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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Industry's voluntary program: Community Awareness and Emergency Response Program and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.

This paper describes the chemical industry's Community Awareness and Emergency Response (CAER) Program, and voluntary and mandatory actions by the chemical industry to comply with the major environmental legislation. The chemical industry started the voluntary CAER Program soon after the Bhopal Disaster in 1984; it is coordinated through the Chemical Manufacturer's Association. This program, which began in March 1985, is a long-term industry commitment to develop a community outreach program and to improve local emergency response planning. The Congress of the United States began, in 1985, to consider proposals for mandatory programs. This led to enactment of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, known as SARA. A portion of this Act, entitled Title III is also known as the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. Although this legislation has many mandatory requirements, it should be emphasized that a significant degree of voluntary industrial participation is needed if the purposes of the statute are to be achieved. Title III has created an intricate and still evolving system that ties together the EPA, industrial plant managers, state emergency response commissions, local emergency planning committees and fire departments with jurisdiction over the facility. Each of these groups has a different role and responsibilities but must work cooperatively with other participants. Because of the intricate network of participants, the magnitude of the information flow, and the continuing evolution of the system, unique public relations problems exist in order to comply with Title III.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Awareness↗
PubMed1985

Screening for methylmalonic aciduria in Alberta: a voluntary program with particular significance for the Hutterite Brethren.

A selective, voluntary urine screening program has been established to facilitate detection and early treatment of infants with methylmalonic acidurias (MMA), a group of rare, potentially lethal, autosomal recessive disorders of organic acid metabolism. The laboratory methods have been modified for newborn infants so that urine specimens can be collected on filter paper in the diaper and tested by the thin-layer chromatography method. One Hutterite child was previously known to have methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (MMCoA) mutase deficiency (mut0) which is unresponsive to vitamin B12 but is responsive to diet and other therapeutic measures. No undiagnosed existing cases of MMA were identified by the voluntary screening program among 1,165 Hutterite infants and preschool children.

Alberta↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of a hospital admission HIV antibody voluntary screening program.

Voluntary screening for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is recommended by the healthcare profession. The optimal settings to accomplish screening have not been established. We evaluated an admission HIV screening program in a large private hospital to assess advantages and disadvantages in this setting. In a three-month study period, 4,535 of 8,868 patients (51%) admitted to the hospital agreed to HIV testing. Serum specimens from 500 patients who refused testing were blindly, anonymously tested. The seroprevalence of the patients agreeing to (0.26%) and refusing (0.60%) testing was not statistically different (p = .12). There were 12 HIV cases discovered; ten (83%) of these were known to be in a high-risk group at the time of admission. Eighty-five percent of patients interviewed were in favor of this screening program. Difficulties associated with confidentiality or consent were not evident. Calculated charges of testing for each HIV case discovery was $14,550. There was no evidence that this screening program provided for a more effective infection control policy to prevent nosocomial HIV transmission. A hospital admission HIV screening program can be implemented, can meet with favorable patient opinion and can detect previously unknown HIV-positive patients. Hospitals are an efficient and practical setting for HIV testing. The benefit of this program appears to be greater for the patient than hospital or healthcare worker. Cost-benefit analyses will identify optimal candidates to be screened in different hospital populations.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1983

Rubella screening and immunization of health care personnel: critical appraisal of a voluntary program.

At our health care center 1161 personnel and students were offered rubella antibody testing. Ninety-two percent were serologically screened or had been previously immunized or previously proven seropositive. Males were more likely to refuse serologic screening than females (p less than 0.01). Sixteen percent of the seroscreened individuals were found seronegative to rubella. Eighty-five percent of seronegative women less than or equal to 24 years old accepted immunization, as compared to 62% of older females and 55% of all males (p less than 0.01). The total cost of the program was over $11,000. Literature and data review failed to support an increased risk of rubella transmission and/or major consequences to pregnant patients in the health care setting as compared to the community. Voluntary rubella immunization is well received by seronegative young women. Programs for immunization of other health care personnel are unlikely to decrease the number of cases of congenital rubella, are costly, and are not well accepted. Education and immunization of all young susceptible women remain the best methods to substantially decrease the incidence of congenital rubella in a cost-effective manner in the near future.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Written patient information on prescription drugs. The evolution of government and voluntary programs in the United States.

