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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Skeletal muscle fiber splitting induced by weight-lifting exercise in cats.

Adult skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by exercise has been thought to be exclusively related to an increase in cross-section area of individual muscle fibers and not to an increase in the number of muscle fibers. Recent experiments using surgical intervention to cause muscle overload have induced an increase in fiber numbers; however, the muscle also exhibited pathological alterations. The purpose of this study was to determine if an exercise regimen also induced hyperplasia. Cats were trained to lift weights with their right forelimb to receive a food reward. After 19-46 weeks of training, the flexor carpi radialis muscle (FCR) was removed and prepared for histochemical examination. The total number of muscle fibers of the right exercised FCR increased significantly (19.3%) when compared with that of the unexercised left FCR (p less than 0.05). This increase was found to be due to muscle fiber splitting.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1987

Kinematic form and scaling: further investigations on the visual perception of lifted weight.

Observers are able to judge accurately the weight lifted by another person when only the motions of reflective patches attached to the lifter's major limb joints and head can be seen (Runeson & Frykholm, 1981). What properties of these complex kinematic patterns allow judgments of weight to be made? The pattern of variation in velocity of the lifted object over position is explored as a source of information for weight: It is found to provide limited information. How are variations in kinematic patterns scaled to allow judgments of weight, a kinetic quantity? The possibility of a source of information for scaling in the kinematics is investigated. Judgments based only on patch-light displays are accurate to a degree that is improved by an extrinsic scaling basis. Finally, the sensitivity to scaling of alternative metrics used in judging is explored. Intrinsic metrics are discovered to be less sensitive to the absence of an extrinsic basis for scaling.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed2003

Diagnosis and management of headache in the weight-lifting athlete.

Weight lifters suffer from the same headache syndromes that affect all human beings. They are also susceptible to headache types brought on by their activity. Three headache syndromes, cervicogenic headache, benign exertional headache, and effort-induced migraine headache, appear to be more common in the weight-lifting athlete. This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of these headache syndromes.

Headache↗
PubMed1987

Increased HDL-cholesterol levels with a weight lifting program.

Weight training regimens are generally thought not to improve cardiovascular function or lipid parameters. To evaluate this further, we studied 25 men before and after supervised weight training three times each week for eight weeks. Mean plasma HDL-cholesterol level increased significantly with training, from 38.8 to 44.1 plasma HDL-cholesterol level increased significantly with training, from 38.8 to 44.1 mg/dl, while calculated LDL-cholesterol decreased from 132 to 121 mg/dl. Triglyceride values were unchanged. Percent fat decreased from 14% to 12.7% (P less than .05), and muscle mass increased from 32.4 kg before training to 37 kg after training (P less than .05). Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) increased significantly (from 45.2 to 49.2 ml/kg X min) during the eight-week period. LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were negatively correlated with VO2max but changes in HDL-cholesterol were not accounted for by alterations in VO2max, muscle mass, or percent fat. This study suggests that weight training can be used to increase strength, alter body composition, improve plasma lipids, and enhance cardiovascular function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Sport-specific injuries in weight lifting].

121 weight-lifters reported their past injuries due to their sport. 32% never had had any sports related medical problem. From the remaining 68%, 202 instances of injuries related to weight lifting were reported. They affected the knees (25%), scapular girdle (22%), back (21%), wrist (12%) and the elbows (6%). In about 10% of the known cases of knee injury, the rest period without any sports activity lasted more than 28 days. More often than not, it was due to degenerative processes of the joint. Sportsmen fear particularly shoulder injuries during the snatch movements. Accidents could be prevented to a large extent by relevant preventive actions such as warm-up exercises, a strict hygiene of the weights and devices and, most importantly, stable footwear.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Hormone and metabolite response to weight-lifting training sessions.

