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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Evaluation of kill strips on boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) mortality in pheromone traps and impact on weevil escape.

A field study examined the temporal patterns of boll weevil mortality provided by two commercially available kill strips, Hercon VaporTape II and Plato Insecticide Strip, and to evaluate the impacts of these devices on weevil escape from traps. Both types of kill strips produced similar levels of weevil mortality with the exception of the last two inspection intervals (30 and 46 h after continual exposure to kill strips). At these intervals, the Plato Strip produced significantly higher mortality than the Hercon strip; however, these differences were numerically small (10 and 6%, respectively). Both types of kill strips produced a high level of weevil mortality in traps (> 90%) after 46 h of exposure. On average, 5-8% of weevils escaped from traps whether a kill strip was present or absent. A strong temporal pattern of escape was observed, with > or = 90% of escape occurring within the first hour after weevils were introduced into traps. Because > or = 90% of escape occurred within the first hour weevils were in the traps and < 3% of weevils died during the first hour of exposure to kill strips in traps, use of kill strips in large-scale boll weevil management programs is not justified on the basis of reduced weevil escape.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Efficacy of diatomaceous earth to control internal infestations of rice weevil and maize weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Densities of 10, 20, and 30 hard red winter wheat kernels, Triticum aestivum L., were infested with different life stages of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), mixed with 35 g of wheat treated with 300 ppm of the Protect-It (Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) formulation of diatomaceous earth (DE), and held at 22, 27, and 32 degrees C. A similar test was conducted by exposing densities of 6, 12, and 18 corn kernels infested with different life stages of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, mixed with 30 g of corn, Zea mays L., treated with 300 ppm of DE. Mortality of adults emerging from kernels in wheat treated with DE was always greater than controls, and ranged from 56 to 90% at 22 degrees C and was >90% at 27 and 32 degrees C. In most treatment combinations, exposure to DE suppressed F1 progeny by 60-90% relative to untreated controls. Mortality of adult maize weevils on treated corn held at 22 and 27 degrees C was lower than mortality of rice weevils on wheat, and ranged from 4 to 84%. F1 production was low in corn held at 22 degrees C, and no F1s were produced in either the controls or the treatments at 32 degrees C. In treated corn held at 27 degrees C, exposure to the DE suppressed F1 progeny by approximately 70-80% relative to the untreated controls. Results of this study show that rice weevils and maize weevils emerging from infested kernels as adults are susceptible to DE, and these results are comparable to other studies in which adult weevils were exposed directly on wheat or corn treated with DE. Although adult weevils will be killed by exposure to DE, some oviposition could still occur and progeny suppression may not be complete; however, application of DE to commodities already infested with internal feeders, such as the rice weevil and the maize weevil, could help eliminate or suppress the infestation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The laboratory preference of annual legumes by pea weevil sitona lineatus L. (Col., curculionidae) and their effect on susceptibility of weevils to entomogenous nematodes.

The activity and natural mortality of Sitona lineatus weevils during the egg laying period may be connected with host plant preference. Preference of S. lineatus adults for early field pea and other pea cultivars influences their low feeding activity and results in lopff average body weight and higher susceptibility to entomogenous nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Susceptibility of the boll weevil to Steinernema riobrave and other entomopathogenic nematodes.