This paper describes the evolution of written patient information on prescription drugs, FDA's patient package insert proposal and its revocation before its implementation in the early 1980s, the status of voluntary and government efforts since that time, and a review of current trends in this area. The burgeoning practice of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs in the lay press is viewed within the context of these efforts. This paper also reviews the current developments in certain FDA-regulated consumer products--over-the-counter drug labeling and nutrition labeling. The current state of patient information in the United States is reviewed in light of programs to improve prescription drug counseling, and current research in this area is discussed.

Consumer Advocacy↗
PubMed1995

Differential voluntary programming of fingers extensor commands revealed by non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain.

Slightly suprathreshold magnetic stimuli were delivered over the left scalp while a normal human subject attended a sensory signal which called for a motor response of right fingers in a reaction time paradigm. The cortico-motoneuronal systems of the two muscles producing finger extension disclosed a remarkable physiological differentiation. Brain magnetic stimulation delivered just before the subject's motor response revealed cortico-motoneuronal facilitation for one extensor muscle and concomitant inhibition for the other, depending on the verbal instructions that had been given to the subject before the experimental trial. Thus, during the planning of specific finger manipulatory activities, the motor brain systems can achieve significant contrast in the membrane excitatory states of the motor cortical pyramidal neurones, even for synergic muscles.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Voluntary programs: ADA Seal program and international implications.

For about 130 years the American Dental Association (ADA) has aided the profession and the public in selecting safe and effective dental products. Since 1930, dental products have been evaluated through the ADA Seal program. In accordance with the ADA's Bylaws, the Council on Scientific Affairs assesses information evaluating the safety, efficacy, appropriate use, and promotional claims of dental products. In doing so, the Council may award the ADA's Seal of Acceptance. In collaboration with interested parties, expert consultants, and Council members, the ADA produces guidelines suggesting appropriate methodologies and submission data to assist manufacturers in voluntarily earning the Seal of Acceptance. To date, numerous professional and consumer products have been evaluated, and about 1,300 of these products bear the Association's Seal of Acceptance. When a product is awarded the Seal it means that adequate data have been submitted and reviewed and, based on available information, the product meets ADA guidelines of safety and effectiveness. Dental health care professionals and consumers who use products that have the Seal can be confident that a product's properties and performance are consistent with current professional standards and manufacturers' claims. The ADA Seal program serves to help dentists and manufacturers meet their ethical obligations to the public by promoting safe and effective health care products.

American Dental Association↗
PubMed1986

Regulation of animal experimentation: Canada's program of voluntary control.

The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC), is an autonomous advisory and supervisory body responsible for surveillance of experimental animal care and use in Canada's universities, government laboratories and pharmaceutical houses. Its 20-organization membership includes representatives of government, industry, academia and the humane movement. CCAC's voluntary peer review program depends heavily on institutional animal care committees who evaluate the ethical aspects of animal study protocols, and provide day-to-day surveillance of animal care. Its scientific teams, each of which also includes an appointee of the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies (CFHS), conduct assessments based on CCAC's "Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals" (Volume 1, 1980; Volume 2, 1984). Canada's two major funding agencies, the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), have recently stated that, in the event of an institution's continued non-compliance with CCAC requirements, sanctions may include the "freezing or withdrawal of any or all research programs funded by either or both Research Councils in an institution". This presentation describes the CCAC program of voluntary peer review and examines historic aspects of animal issues in Canada, from that country's early reliance on the fur trade, to today's almost defunct harp seal fishery, from Banting and Best's discovery of insulin, to development of the pacemaker.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed1986

Chemical industry voluntary test program for phthalate esters: health effects studies.