Eleven weight-trained athletes (age X +/- SD = 33 +/- 5 yrs, weight = 72 +/- 10 kg) with a maximal performance in bench press at the beginning of the study (116 +/- 19 kg) were studied at rest, after a standardized submaximal training session, and after a maximal session once a month for 4 months to study the blood metabolites and hormonal changes during weight lifting. The submaximal load was six series of eight bench presses at 70% of maximal performance presses, and the maximal load was the maximal number of repetitions at the same work load. The levels of several metabolites (lactate, glycerol, triglycerides, beta-OH-butyrate) and hormones (norepinephrine and epinephrine) increased (P less than 0.05) after submaximal work and more after maximal work. Glucose, FFA, acetoacetate, insulin, testosterone, and cortisol did not change significantly or consistently. Lactate after maximal work was higher after the 4th training month (P less than 0.05). Other variables did not change much with training while the maximal number of repetitions in the last series increased slightly (P less than 0.05). In general, the changes observed were smaller than the ones reported for endurance or interval running, which use larger muscle groups. Nevertheless, weight lifting induced changes in blood metabolites which reflect a mobilization of both carbohydrates and lipids stores for energy.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Plasma volume changes and cardiovascular responses associated with weight lifting.

Ten experienced weight lifters were studied to determine the influence of strenuous, free-weight, squat lift exercise on changes in plasma volume, mean arterial pressure, and the rate pressure product. After a 40-min postural adjustment prior to upright exercise, each subject completed eight sets of eight repetitions of the squat exercise at 55% of the one-repetition maximum. Electrocardiogram heart rate was monitored throughout the test, and blood pressure was determined at the completion of each exercise set. Arterialized capillary blood was drawn during sitting and standing pre-exercise and at the end of the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth sets for the measurement of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma protein concentration, and after the last set for blood lactate. Five additional subjects participated in a postural control comparison. The results of the ANOVA showed a significant loss in plasma volume over the trials which was 2 1/2 times greater than for the control subjects (17.9 vs 7.7% loss) over the same period of time. Exercise rate pressure product increased by 2.85 times resting while only 1.1 times resting for the control subjects. An elevation in mean arterial pressure was found to be correlated to changes in plasma volume, r = -0.98. This study found that plasma volume is reduced while the rate pressure product is increased during the squat lift exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Relation of plasma volume change to intensity of weight lifting.

To determine the relation of plasma volume change to intensity of weight lifting, blood samples were obtained from 15 males [mean (+/- SD) age = 22.3 +/- 3.2 yr; height = 176.3 +/- 6.9 cm; weight = 73.0 +/- 11.7 kg] before and over a 60-min period following weight lifting at four different intensities [40, 50, 60, and 70% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM)]. Weight lifting consisted of completing three circuits of four exercises (bench press, bent-over row, arm curl, and parallel squat), with 10 repetitions of each exercise performed over a 30-s period followed by 30 s of rest. Mean (+/- SE) oxygen uptakes (VO2) during weight lifting at the four intensities were 1.31 +/- 0.04, 1.50 +/- 0.07, 1.72 +/- 0.07, and 1.86 +/- 0.08 1.min-1, or 33-47% of treadmill-determined VO2max, respectively. Mean (+/- SE) blood lactates were 6.5 +/- 0.5, 8.7 +/- 0.5, 9.4 +/- 0.6, and 12.0 +/- 0.6 mmol.1(-1), respectively. Mean (+/- SE) heart rates (HR) were 124 +/- 4, 134 +/- 4, 148 +/- 5, and 161 +/- 4 bpm, or 63-82% of treadmill-determined HRmax, respectively. Plasma volume decreased linearly in relation to intensity of weight lifting with mean responses of -7.7 +/- 0.8, -10.7 +/- 0.8, -12.1 +/- 0.9, and -13.9 +/- 0.8% at 40, 50, 60, and 70% of 1-RM, respectively. It was concluded that plasma volume decreases linearly in relation to intensity (%1-RM) of weight lifting and that the relation is similar to that reported for dynamic, low-resistance exercise such as cycling and running.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Weight lifted in strength training predicts bone change in postmenopausal women.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between weight lifted in 1 yr of progressive strength training and change in bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of calcium-replete, postmenopausal women. METHODS: As part of a large clinical trial, 140 calcium-supplemented women, 44-66 yr old, were randomized to a 1-yr progressive strength-training program. Half of the women were using hormone replacement therapy. Three times weekly, subjects completed two sets of six to eight repetitions in eight core exercises at 70-80% of one repetition maximum. BMD was measured at baseline and 1 yr. RESULTS: In multiple linear regression, the increase in femur trochanter (FT) BMD was positively related to total weight lifted (0.001 g.cm (-2)) for a SD of weight lifted, P< 0.01) after adjusting for age, baseline factors, HRT status, weight change, cohort, and fitness center. The weighted squats showed the strongest (0.002 g.cm(-2)) for a SD of weight lifted, P< 0.001), whereas the back extension exhibited the weakest (0.0005 g.cm(-2)) for a SD of weight lifted, P< 0.26) association with change in FT BMD. The amount of weight lifted in the weighted march exercise was significantly related to total body BMD (0.0006 g.cm(-2)) for a SD of weight lifted, P< 0.01). The associations between weight lifted and BMD for the femur neck or lumbar spine were not significant. CONCLUSION: Evidence of a linear relationship between BMD change and total and exercise-specific weight lifted in a 1-yr strength-training program reinforces the positive association between this type of exercise and BMD in postmenopausal women.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

