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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Decision No. 5 on work appropriate for women, work that is prohibited for women, and work that is specifically women's work, 30 April 1987.

This Order is issued under the Bulgarian Labour Code and provides that work "appropriate" for women is work that they may in general accomplish on an equal footing with men, work listed in an appendix (List No. 1), and any other nonspecified work. The Order also sets forth types of work that "can be assigned only to women" (List No. 2) and work that is prohibited for women (List No. 3).

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1988

Women, work, and health: employment as a risk factor for coronary heart disease.

Employment as such does not appear to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease and may in fact have a beneficial effect on health. Although there is at present a paucity of reliable data, several key points emerge. In general, working women are in better health than homemakers or unemployed women. Single and married working women are apparently in better health than are divorced, separated, or widowed women. Among working women perception of control over the job environment may be a more important predictor of risk than level of job stress. Health appears to be compromised most among women who perceive little control over their lives. Although multiple social roles of wife, mother, and employee seem to enhance health, too much intensity in any one role may be detrimental.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Women working with women.

More women than ever before are working outside their homes. Many of these women are caught in a conflict between internal needs, desires, and beliefs and external demands. Work can become merely a means to an end, a burden to be endured, or a satisfying aspect of our lives. Some strategies for creating and defining ourselves for ourselves are offered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Breast health educational interventions. Changes in beliefs and practices of working women.

Health education programs supported by women's groups or workplaces have been successful in reaching large populations and changing intentions to perform breast health behaviors. This study examined the responses women working in the automotive industry had to two health education interventions, mailed pamphlets, and a combination of mailed material and classes at the worksite compared to a control group. A quasi-experimental design was used. Of the 948 women completing the pre-test, 437 also completed the post-test and were highly representative of the initial sample. The findings suggest that although the mailed information produced some change in practices and intentions, the classes in combination with the mailed pamphlets produced greater change. In addition, confidence in breast self examination as a method of detecting an existing breast lump increased from pre-test to post-test across all age groups. The reported influences on the women's decisions related to breast health varied across the life span. The results of this study can be used to support the development of effective health promotion programs for use at workplaces to increase the likelihood of women engaging in healthy breast practices.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Menstrual synchrony in a sample of working women.

Menstrual synchrony has been typically studied among women who live together: dormitory roommates or family members sharing a bedroom or living in the same house. The current study examined menstrual synchrony in 51 pairs of women working together under conditions optimally conducive to synchrony. They had been together for at least 1 year, shared a relatively small office, worked there all day full time and contact with other people during the day was minimal. Prospective records of three menstrual dates showed a significant degree of synchrony for each of the 3 months. Menstrual onsets of close friends tended to occur on the average within 3.5-4.3 days of each other while onsets of co-workers who were not close friends were significantly more broadly ranged (7.7-9.0 days of each other). This is the first unequivocal demonstration of menstrual synchrony outside of the household.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields among working women and homemakers.

Given concerns with potential health effects of exposure to magnetic fields, the goal of this study was to examine the magnitude and sources of occupational and residential exposure to extremely low frequency (primarily 60 Hz) magnetic fields among women. Exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields was surveyed among cases and controls recruited for a study of breast cancer in 25 counties in North Carolina. The 273 women who participated wore an integrating personal magnetic-field exposure meter (AMEX 3-D) that measured their time-weighted average (TWA) exposure. A questionnaire was administered to determine the duration and frequency of electric appliance and machinery use. The geometric mean (GM) of the TWA exposure for employed women was 0.138 microT (range 0.022-3.636 microT) and for homemakers 0.113 microT (range 0.022-0.403 microT). Women working in manufacturing and industrial facilities had the highest exposure (GM 0.265 microT, range 0.054-3.436 microT), while nurses and health technicians (GM 0.134 microT, range 0.032-0.285 microT) and teachers and school administrators (GM 0.099 microT, range 0.035-0.673 microT) had the lowest exposures. Job titles, unless very limited in scope and/or environment, self-reported information about equipment use, potential exposure sources, time, and distance were not good predictors of magnetic-field exposure. Furthermore, the results show that occupations previously observed to have increased risk of breast cancer, such as teachers, nurses, administrative support, and housewives, did not have elevated average magnetic field exposures. Therefore, it is questionable whether exposure to power frequency magnetic fields is the cause of the increased breast cancer risk seen in these occupations.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection among working women in Bangkok.

