapment was important in provoking depression in both the patient and non-patient series. It proved to be associated with a far greater risk of depression than the experience of loss or danger without humiliation or entrapment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

A retrospective review of cervical cytology in women developing invasive squamous cell carcinoma.

The records of 93 women who presented with invasive squamous cell carcinoma were searched for evidence of cervical cytology during the years preceding this diagnosis; a search was also made through the files of local laboratories and contact was made with general practitioners and relevant hospital departments. Only 26 (28%) of these 93 women had had a cervical smear at any time before the diagnosis of invasive cancer, and only 11 (12%) had had regular cytological surveillance. Fifteen (60%) had had a smear taken and reported as negative within the previous 5 years, six (6%) within the previous year. Eleven of these 15 slides were obtained for review: three were regarded as positive and three more were re-classed as too scanty for conclusive assessment. In nine of the 67 women who had never had a smear, a gynaecological or obstetric examination was known to have been performed or indicated within the previous 5 years, thereby representing a missed opportunity for screening. In three patients cytological abnormalities had been reported within the previous 3 years but no action had been taken.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation issues and strategies for community-based organizations developing women's HIV prevention programs.

This article discusses issues and strategies for program evaluation particularly useful for community-based organizations (CBOs) involved in the development and implementation of HIV preventing programs for women. The approach the authors present is an extension of a traditional public health paradigm suggested for use in the development and evaluation of violence prevention programs. This study incorporates Becker's Health Belief Model, which provides a framework for viewing the influence of various psychosocial variables on health-related behavior, into this development and evaluation paradigm. Factors influencing the successful development and evaluation of HIV prevention programs for women are reviewed and discussed. The purpose of this article is to provide some guidance to CBOs to strengthen their evaluation strategies and to encourage their use of evaluation during all phases of program development and implementation.

Community Networks↗
PubMed1997

Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS) for women: development and validation.

Four studies were conducted to develop and validate the Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS), a measure of sexual assertiveness in women that consists of factors measuring initiation, refusal, and pregnancy-sexually transmitted disease prevention assertiveness. A total of 1,613 women from both university and community populations were studied. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the 3 factors remained stable across samples of university and community women. A structural model was tested in 2 samples, indicating that sexual experience, anticipated negative partner response, and self-efficacy are consistent predictors of sexual assertiveness. Sexual assertiveness was found to be somewhat related to relationship satisfaction, power, and length. The community sample was retested after 6 months and 1 year to establish test-retest reliability. The SAS provides a reliable instrument for assessing and understanding women's sexual assertiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Negative smears in women developing invasive cervical cancer.

Fifty-six cervical smears originally classified as Pap. I, from women in whom cervical cancer of stage I to IV was detected within 4 to 5 years after the cytological check, were re-examined in order to estimate the screening error and sampling failure. At the review, 35 smears were classified as Pap. II to V. The incidence of changed classification of the smears obtained from population screening was 70% and that of the smears taken at private specialists or at hospitals was about 50%. The influence of sampling failure on the evaluation of the smears classified as Pap. II should be considered. On 14 slides, correctly interpreted as negative, there were no columnar cells present, a fact that may indicate inefficient sampling of cells from the squamo-columnar junction.

Adenocarcinoma↗