An isoinertial predictor for maximal acceptable lifting weights of Chinese male subjects.

The practicality of using restrained as well as standard isoinertial strength tests in predicting the maximum acceptable weight of lift (MAWL) of Chinese male subjects was examined using a restrained strength test, which allows the subject to pull on the load in front of the body and to apply force in a functional free posture. Prediction models were constructed and evaluated under task conditions of two lifting ranges, two box sizes, and three lifting frequencies. The following measurements were taken for each subject in each test: (1) the body posture and joint angles, and (2) electromyographic activities of the arm muscles (biceps brachii), back muscles (erector spinae), and leg muscles (rectus femoris). Results indicate that the restrained knuckle height isoinertial strength (RK) was related significantly to the MAWL for all tasks, and the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.42 to 0.69. A step-wise multiple regression analysis based on data from the 22 subjects showed that RK, chest circumference, and thigh length accounted for 90 to 94% of the variance. A validation effort on a different sample (N = 10) showed that the MAWLs can be predicted within an absolute mean (SD) error of 0.84 (3.30) kg. Percentages of muscle activation levels indicated that, other than strength from the erector spinae, the strongest contribution to the RK value was that of biceps brachii strength. Since the strength of the body's upper extremity was also recruited, the weak upper extremity strength of Chinese subjects was better reflected. Evidence for the existence of a close match between MAWL and RK values, and the conditions of the existence, suggest that RK is good predictor for the MAWL.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Positive adaptations to weight-lifting training in the elderly.

Maximal weight-lifting performance, isometric strength, isokinetic torque, whole muscle and individual fiber cross-sectional areas, and muscle evoked contractile properties were assessed in 14 elderly males before and after 12 wk of weight-lifting training. Dynamic elbow flexion training of one arm resulted in a significant 48% mean increase in the maximal load that could be lifted once (1 RM) and a smaller improvement in isokinetic torque (8.8%) but no change in isometric strength. In the contralateral control arm, 1 RM and isokinetic torque increased by 12.7 and 6.5%, respectively, but isometric strength did not change. The interpolated twitch technique confirmed complete motor unit activation during a maximal isometric contraction of the elbow flexors before and after the training. Bilateral leg press training effected mean increases of 17 and 23% in isokinetic torque and dynamic lifting capacity, respectively. The mean maximal cross-sectional area of the elbow flexors (biceps brachii and brachialis) increased by 17.4% in the trained arm but did not change the control arm. The increase in the mean area of type II fibers in the biceps brachii muscle in the trained arm (30.2%) was greater than the corresponding change in the control arm (10.7%, P less than 0.05). The most significant change in the evoked contractile properties of the trained elbow flexors was the increase in twitch half-relaxation time. It is concluded that older individuals retain the potential for significant increases in strength performance and upper limb muscle hypertrophy in response to overload training.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1989