The susceptibility of the boll weevil (BW), Anthonomus grandis Boheman, to Steinernema riobrave and other nematode species in petri dishes, soil (Hidalgo sandy clay loam), and cotton bolls and squares was investigated. Third instar weevils were susceptible to entomopathogenic nematode (EN) species and strains in petri dish bioassays at 30 degrees C. Lower LC(50)'s occurred with S. riobrave TX- 355 (2 nematodes per weevil), S. glaseri NC (3), Heterorhabditis indicus HOM-1 (5), and H. bacteriophora HbL (7) than H. bacteriophora IN (13), S. riobrave TX (14), and H. bacteriophora HP88 (21). When infective juveniles (IJs) of S. riobrave were applied to weevils on filter paper at 25 degrees C, the LC(50) of S. riobrave TX for first, second, and third instars, pupae, and 1-day-old and 10-days-old adult weevils were 4, 5, 4, 12, 13, and 11IJs per weevil, respectively. The mean time to death, from lowest to highest concentration, for the first instar (2.07 and 1.27days) and second instar (2.55 and 1.39days) weevils were faster than older weevil stages. But, at concentrations of 50 and 100IJs/weevil, the mean time to death for the third instar, pupa and adult weevils were similar (1.84 and 2.67days). One hundred percent weevil mortality (all weevil stages) occurred 3days after exposure to 100IJs per weevil. Invasion efficiency rankings for nematode concentration were inconsistent and changed with weevil stage from 15 to 100% when weevils were exposed to 100 and 1IJs/weevil, respectively. However, there was a consistent relationship between male:female nematode sex ratio (1:1.6) and nematode concentration in all infected weevil stages. Nematode production per weevil cadaver increased with increased nematode concentrations. The overall mean yield of nematodes per weevil was 7680IJs. In potted soil experiments (30 degrees C), nematode concentration and soil moisture greatly influenced the nematode efficacy. At the most effective concentrations of 200,000 and 400,000IJs/m(2) in buried bolls or squares, higher insect mortalities resulted in pots with 20% soil moisture either in bolls (94 and 97% parasitism) or squares (92 and 100% parasitism) than those of 10% soil moisture in bolls (44 and 58% parasitism) or squares (0 and 13% parasitism). Similar results were obtained when nematodes were sprayed on the bolls and squares on the soil surface. This paper presents the first data on the efficacy of S. riobrave against the boll weevil, establishes the potential of EN to control the BW inside abscised squares and bolls that lay on the ground or buried in the soil.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of routine late-season field operations on numbers of boll weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) captured in large-capacity pheromone traps.

Flat and cylindrical adhesive boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), pheromone traps captured significantly more (P < or = 0.05) boll weevils than the Hercon (Hercon Environmental, Emigsville, PA) trap during the late cotton-growing season, and larger adhesive areas were associated with higher captures; a flat plywood board collected the most boll weevils because it had the largest surface area. The flat board trap, chosen for measuring large late-season adult boll weevil populations common to the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in 2000 and 2001, collected more (P < or = 0.05) weevils when deployed in proximity to natural and cultivated perennial vegetation, and mean numbers of captured boll weevils were higher (P < or = 0.0001) on the leeward sides of the board traps than on the windward sides. The board trap had an estimated potential capacity of approximately 27,800 boll weevils, and the large capacity of the board trap allowed for more accurate measurements of large adult boll weevil populations than the more limited Hercon trap. Measurement of adult boll weevil numbers after the routine field operations of defoliation, harvest, shredding, and stalk-pulling, demonstrated that large populations of boll weevils persist in cotton fields even after the cotton crop has been destroyed. Increases (P < or = 0.05) in the percentage variation of trapped boll weevils relative to the numbers collected just before each field operation were observed after defoliation, harvest, shredding, and stalk-pulling, but the percentage variations followed a quadratic pattern with significant correlation (P < 0.0001; 0.59 < adjusted r2 < 0.73). Numbers of adult boll weevils caught on board traps deployed at 15.24-m intervals on windward and leeward edges of cotton fields suggested that boll weevil populations in flight after field disturbances might be affected by large-capacity trapping.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1995

Effects of maize weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on production of aflatoxin B1 by Aspergillus flavus in stored corn.