A small-scale seroepidemiological survey on hepatitis B and C virus infection was conducted in the vicinity of Bangkok, Thailand, in 1998. Adult women working in a health sciences institution were invited to participate in the study, and 52 subjects (19 to 57 years of age) volunteered to offer peripheral blood. They were non-smoking and non-habitually drinking, and about two thirds of the subjects were married. The sera from the blood samples were assayed for HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, and anti-HCV positivities. The serum assay showed that none of the subjects was positive to HBsAg or anti-HCV, but a half of the subjects (50%) were either positive to anti-HBs, to anti-HBc or to the both, thus having experienced HBV infection in the past. The prevalence of the positivities was significantly higher among those at 35-57 years of age than those younger than 35 years. Comparison of the present findings with the results reported in literature suggested that the risk of HBV infection should have been higher than that of HCV infection, that the observed positivity of HBV infection was probably lower than ever reported, and that anti-HCV positivity should be the lowest.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Utilization of pay-in antenatal leave among working women in Southern California.

OBJECTIVES: Examine antenatal leave arrangements among pregnant workers in California, and the occupational, demographic and well-being characteristics associated with leave taking. Unlike most states, California provides paid pregnancy leave up to 4 weeks antenatally and 6-8 weeks postnatally. METHODS: Weighted data from postpartum telephone interviews conducted between July 2002 and November 2003 were analyzed for 1214 women participating in a case-control study of birth outcomes in Southern California. Eligible women worked at least 20 h/week during the first two trimesters of pregnancy or through the date of prenatal screening. The overall response rate was 73%. RESULTS: Fifty-two percent of women took no leave, 32% took antenatal leave expecting to return to their job or employer sometime after giving birth, and 9% quit their jobs during pregnancy. For leave-takers with paid leave (69%), the state was the main source of pay (74%). Medical problems (52%) rather than maternity leave benefits (25%) were the most common stated reasons for taking leave. The strongest predictors of leave taking versus working through pregnancy were feeling stressed and tired (adjusted OR = 4.3, 95% CI [2.2-8.2]) and having young children (adjusted OR = 2.1, 95% CI [1.2-3.7]), followed by occupational factors (night shift, unfulfilling and inflexible work, short work tenure). Lack of employer-offered maternity leave benefits was associated with increased quitting relative to both leave taking and working through pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Maternity benefits influence quitting, but alone do not determine antenatal leave taking. Working pregnant women in California utilize leave cautiously and predominantly to cope with health problems, work dissatisfaction and fatigue.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physical activity of poor urban women in Cali, Colombia: a comparison of working and not working women.

We have previously presented evidence that the physical activity level (PAL) and total energy expenditure (per kg body weight) of poor urban women who "work" (engage in income-earning activities) is similar to those who do not "work" (but do tend to household and childcare responsibilities) (Spurr et al. [1996] Am J Clin Nutr 63:870-878; [1997] Med Sci Sports Exerc 29:1255-1262). These findings were unexpected and raised questions regarding the actual types of activities engaged in by the two groups. In this article we address those questions by comparing the time allocation of the two groups. Time allocation during waking hours (14.2 +/- 1.1 hours/day) was recorded in minute-by-minute diaries by trained observers for two consecutive days for 52 working women and 28 not-working women. The working women were engaged in predominately informal sector economic activities, such as street vending, childcare, and domestic service, in addition to their own household and childcare responsibilities. The activities of the not-working women were largely restricted to household and childcare responsibilities. The working women tended to spend less time in resting activities and TV-watching and more time in travel and miscellaneous work activities, but other between-group differences were not significant. We conclude that the time allocation of working women is similar to that of not-working women because 1) many of the activities engaged in are the same or similar, and 2) some working women are only engaged in income-earning activities for limited time periods.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Drug consumption and occupational violence in working women of Monterrey, N. L., Mexico].

The purpose of this study was to explore drug consumption and occupational violence in a sample of 669 adult women, working and living in 13 basic geostatistical areas of Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, using a descriptive correlational design with a qualitative approach. Results indicated that 37.1% of women consumed alcohol, 29.1% tobacco, 0.4% marihuana, 0.1% inhalants, and, among medical drugs, 5% consumed tranquilizers, and 1% other substances (barbiturates, antidepressive agents, Tylenol/codeine). The c2 test found no significant difference between sociodemographic and occupational factors and drug consumption (p<.05), except for the work form (c2=18.08, gl=4, p=.001). However, violence rate showed a positive association with drug consumption (p<.05). This study found 126 cases of violence, 34 of which narrated their experience. Drug consumption and violence perception was identified in 2 categories: Conceptualization of Occupational Violence and Relationship between Violence and Drug Consumption.

Adult↗