Voyeur nation? Changing definitions of voyeurism, 1950-2004.
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The most striking thing about the literature on voyeurism is the relative lack of material in print. In the present work, the author was able to find only 15 articles and no books that deal specifically with voyeurism. Of the 57 references compiled for this review, not one involves an experimental manipulation of variables. An attempt is made to review as many aspects of voyeurism as possible, giving illustrative case material whenever available. The areas of troilism and coprophilia are covered in some detail to establish to what degree they belong to the deviation of voyeurism. Theory of perversion has centered around the psychoanalytic and behavioral schools because of the lack of material from other approaches. The voyeur is found to be a relatively young man of low socioeconomic status, who sociosexually is said to be "not retarded but a late bloomer." He is prone to minor crimes and not major offenses. It is suggested that moyeurism be considered a deviation from normal sexual behavior and that deviations are not in and of themselves criminal behavior. At present, punishment is genera-ly mild but highly variable and unpredictable. Treatment is usually analysis or group therapy, but other forms of therapy such as aversion and avoidance conditioning are being attempted with increasing success.
Video voyeurs employ state of the art technology to gain access into the most private places where victims are covertly videotaped. Women are the usual victims of video voyeurs as they change their clothes, perform natural functions or engage in sexual activities. When the videotaping is discovered by the victim, serious psychological harm may result. A civil suit is the most common legal remedy sought. Criminal sanctions, when available, are often insufficient compared to the seriousness of the crime. While unauthorized, covert audiotaping is forbidden by both federal and state codes, videotaping is often not specifically mentioned. It appears that legislators do not fully appreciate the burgeoning of covert videotaping, the technological advances that have greatly expanded the possibilities for voyeuristic viewing and the harm done to victims of video voyeurs. Appropriate criminal sanctions need to be included in privacy statutes for unauthorized, video surveillance with or without accompanying audio transcription.
The authors have described three cases of voyeurism. They could state the following with regard to the psychopathological connections, the effect of the consumption of alcohol and the question of sanity: 1. In two cases, the sexual drive anomaly remained permanently hidden in the conduct of life. One case was an episodical depression associated with voyeurism and exhibitionism. 2. The effect of the alcohol has not only promoted the occurrence of the abnormal sexual drive but also caused an aggressiveness and dangerous incautiousness. 3. The soundness of mind was in no case restricted.
The compulsive behaviors seen in sexual paraphilias may be related to those of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Based primarily upon case reports as well as studies indicating the effectiveness of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of sexual paraphilias, it has been speculated that sexual paraphilias lie within the obsessive-compulsive spectrum. There have been no reports of the use of paroxetine in the treatment of sexual paraphilias. This is a report of two patients, the first a voyeur and the second an exhibitionist, both of whom responded to treatment with paroxetine. The discussion addresses the need for further comparative studies investigating the role of the serotonin system in the pathogenesis of sexual paraphilias and OCD as well as the effect of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in comparison to other pharmacologic modalities used in the treatment of paraphilias.
Degas has drawn his paintings in a voyeuristic perspective. This voyeurism is not due to the painter's personal psychopathology. Instead, Degas has recognized the voyeuristic change of visual perception as a result of the development of photography as a new medium; meanwhile this change has become unconscious. Degas' paintings thus confront us with the historicity of visual perception and of the visual partial instinct.
The current study set out to investigate the structure, determinants, and relationship between lay theories of the etiology and efficacy of "cures" for four types of paraphilia: fetishism, pedophilia, sexual sadism, and voyeurism. One hundred and five participants completed a four-part questionnaire, which was divided into (a) demographic details, (b) perceptions of the etiology, (c) ratings of cure for each paraphilia, and (d) the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Previous studies of lay theories have demonstrated a clear and interpretable factor structure similar to that of explicit academic theories, as well as a clear and logical relationship between perceived etiology and cure. A similar structure was expected to emerge in this study, together with positive correlations between the various factors and personality type. A factor analysis revealed a clear and logical factor structure for etiology and cure items. Further, etiology and cure factors correlated strongly with each other but only moderately with demographic details and personality differences. These findings are discussed in relation to growing literature in the field.
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Drosophila melanogaster has a long and distinguished history as a model organism in studies of sex-specific behaviour. Courtship is relevant to a wide variety of areas of biological research, from investigations into the evolution of sex-specific behaviours, to studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying the perception and processing of sex-specific information, and the identification of genes that enable a fly to behave in a sex-specific fashion. To address any of these issues it is essential that courtship behaviour is investigated in a robust, reproducible and reliable manner. In this review I consider many of the problems that one might encounter in a study of Drosophila courtship, and how such issues may be addressed.
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The concept of chromosomes with a ring structure was born during the early studies of bacterial sexuality, and the discovery of fertility factors- episomes or plasmids-provided much later the key tools for gene cloning and biotechnology. But the plasmid-mediated transfer of antibiotic and other resistances, as well as pathogenicity, has served bacteria well in their own adaptive evolution.