Serum and urinary markers of skeletal muscle tissue damage after weight lifting exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether high intensity weight lifting exercise produces elevations of urinary 3-methylhistidine (3-MH), serum creatine kinase activity (CK), and serum myoglobin concentration (MY), and whether trained weight lifters differed in such responses when compared to a group of untrained subjects. Ten experienced male weight lifters (EWL) and seven untrained male subjects (IWL) performed three sets of six weight lifting exercises at 70%-80% of 1 RM. All subjects consumed a meat-free diet. The 3-MH:creatinine (3-MH:CR) values decreased 24 h and 48 h following exercise (P less than 0.05). The 12-h and 24-h postexercise CK response and the 12-h postexercise MY response increased for both EWL and IWL (P less than 0.05). However, EWL had a lower 24-h postexercise CK response and lower 12-h and 24-h postexercise MY responses compared to IWL (P less than 0.05). Within 48 h following weight lifting exercise, skeletal muscle protein degradation (as assessed by 3-MH:CR values) decreased regardless of prior training experience whereas skeletal muscle tissue damage (as assessed by CK and MY responses) increased. However, prior weight lifting training appeared to diminish the extent of muscle tissue damage.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Independent digit control: failure to partition perceived heaviness of weights lifted by digits of the human hand.

1. A weight-matching task was used to investigate the ability to estimate heaviness when weight lifting was isolated to the extrinsic flexor muscles (or portions thereof) that act on the digits of the hand. 2. Subjects matched a reference weight (200 g) lifted by a digit on the right with a variable weight lifted by the left thumb; a concurrent weight was simultaneously lifted by a digit on the right (reference) side. The reference and concurrent weights were lifted either by the same muscle (digital portions of flexor digitorum profundus), or anatomically separate but functionally related muscles (flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus). Anaesthesia of the radial nerve and/or posturing of the hand was used to eliminate any small forces generated by co-contraction of the extensor muscles of the digits. 3. When the concurrent weight was equal to or greater than the reference weight, the perceived heaviness of the reference weight increased significantly from control trials (in which no concurrent weight was lifted). Although perceived heaviness of the reference weight increased progressively as the concurrent weight increased, reproducibility (expressed as the coefficient of variation) did not deteriorate when a weight was lifted concurrently. These findings were qualitatively similar when the reference and concurrent weights were lifted by two digital portions of flexor digitorum profundus or when the weights were lifted by flexion of the thumb and index finger. Also, anaesthesia of the digits which lifted the reference and concurrent weights did not alter the changes in perceived heaviness. 4. Perceived heaviness of the reference weight lifted by flexor digitorum profundus did not change when subjects lifted the concurrent weight with a remote muscle group (ankle dorsiflexors). 5. This study shows that signals of heaviness are systematically overestimated whenever more than one portion of the extrinsic muscles which flex the different digits are simultaneously active. Given that estimates of heaviness are biased by the central motor command, one explanation is that when the total motor drive increases, the central nervous system is unable to partition precisely the destination of motor commands to functionally related 'muscles'.

Electromyography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intraabdominal pressure rise during weight lifting as an objective measure of low-back pain.

Twenty-three male patients who had chronic nonspecific low-back pain were asked to record the amount of pain they felt on an arbitrary scale while lifting light weights in different directions. During the lifts their intraabdominal pressures were recorded with an intragastric transducer. The patients who experienced extra pain during the lift had higher rises of pressure than both normal controls and those patients who did not experience extra pain. The available evidence suggests that this pressure rise may be a response to low-back pain and may be used as a method of objectively measuring that pain.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1993

Acute effects of different intensities of weight lifting on serum testosterone.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of moderate weight lifting (MWL) and light weight lifting (LWL) on concentrations of serum testosterone in males. Baseline testosterone concentrations were determined via an indwelling catheter in the median cubital vein. An initial sample of blood was followed 7 min later by five samples taken at 4-min intervals. A final sample was taken 10 min after the last 4-min blood draw. Blood samples were obtained at similar times and intervals on the weight lifting days. The MWL consisted of four sets of six squats at 90-95% of a six-repetition maximum (RM), while the LWL consisted of four sets of 9 or 10 repetitions at 60-65% of the weight used for the sets during MWL. There was a significant increase in serum testosterone concentrations following the fourth set for both MWL and LWL when compared with baseline concentrations and both MWL and LWL testosterone concentrations returned to baseline levels at 10 min postexercise. These results indicate that MWL and LWL caused increases in serum testosterone that were greater than those associated with baseline levels. Postexercise responses for the MWL and LWL were similar.

Adult↗