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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Arthritogenicity of wax D from various mycobacteria related to oil vehicle composition and to the combination with poly I:C, cord factor and acetylated wax D.

Most of wax D (peptidoglycolipid) used here appeared to be ineffective for production of arthritis when given in a water-in-oil emulsion, while the same wax D in squalane was very effective for production of arthritis. Arlacel A as an emulsifier appeared to suppress the arthritogenicity of wax D in squalane, probably through some interaction with the arthritogenic portion of wax D. Poly 1:C seemed to remarkedly enhance the arthritogenicity of wax D, even in water-in-oil emulsion. Acetylated wax D and cord factor (trehalsoe-dimycolate) were much less effective than poly 1:C. Delayed skin hypersensitivity to PPD, peptidoglycan and poly 1:C was also remarkedly affected by oil composition. However, there was no correlation between these delayed hypersensitivities and development of arthritis.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1977

[Rheological studies on deformation for dental waxes. 2. Stress relaxation behavior of inlay wax (author's transl)].

The rheological properties of inlay wax were investigated by experiment of stress relaxation, thermal expansion, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The results obtained were as follows. The solid-solid phase transition caused by phase transition of paraffin was observed. The stress relaxation curves of inlay wax were obtained at various temperature, and from these curves the stress relaxation master curve was composed by application of time-temperature superposition principle. The temperature dependence of sift factor was devided into two regions of Arrhenius type, and the activation energy was about 60 kcal/mol at the temperature lower than 23 degrees C and 120 kcal/mol at higher temperature. This fact suggests that the relaxation mechanism of inlay wax can be classified into two different modes. The relaxation mechanism at lower temperature region is explained by crystalline relaxation, and at higher temperature is considered to depend upon the solid-solid phase transition process of inlay wax. Calculating from the activation energy, for each 2 degrees C rise in temperature, the rate of rheological change for inlay wax is approximately two-fold at lower temperature region, and about four-fold at higher temperature region.

Elasticity↗
PubMed1978

Sustained release from inert wax matrixes I: drug-wax combinations.

The melting and energy characteristics of several drug-wax combinations were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. The phase diagrams of binary mixtures of tripelennamine hydrochloride and tolazoline hydrochloride with carnauba wax and castor wax showed no eutectic formation and gave no indication that a significant interaction was involved. However, in tripelennamine mixtures, a slight depression in the drug melting point was observed at around 50% concentration. For ternary systems, i.e., drug, carnauba wax, and stearyl alcohol, thermograms of samples prepared by a fusion method differed slightly from those obtained with mixtures formulated by dissolving all ingredients in chloroform and evaporating the solvent. However, the location of the peak of each component remained essentially the same. A plot of melting point versus concentration of each compound showed insignificant changes in melting point and indicated that no interaction was occurring. The phase diagrams suggested that the combinations are strictly physical and that it is the physical characteristics, such as the hardness and composition of the core and drug particle size, that influence the release or dissolution of drug from the waxy matrix.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1977

Occurrence and patterns of waxes in Neisseriaceae.

Forty-five strains classified in the family Neisseriaceae were analysed for wax esters by gas-liquid chromatography. The amounts and types of waxes varied between the taxa. Waxes were not detected in 16 strains of 'true neisseriae' (genus Neisseria) or in two strains of Kingella, but they were found in all 'false neisseriae', in all species of Moraxella except Moraxella phenylpyrouvica, in five out of 10 strains of Acintobacter, and in all strains of a group of psychrophilic, oxidase-positive organisms. The chain lengths of the wax esters ranged from C24 to C42, with C36 predominating. In all taxa, esters with even numbers of carbon atoms constituted 70 to 100% of the total. Saturated, mono-unsaturated and diunsaturated waxes were found. Acinetobacter strains were characterized by large amounts (30 to 98%) of di-unsaturated wax esters; such waxes did not exceed 8% in the 'false neisseriae' or Moraxella spp. Waxes of strains belonging to the psychrophilic, oxidase-positive group generally resembled those found in Moraxella. Wax esters with odd numbers of carbon atoms were abundant in M. lacunata (29%), M. atlantae (15%) and in the psychorophilic group (19 to 28%); long-chain esters (C40 or above) were characteristic of M. atlantae (30%) and one strain of M. osloensis (26%).

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1975

Waxed windshields are hazardous in the rain.

Seven automobiles were washed and waxed at four car washes. Photographic determinations were made of the glare produced by the wet or dry waxed windshield in a headlight beam. When wet, the waxed windshields scattered three times more light than in the normal human eye. The wet wax scattering was 24.8 times higher than when dry. No wax residues should be permitted on windshields and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration should issue a mandatory windshield cleaning requirement after waxing.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed1979

Acyl-CoA reductase specificity and synthesis of wax esters in mouse preputial gland tumors.