Insects play an important role as facilitators of the aflatoxin-producing fungus, Aspergillus flavus Link, in both preharvest and postharvest corn. The current study investigated the role of maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, in enhancing aflatoxin B1 content in stored corn. In laboratory experiments, aflatoxin B1 was quantified with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on corn following artificial infestation with adult weevils that had each been topically treated with 100 spores of A. flavus. Corn kernels infested with A. flavus-contaminated weevils had significantly higher levels of aflatoxin B1 than A. flavus-inoculated corn without weevils. The presence of maize weevils resulted in increased kernel moisture content during incubation, and grain moisture was positively correlated with aflatoxin content across treatments receiving spores. Aflatoxin B1 levels were higher in corn treated with fungus-contaminated weevils compared with corn that was mechanically damaged and inoculated with spores, which in turn had more aflatoxin than undamaged corn treated with spores. Aflatoxin B1 content in corn increased with time of weevil exposure from 7 to 21 d, but decreased after 28 d of exposure. Aflatoxin levels in infested corn increased significantly with increased numbers of A. flavus-contaminated weevils. Maize weevils carried spores both internally and externally; however, substantial numbers of spores were intimately associated with the exoskeleton of adult weevils. These findings indicate that maize weevils facilitate the growth of A. flavus and aflatoxin production in corn by increasing surface area susceptible to fungal infection and increasing moisture content as a result of weevil metabolic activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed2004

Potential for escape of live boll weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) into cottonseed, motes, and cleaned lint at the cotton gin.

Reintroductions of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, into areas of the United States where it has been eradicated or suppressed are very expensive to mitigate. There is concern that a cotton gin in an eradication zone may serve as a site of boll weevil reintroductions when processing cotton harvested in a neighboring infested zone. Similarly, there is a question whether weevil-free areas can safely import gin products, such as cottonseed and baled lint, from infested areas without risking an introduction. Many countries require fumigation of imported U.S. cotton bales to protect against boll weevil introductions, costing the U.S. cotton industry millions of dollars annually. In previously reported experiments, we quantified the potential for boll weevils to survive passage through precleaning machinery in the gin. In this study, we quantified survival potential of boll weevils passing through the gin stand and segregating into the cottonseed, mote, or lint fractions. We also examined boll weevil survival when passed with ginned lint through a lint cleaner. We present a flow chart of experimentally determined survival potentials of boll weevils passing through the various subprocesses of the gin, from which one can calculate the risk of a live boll weevil reaching any point in the process. Our data show that there is virtually no chance of a boll weevil being segregated alive into the cottonseed or of one surviving in the lint to approach the bale press. Therefore, quarantine or fumigation of cottonseed and cotton bales to guard against boll weevil introductions is unnecessary.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

A hexamerin protein, AgSP-1, is associated with diapause in the boll weevil(1).

The objective of this research was to identify a reliable biochemical indicator for diapause (dormancy) in the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis. Hemolymph polypeptides from reproductive and diapausing weevils were compared using denaturing sodium dodecyl sulpfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). A 77-kDa protein, which proved to be a hexamerin (AgSP-1), strongly correlated with morphological diapause characters in both male and female adult weevils. N-terminal sequence analysis identified the first 25 amino acids of the mature protein and was used to develop an antibody to AgSP-1. Anti-AgSP-1 reacted only with hemolymph from diapausing weevils of both sexes but not with hemolymph from reproductive weevils. Also, the yolk protein, vitellogenin (VG), inversely correlated with AgSP-1. When hemolymph VG was high, AgSP-1 was absent or barely perceptible.Juvenile hormone regulates VG synthesis in most insect species. Juvenile hormone is reported to stimulate reproductive maturation in the boll weevil (Physiological Entomology 22 (1997) 261) and to be absent during diapause (Physiological Entomology 22 (1997a) 269). Therefore, the juvenile hormone (JH) mimic, methoprene, was used to assess the role of JH activity in the boll weevil for terminating diapause, stimulating reproductive maturation and possibly influencing AgSP-1 titers. Application of methoprene was not effective in activating reproductive development. Hemolymph from methoprene-treated, females contained VG and AgSP-1 titers that were similar to acetone-treated and untreated control weevils.Using a genomic DNA library and 3' RACE, two clones were isolated that yielded the complete sequence of AgSP-1 as well as a portion of the 5' untranslated region. Northern blot analysis confirmed the presence of a 2.5 kB transcript for AgSP-1 in the fat body of diapausing weevils. AgSP-1 was also present in the fat body of reproductive weevils, but to a lesser extent. No sex-related differences in gene expression were observed; diapausing weevils of both sexes showed similar levels of AgSP-1 expression. An inverse correlation was observed between the VG transcript and AgSP-1 mRNA. VG was highly expressed in the fat body of reproductive females and only slightly expressed in tissue from diapausing females. Our data suggests that AgSP-1 is a diapause-specific protein in adult weevils and that JH, alone, is not effective in terminating diapause.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Imported longhorned weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) injury to soybean: physiological response and injury guild-level economic injury levels.