The Chemical Manufacturers' Association voluntary test program on phthalate esters is described, and the results of certain key aspects of the program are presented. Representative phthalate esters were chosen for genotoxicity testing and peroxisome proliferation screening, and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and its initial metabolic products were tested in the genotoxicity battery. A comparative metabolism study was performed with DEHP in the mouse, rat, and cynomologus monkey, together with a study of the metabolism of DEHP in the rodent at several dose levels, and after prolonged feeding. A standard test for peroxisome proliferation in the rat, employing 21 days of feeding and several end points is described, based on DEHP as a reference compound. DEHP is shown to be nongenotoxic in the test battery, and its initial major metabolites are also nongenotoxic. A nonlinear dose response with respect to the beta-oxidation of DEHP in the rodent is demonstrated. Quantitative differences exist between the mouse and rat, and the cynomologus monkey with respect to the beta-oxidation of DEHP, beta-oxidation being a much less used pathway in the monkey. The significance of these results in interpreting the hepatocellular carcinogenesis of DEHP in the Fischer 344 rat is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

OSHA's voluntary protection programs. The benefits to occupational health nurses and their companies.

The Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP) consist of three different programs: Star, Merit, and Demonstration. Each is designed with different criteria to allow the opportunity for a wide range of safety and health programs to be recognized. To be accepted into the Star program it is necessary to have statistics that indicate the program is effective and to have the following six elements incorporated into a comprehensive safety and health program: management commitment; established methods of worksite analysis; established methods of hazard prevention and control; quality safety and health training; employee participation; and annual self evaluation. Because occupational health nurses have daily experience and formal training in hazard prevention and control, safety and health training, and employee health, they are invaluable resources in the VPP application process and in the maintenance of Star level protection. Decreased workers' compensation costs, decreased injury rates, and development of a positive attitude toward OSHA are benefits of the VPP for management, employees, and OSHA.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1980

The voluntary control program of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.

The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC), founded in 1968, monitors and influences the care and use of animals utilized for experimentation in that country. Its program is one of voluntary peer review stressing control from within the institution exercised by the local animal care committee (ACC). Council's assessment panels evaluate and make recommendations regarding facilities and the effectiveness of the ACC.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Occupational safety & health administration. Building partnerships.

1. The Office of Occupational Health Nursing, within the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), actively advocates for workers and occupational health nurses. 2. Although an enforcement agency by law, OSHA has and is in the process of building bridges to the regulated community through its cooperative development of programs intended to enhance employer efforts for improving and maintaining employee health and workplace safety. 3. OSHA's service of consultation is geared toward the small employer seeking assistance in the recognition and correction of workplace hazards, while improving worksite health and safety programs. Voluntary Protection Programs participation, the recognition of exemplary larger employers, often leads to improvements in employee safety motivation while improving product quality, worker productivity, and corporate profits. 4. OSHA produces a wealth of publications, pamphlets, audiovisual, computer access programs and other documents designed to ease compliance while providing a foundation to the understanding of workplace health and safety.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Substance-impaired physicians probationary and voluntary treatment programs compared.

We compared the characteristics and treatment outcomes of substance-impaired physicians monitored by two different programs in Oregon: a probationary program administered by the Oregon Board of Medical Examiners and the confidential, voluntary Diversion Program for Health Professionals. Demographic, substance use, and treatment outcome variables were obtained by a retrospective medical record review from 41 physicians monitored by the Oregon board and 56 physicians monitored by the diversion program during a 3-year study period. Compared with physicians monitored by the Oregon board, physicians in the diversion program were younger, more likely to be in training programs and less likely to be in hospital-based practice settings, more often reported by immediate rather than third-party contacts, more likely to choose in-state inpatient treatment than out-of-state treatment, and less likely to have concurrent mental illness diagnoses (P < .05 for all comparisons). Short-term relapse rates did not differ statistically between the groups (22.0% for the Oregon board group, 14.3% for the diversion program group). The higher number of younger physicians and physicians in training and tendency toward increased reporting by immediate contacts in the diversion program suggested earlier intervention than in the Oregon board group.

Adult↗