Long-chain alcohols are synthesized in the mouse preputial gland tumor (ESR-586) by NADPH:acyl-CoA oxidoreductase. In this study, a series of labeled acids was tested as substrates for the oxidoreductase in a cell-free system from the tumor, and the distribution of label into alcohols, waxes, and other products was determined. The system contained the labeled acid, an acyl-CoA-generating system, an NADPH-generating system, and tumor homogenate. The highest rates of alcohol synthesis were obtained with palmitic (16:0), heptadecanoic (17:0), stearic (18:0), myristic (14:0), elaidic (18:1 trans), and linoleic (18:2) acids, which yielded, respectively, 151, 124, 102, 76, 65, and 35 pmol alcohol/min per mg protein. Decanoic (10:0), lauric (12:0), oleic (18:1 cis), linolenic (18:3), arachidonic (20:4), and behenic (22:0) acids all gave lower activities. Acyl-CoA formation did not appear to be rate limiting with any of the substrates tested except behenic acid. In addition to the fatty alcohol product, a small amount of fatty aldehyde was formed in the system. Incorporation of the labeled fatty acids into wax esters was examined and the distribution of label between the alcohol and acid components of the waxes was determined. Incubation of [1-(14)C]palmitic acid yielded 3.4% free alcohol, 8.3% alcohol esterified in waxes, and 7.7% palmitoyl groups esterified into waxes, whereas, at the other extreme, [1-(14)C]linolenic acid yielded 0.8%, 0.6%, and 38%, respectively, into the homologous components.-Wykle, R. L., B. Malone, and F. Snyder. Acyl-CoA reductase specificity and synthesis of wax esters in mouse preputial gland tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Comparison of the mode of immunopotentiating action of BCG and wax D. II. Effect on the methylcholanthrene carcinogenesis.

The effects of BCG and wax D on methylcholanthrene (MCA) carcinogenesis in mice were studied. BCG given 8 weeks after MCA administration conferred a significant protection against carcinogenesis. When given either on the same day as MCA injection or 4 weeks after MCA, BCG slightly increased tumor incidence. Wax D provided a marked protection against tumor development when given 4 weeks after MCA. An enhanced tumor development was obtained, when wax D was administered either on the day of MCA injection or 8 weeks after MCA. These results indicated that the effects of BCG and wax D on MCA carcinogenesis varied with the timing of administration. When BCG and wax D increased the level of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) at the initiating time of tumor development, a protection against carcinogenesis was obtained. On the other hand, BCG and wax D enhanced tumor development, when it increased antibody formation at the time of initiation of tumor development.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of active hand exercise and wax bath treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

The effect of active hand exercise and warm wax treatment was evaluated in 52 rheumatoid arthritis patients randomized into four groups: (1) both exercise and wax bath, (2) exercise only, (3) wax bath only, and (4) controls. Treatment was given three times a week for 4 weeks. Deficits in flexion and extension in digits II-V bilaterally, grip function, grip strength, pain, and stiffness were measured before and after the treatment period. The control group was measured at corresponding times. Wax bath treatment followed by active hand exercise resulted in significant improvements of range of motion (ROM) and grip function. Active hand exercise alone reduced stiffness and pain with nonresisted motion and increased ROM. Wax bath alone had no significant effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Influence of wax coatings on release rate of anions from ion-exchange resin beads.

Ion-exchange resin beads were coated with various waxes to improve and control their release. The in vitro release rates of benzoate ions from the coated-resin beads were then investigated using a rotating sieve basket technique. The dramatic differences in release rates observed with the different waxes can be discussed in terms of the wax to resin ration and the solubility characteristics of the waxes. The initial release rates can be expressed in terms of a mathematical expression previously reported for the diffusion of ions in ion-exchange resins, thereby aiding in the elucidation of the effect of the waxes on release.

Anion Exchange Resins↗
PubMed1978

Glossy mutants of maize. VIII. Accumulation of fatty aldehydes in surface waxes of gl5 maize seedlings.

In corn seedlings (Zea mays L.) homozygous for the mutation gl5, the surface waxes are characteristically altered. In this mutant the main wax constituents (83.5%) are aldehydes while in the normal waxes alcohols predominate (62.7%). Moreover, in the normal waxes aldehydes and alcohols are made up mainly of the C32 term (99%), whereas in gl5 waxes the principal aldehyde is still C32 (90.7%) but the free alcohol composition pattern is noticeably modified. Here the predominant terms are C24, C26, and C28, with C32 representing only 16.6% of the total. The results indicate that the mutant induces a block in the synthesis of fatty alcohols while accumulating fatty aldehydes, the substrates from which the alcohols originate.

Aldehydes↗