The imported longhorned weevil, Calomycterus setarius Roelofs, is an occasional pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.), and can cause substantial defoliation of seedling soybean when the weevil is present in large numbers. Because weevil populations can reach high levels, the potential exists for significant seedling injury, so economic injury levels (EILs) are needed for imported longhorned weevil on seedling soybean. Because the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), also is present on seedling soybean, injury by this insect should be included in EIL calculations. This study was conducted to (1) determine daily soybean consumption rates of imported longhorned weevil; (2) compare soybean injury responses between weevil injured and noninjured soybeans; and (3) develop multiple species EILs for imported longhorned weevil and bean leaf beetle. Field and laboratory studies were conducted in 1997 to determine weevil daily consumption rates. Field experiments were conducted in 1998 to examine physiological responses of soybean to weevil injury. Field and laboratory consumption rates were 0.16 and 0.21 cm2 per day, respectively. There were no significant differences in physiological responses (i.e., photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates) between noninjured soybean leaflets (caged) and weevil-injured leaflets. Multiple-species EILs were developed for imported longhorned weevil and bean leaf beetle on VC through V3 soybean.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of the potential role of glufosinate-tolerant rice in integrated pest management programs for rice water weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

The impact of a herbicide-tolerant rice, Oryza sativa L., variety was assessed for its resistance to rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and its place in current integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the resistance of a glufosinate-tolerant rice variety and its glufosinate-susceptible parent line Bengal to the rice water weevil in the presence and absence of glufosinate applications. The LC50 dose-response and behavioral effects of glufosinate on adult rice water weevils also were studied. Field studies investigated the impacts of glufosinate-tolerant rice on rice water weevil management in the presence and absence of glufosinate under early and delayed flood conditions. Greenhouse studies demonstrated that in the absence of glufosinate, oviposition was 30% higher on the glufosinate-tolerant rice line than on Bengal rice or on glufosinate-tolerant line treated with recommended rates of commercially formulated glufosinate. Applications of glufosinate to glufosinate-tolerant rice resulted in a 20% reduction in rice water weevil larval densities compared with nontreated glufosinate-tolerant rice. The LC50 of glufosinate against adult rice water weevil was nearly 2 times the concentration recommended for application to glufosinate-tolerant rice. There was no difference in the amount of leaf area consumed by adult rice water weevils on glufosinate-treated and nontreated foliage. The absence of direct toxicity of glufosinate to rice water weevil at recommended glufosinate use rates and lack of behavioral effects suggest that the reduction in rice water weevil densities observed after glufosinate applications resulted from herbicide-induced plant resistance. Field experiments showed that neither rice variety nor herbicide use affected larval densities; however, delaying flood and applying insecticide effectively reduced numbers of rice water weevil larvae.

Aminobutyrates↗
PubMed2004

Boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) survival through cotton gin trash fans.

