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Eight rabies strains isolated from wild rodents produced interferon in laboratory mouse brains the second day after inoculation. Low levels of interferon were also detected in the serum, kidneys and lungs of the animals. The dosage and route of inoculation had no pronounced effect on interferon production.
Capillaria hepatica infection in wild rodents collected from the States of Kelantan, Selangor and Johore in Peninsular Malaysia since 1973 is reported. A total of 1,258 rodents consisting of 20 species of house, field and forest rats, and 7 species of squirrels were examined for the parasite and 17 species consisting of 111 murids and 1 flying squirrel were found infected. The house rat, Rattus norvegicus had the highest prevalence rate, followed by 3 species of field rats, R. tiomanicus, R. argentiventer and Bandicota indica. The prevalence of infection was low among forest rats with the exception of Lenothrix canus. Only 1 flying squirrel, Hylopetes spadiceus was found with the parasite. The prevalence of infection in relation to the host behaviour and habitats was discussed. C. hepatica appears to be widespread throughout Malaysia with a wide range of hosts among rodent species. Some new host records are presented herein.
Four cell lines were established from the wild rodent, Millardia meltada; an untransformed cell line (MM-D), a non-producer (NP) cell line transformed with murine sarcoma virus (MM-CL4), and SV40-transformed cell lines (MM-8 MM-663). MM-D is epithelioid and contact-inhibited, whereas MM-CL4, MM-8, and MM-663 are fibroblastic and grow piling up. No endogenous virus was induced in Millardia cell lines by a long-term culture with various inducers. Millardia cell DNA has no nucleotide sequence homology with cDNA of either murine leukemia virus or rat endogenous virus.
A list of wild rodents and marsupials from "cerrado" region captured in six conties of Goiás, Mato Grosso State and Federal District of Brasil, is presented. This list includes twenty-four rodent species and four marsupials species.
A new poxvirus was isolated in 1974 from the kidney of a wild big gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) caught in Turkmenia, where these gerbils are wide-spread. The virus resembles cowpox virus and is markedly different from the virus of infectious ectromelia, the best-known poxvirus of rodents. The new virus is apparently identical to other poxvirus isolates made from white rats and Felidae in the Moscow Zoo. Experimental inoculation of the natural hosts--big gerbils and yellow susliks (Citellus fulvus)--produced a severe infection with a high mortality rate. Trnasmission of virus to uninoculated cage mates was shown to occur. Virus persisted in convalescent animals and was present in urine 3 weeks after inoculation and in kidney and testis for at least 5 weeks after inoculation. The role of rodents as natural hosts of poxviruses is discussed.
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Faeces voided by eight species of laboratory or feral rodents were cultured for campylobacters by means of selective methods. Campylobacters were isolated from bank voles and from rats, but not from rabbits, laboratory mice, hamsters, guinea-pigs, field mice or field voles. In routine biochemical tests isolates from bank voles resembled a type of Campylobacter fetus that causes infectious infertility in cattle; isolates from rats resembled Campylobacter coli associated with swine dysentery. Electrophoretograms of acid plus phenol soluble proteins revealed striking differences between isolates from rodents, C. fetus and C coli. It is concluded that campylobacters are more widespread in rodents than hitherto realised, and that routine methods for differentiating campylobacters do not allow an adequate correlation with pathogenicity or habitat.
80 Rattus norvegicus and 63 Mus musculus caught near the Laboratory Animals Centre, were examined for parasites and other organisms: 32 parasite species were found and 2 species of Mycoplasma. A small number of individuals were tested and found positive serologically for species of Leptospira.
The use of wild rodents as biological resources is hindered by the difficulties of live transport and primary culture contamination caused by skin bacteria. To address this, we developed a "tail-degloving" method to physically remove the contaminated external integument. Using the large Japanese field mouse (Apodemus speciosus), this method suppressed contamination compared to conventional biopsies, yielding cells within 5-7 days that were capable of subculturing and cryopreservation. The protocol withstood 4°C storage for up to 7 days and enabled contamination-free cell establishment from a large rodent. This tail-degloving protocol eliminates live transport risks and effectively establishes primary cells after a multi-day transport delay.
Pacui virus, originally obtained from forest rodents, was isolated 100 times from 61,437 specimens (658 pools) of the phlebotomine fly Lutzomyia flaviscutellata, collected from rodent-baited traps in the forests of Belem, Para, Brazil in the period October 1968 through September 1970. Isolations were made from engorged and unengorged females and from males (3 strains), and occurred in all 24 months. Pacui virus also was isolated from the blood of two wild rodents (Oryzomys), but not from 424 L. infraspinosa, 12,000 mosquitoes, or sentinel mice. Pacui virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in serum of six bait animals after exposure to biting flies in the forest, in 30% of wild rodents surveyed (including two from Amapa Territory), and in 10% of marsupials, but were absent in human survey sera and in bats. Low-passage Pacui virus produced viremia in and was lethal to infant mice by the subcutaneous route. L. flaviscutellata was most abundant in the dry season, in which period Pacui virus isolations increased. This fly is strongly attracted to rodents close to the ground. L. flaviscutellata also yielded single strains of Guama, Icoaraci, and BeAr 177325 viruses.
Cholesterol, triglyceride, and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels and lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns in blood plasma of ten species of wild rodents are compared with those of the laboratory mouse and man under standard conditions. 1. Average plasma lipid levels for the mouse and man appear in the middle of the wide ranges of 0.6-1.8 g/l. for cholesterol, 0.4 to 2.4 g/l. for triglyceride and 0.32-0.68 m-equiv/l. for NEFA found in these rodents suggesting species may vary in their ability to utilize these lipids. 2. Some universal relationship between levels of cholesterol and triglyceride, but not with NEFA, are suggested by a comparison between average levels in these 12 species. 3. Lack of correlation between the typical four component human lipoprotein electrophoretic pattern with any of the uniquely different patterns of rodents indicate using this method it is not feasible to compare the blood lipid transport system amongst species.
Polygenis bohlsi jordani (Costa Lima, 1937) (Siphonaptera) is for the first time recorded as ectoparasite on wild rodents captured in the "cerrado" area of Central Brazil. Seven out of nine rodents collected were found bearing P. b. jordani. The most common species found infested with the flea were: Zygodontomys lasiurus, Oryzomys eliurus, Calomys callosus and Nectomys squamipes.
Rodent housing and nesting units were constructed from acrylic and provided with concrete tops. These hexagonal units, placed in a wooded field, were inhabited by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). The use of the field housing units provided an effective method for observing free-ranging wild rodents.
Four experiments are described in which laboratory mice were infected with Y. enterocolitica using an American serotype 0:8 (WA) and two European strains, serotypes 0:3 and 0:9. The pathogenicity and histopathological responses of strain WA (0:8) were determined in the Porton white outbred mouse by three route of inoculation. The LD50 after infection by the intraperitoneal route was 8.8 x 10(1) organisms, which is similar to results obtained by previous workers using disease-free and hybrid mouse strains. European strains 0:3 and 0:9 were shown to infect the Porton white outbred mice when injected intraperitoneally but no deaths occurred. Chronic faecal excretion was demonstrated up to 135 days. Specific antibodies were detected in the 0:3 and 0:9 infected mice and the immune response was further assessed by challenging the excreter mice with 50LD50S of the virulent WA strain. A significant degree of protection occurred in mice previously injected with 10(7) organisms of the avirulent strains. No evidence of phenotypic variation, as measured by 40 markers, was detected in 67 isolates of Y. enterocolitica recovered during the course of the four experiments. These results suggest that laboratory rodents could be a useful model for studying the infection produced by virulent and avirulent strains, and since it has been clearly established that a wide range of serotypes and non-typeable strains may be isolated from wild rodents, our findings could be extrapolated to the wildlife situation. Further work on the laboratory model could give a more detailed insight into the mechanism and extent to which rodents act as reservoirs of Y. enterocolitica.
Fowl tampans (Argas persicus) collected in Oktemberyan in the Armenian S.S.R. in 1974 were found to be massively infected with rickettsiae of the spotted fever (SF) group. One isolated rickettsial strain, designated Armenia 9, is antigenically related to, and probably identical with, strain Armenia 11 and strain B of Rickettsia slovaca, isolated from Dermacentor marginatus ticks. Strain Armenia 9 grows readily in chick embryo yolk sacs and in chick embryo cell (CEC) and L-cell cultures. It causes generalized infection in both soft and hard ticks. A fatal disease was produced in Clethrionomys glareolus after subcutaneous inoculation. Similar inoculation of other small wild rodents (Mus musculus, Microtus arvalis, Apodemus flavicollis), hens and laboratory animals (guinea pigs, white mice and hamsters) resulted only in an antibody response.
In the rural area of Las Higueras, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina, a trypanosoma was isolated from a wild rodent (C. musculinus). The trypanosome was classified as Trypanosoma cruzi because of the following characteristics: morphology as described by Hoare for the Schizotrypanum sub-genus: thin shaped, pointed back end, nucleus placed approximately in the middle of the body, prominent and subterminal kinetoplast and short free flagellum. The size measurements were as follows: total lengh 22.02 +/- 0.40 micron, flagellum lengh 5.93 +/- 0.29 mu, Nuclear mean index (NP/NA) 1,21 +/- 0.07 (Table 1). For some authors, this last value is very important for diagnosis of the parasite. BALB/c albino mice were infected with blood of the captured animal; those mice showed a mild parasitemia and amastigotes nests in cardiac fiber (Fig 2 a y b). The xenodiagnosis performed with nimphs of Triatoma infestans on the laboratory mice was positive. The trypanosome grew very well in blood-agar medium. According with these findings along with the wide geographic distribution and density of C. musculinus in Argentina, one should wonder whether or not this rodent is infested withT. cruzi on its whole distribution range. Passages through T. infestans and laboratory mice produced a virulence enhancement of this strain. With these findings, the question is if this situation should take place in nature, affecting domestic animals in any way. The stated questions and findings should estimulate further research on the role of the wild fauna in the epidemiclogy of Chagas' disease in Argintina.