There is concern that cotton gins may serve as loci for reintroduction of boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, to eradicated or suppressed zones when processing weevil-infested cotton from neighboring zones. Previous work has shown that virtually all weevils entering the gin in the seed cotton will be removed before they reach the gin stand. Those not killed by the seed cotton cleaning machinery will be shunted alive into the trash fraction, which passes through a centrifugal trash fan before exiting the gin. The objective of this study was to determine survival potential of boll weevils passed through a trash fan. Marked adult weevils were distributed in gin trash and fed through a 82.6-cm (32.5-in.) diameter centrifugal fan operated across a range of fan-tip speeds. A small number of boll weevils were recovered alive immediately after passage through the fan, but all were severely injured and did not survive 24 h. In another experiment, green bolls infested with both adult- and larval-stage weevils were fed through the fan. Several teneral adults survived 24 h, and there was no evidence that fan-tip speed affected either initial survival of weevils, or the number of unbroken boll locks that could harbor an infesting weevil. Thus, designating a minimum fan-tip speed for ensuring complete kill is not possible for the boll weevil. Experiments suggest that a device installed in a gin that partially crushes or cracks bolls open before entering a trash fan will increase mortality, possibly enough that further precautions would be unnecessary.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Potential for transport of boll weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to the cotton gin within cotton modules.

There is concern that cotton gins located in boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, eradication zones serving customers in adjacent infested zones may serve as a site for boll weevil reintroductions if weevils are transported alive inside cotton modules. We surveyed fields in three distinct areas of Texas and found that weevils can be present in large numbers in cotton fields that have been defoliated and desiccated in preparation for harvest, both as free adults and as immatures inside unopened bolls. Harvested cotton taken from module builders indicated that approximately = 100-3700 adult boll weevils were packed inside modules constructed at the sampled fields. Marked weevils were forced through a laboratory field cleaner (bur extractor) commonly mounted on stripper-harvesters, and 14% were recovered alive in the seed cotton fraction and lived at least to 24 h. Survival of weevils placed inside modules declined over time up to 7 d, but the magnitude of the decline varied with experimental conditions. In one experiment, 91% of the weevils survived to 7 d, whereas under harsher environmental conditions, only 11% survived that long. Together, our results indicate that when cotton is harvested in an infested area, boll weevils likely will be packed alive into cotton modules, and many will still be alive by the time the module is fed into the gin, at least up to 7 d after the module's construction.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

Ecology and phenology of the boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on an unusual wild host, Hibiscus pernambucensis, in southeastern Mexico.

The phenology and ecology of Hibiscus pernambucensis Arruda and its interaction and importance in maintaining populations of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, were studied over a period of 3 yr in the Soconusco Region of the state of Chiapas, Mexico. H. pernambucensis is a small tree of Neotropical distribution, restricted to lowland areas, and generally associated with halophytic vegetation. This species is found exclusively along the shores of brackish estuaries, in or near mangrove swamps in southeastern Mexico. In this region, H. pernambucensis has a highly seasonal flowering pattern in which the greatest bud production occurs shortly after the start of the rainy season in May and the highest fruit production occurs in July and August. Boll weevil larvae were found in buds of H. pernambucensis during all months but February and densities of buds and weevils were highest from May through September. The percentage of buds infested with boll weevil larvae rarely exceeded 30%. Because plant densities and reproductive output of H. pernambucensis is relatively low and, consequently, the number of oviposition and larval development sites for boll weevils is limited, the importance of this plant as a source of boll weevils with potential of attacking commercial cotton is minimal in comparison with the quantity produced in cultivated cotton. However, the plant could be important as a reservoir of boll weevils in areas of boll weevil quarantine and eradication programs. The factors and circumstances that may have led to this apparent recent host shift of the boll weevil in this region are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Polygalacturonase from Sitophilus oryzae: possible horizontal transfer of a pectinase gene from fungi to weevils.

Endo-polygalacturonase, one of the group of enzymes known collectively as pectinases, is widely distributed in bacteria, plants and fungi. The enzyme has also been found in several weevil species and a few other insects, such as aphids, but not in Drosophila melanogaster, Anopheles gambiae, or Caenorhabditis elegans or, as far as is known, in any more primitive animal species. What, then, is the genetic origin of the polygalacturonases in weevils? Since some weevil species harbor symbiotic microorganisms, it has been suggested, reasonably, that the symbionts' genomes of both aphids and weevils, rather than the insects' genomes, could encode polygalacturonase. We report here the cloning of a cDNA that encodes endo-polygalacturonase in the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and investigations based on the cloned cDNA. Our results, which include analysis of genes in antibiotic-treated rice weevils, indicate that the enzyme is, in fact, encoded by the insect genome. Given the apparent absence of the gene in much of the rest of the animal kingdom, it is therefore likely that the rice weevil polygalacturonase gene was incorporated into the weevil's genome by horizontal transfer, possibly from a fungus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Olfactory responses of banana weevil predators to volatiles from banana pseudostem tissue and synthetic pheromone.

As a response to attack by herbivores, plants can emit a variety of volatile substances that attract natural enemies of these insect pests. Predators of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) such as Dactylosternum abdominale (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) and Pheidole megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), are normally found in association with weevil-infested rotten pseudostems and harvested stumps. We investigated whether these predators are attracted to such environments in response to volatiles produced by the host plant, by the weevil, or by the weevil plant complex. We evaluated predator responses towards volatiles from banana pseudostem tissue (synomones) and the synthetic banana weevil aggregation pheromone Cosmolure+ in a two-choice olfactometer. The beetle D. abdominale was attracted to fermenting banana pseudostem tissue and Cosmolure+, whereas the ant P. megacephala was attracted only to fermented pseudostem tissue. Both predators were attracted to banana pseudostem tissue that had been damaged by weevil larvae irrespective of weevil presence. Adding pheromone did not enhance predator response to volatiles from pseudostem tissue fed on by weevils. The numbers of both predators recovered with pseudostem traps in the field from banana mats with a pheromone trap were similar to those in pseudostem traps at different distance ranges from the pheromone. Our study shows that the generalist predators D. abdominale and P. megacephala use volatiles from fermented banana pseudostem tissue as the major chemical cue when searching for prey.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) bait sticks: toxicity and malathion content.

Assays of malathion content and toxicity to boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Bohemian, were conducted on boll weevil bait sticks, now marketed as Boll Weevil Attract and Control Tubes (BWACTs; Plato Industries, Houston, TX). In general, the longer BWACTs were in the field, the lower the mortality of weevils that were exposed to them. Bioassays of weevil mortality correlated with hexane washes of BWACT surfaces showed highly variable mortality when surface malathion fell below approximately 20 ng per 1 microl of hexane, but consistently high mortality (> or = 90%) when surface malathion was above 30 ng per 1 microl of hexane. A linear equation was calculated to predict mortality as a function of malathion on a BWACT surface. Although mortality was related to surface amounts of malathion, it was unrelated to the total amount of malathion present in BWACTs. Similarly, surface malathion was unrelated to the total amount present in BWACTs. As with mortality, amount of surface malathion declined with time, but total malathion did not decline with time. Boll weevils placed on fresh BWACTs tended to accumulate more malathion and died in greater numbers as time spent on fresh tubes increased, but not as time spent on tubes aged in the field (for 5 mo total) increased. Weevils that landed on tubes after a short flight died in approximately the same numbers as those that were placed on tubes using proper methodology. The amount of malathion expected to cause 90% mortality of boll weevils subjected to proper methodology was 47% higher than for a less stringent methodology (34.3 versus 23.4 ng), which demonstrates the importance of strictly adhering to proper methodology; nevertheless, chemical assay of malathion on the BWACT surface proved to be a more consistent measure of BWACT toxicity than bioassay, and it should replace the bioassay.

Animals↗