[Voice quality in laryngectomees with phonatory prosthesis].
The Work is a study of quality voice in laryngectomy patients with speech prosthetic supports. We have studied the quality voice objective and subjective. We explain the results.
Humans↗
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The laryngeal vestibule, voice quality and paralinguistic markers.
The laryngeal component of voice quality markers has been quantified in the present study, suggesting that the laryngeal vestibule and lower pharynx play an important role in voice quality. Findings also show that voice quality can be partly described in terms of laryngeal configurations and that a knowledge of these configurations may be useful to the laryngologist, speech pathologist and singer. Twenty-five voice qualities were videorecorded, using a nasal fiberscope. Still photographs were taken for each voice quality and distance measurements made on each one for 15 laryngeal parameters. The raw data were normalized, sorted from high to low, turned into scalar values and processed to establish which parameters exhibited similar functions, which photographs were essentially identical, and in what respect any two photographs were different. Each voice quality was seen to be associated with a different, describable and quantifiable laryngeal configuration.
Epiglottis↗
Analysis, synthesis, and perception of voice quality variations among female and male talkers.
Voice quality variations include a set of voicing sound source modifications ranging from laryngealized to normal to breathy phonation. Analysis of reiterant imitations of two sentences by ten female and six male talkers has shown that the potential acoustic cues to this type of voice quality variation include: (1) increases to the relative amplitude of the fundamental frequency component as open quotient increases; (2) increases to the amount of aspiration noise that replaces higher frequency harmonics as the arytenoids become more separated; (3) increases to lower formant bandwidths; and (4) introduction of extra pole zeros in the vocal-tract transfer function associated with tracheal coupling. Perceptual validation of the relative importance of these cues for signaling a breathy voice quality has been accomplished using a new voicing source model for synthesis of more natural male and female voices. The new formant synthesizer, KLSYN88, is fully documented here. Results of the perception study indicate that, contrary to previous research which emphasizes the importance of increased amplitude of the fundamental component, aspiration noise is perceptually most important. Without its presence, increases to the fundamental component may induce the sensation of nasality in a high-pitched voice. Further results of the acoustic analysis include the observations that: (1) over the course of a sentence, the acoustic manifestations of breathiness vary considerably--tending to increase for unstressed syllables, in utterance-final syllables, and at the margins of voiceless consonants; (2) on average, females are more breathy than males, but there are very large differences between subjects within each gender; (3) many utterances appear to end in a "breathy-laryngealized" type of vibration; and (4) diplophonic irregularities in the timing of glottal periods occur frequently, especially at the end of an utterance. Diplophonia and other deviations from perfect periodicity may be important aspects of naturalness in synthesis.
Adolescent↗
[Evaluation of voice quality. Experimental approach and modeling of the prosthetic voice of laryngectomized patients].
The authors describe their initial results with the parametric assessment of voice quality, which still is mainly subjective. This analysis will be used both in audiology and phonology. A first approach is made on the experimental model of a laryngectomee with a Bordeaux-type phonatory implant. Such patients allow a simpler analysis of voice production both incoustics and with an electromyographic control. The analysis of the data and their statistical validation is based on the use of original computer software.
Acoustics↗
A comparison of the contributions of two voice quality characteristics to the perception of maleness and femaleness in the voice.
Comparisons were made between the contributions of the fundamental frequency (F0) on one hand, and vocal tract resonances on the other, to a perception of maleness and femaleness in the adult voice. In the first of two experiments, the F0 of natural voice was found to be very highly correlated with the degree of maleness and femaleness in the voice. The vocal tract resonances were less highly correlated and it is apparent that in the presence of the natural laryngeal tone, these perceptions are based on the frequency of the F0. In the second experiment, a tone produced by a laryngeal vibrator was substituted for the normal glottal tone at simulated F0's representing both males (120 Hz) and females (240 Hz). When listeners were asked to identify the sex of the speakers some inconsistently with the findings of the first experiment was seen. The female F0 was a weak indicator of female voice quality when combined with male vocal tract resonance although the male F0 retained the perceptual prominence seen in the first experiment. This finding may be indicative of some basic difference in the normal glottal characteristics of males and females.
Acoustics↗
Role of the soft palate in laryngeal functions and selected voice qualities. Simultaneous velolaryngeal videoendoscopy.
The role of the soft palate in normal laryngeal functions and in the production of selected voice qualities was studied by a simultaneous velolaryngeal videoendoscopy technique. For this technique, the Olympus ENF-P flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscope was passed via one nostril to study the function of the larynx, while the Hopkins 70 degrees rhinoscopic telescope was passed via the other nostril to study the function of the soft palate and velopharyngeal closure. A Kay Elemetrics DSP Sona-Graph, model 5500, was used to analyze a complex vocal figure of five consecutive voice qualities, three of which were nasal, and two, oral. Simultaneous velolaryngeal videoendoscopy proved to be of great value for the understanding of the interaction of velar and laryngeal functions and for clarifying the mechanisms of nasal and twang qualities.
Adult↗
The effect of head and neck radiation therapy on voice quality.
Twenty-five patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who received radiation therapy as their only form of treatment underwent a computer-assisted voice analysis before, and 6 months following treatment. Those with early laryngeal tumors had a significant improvement in intelligibility (P = .07), percent of sound voiced (P = .04), and sound perturbation. Those with nonlaryngeal tumors had no change in any measured parameters. Head and neck radiation therapy can significantly improve the voice quality of patients with laryngeal tumors, while having a minimal effect on the voice quality of those with nonlaryngeal tumors.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
Longitudinal voice quality changes following Isshiki thyroplasty type I: the Yale experience.
Longitudinal voice quality changes following Isshiki thyroplasty type I were investigated in a group of 13 patients exhibiting unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Thyroplasty type I medializes the paralyzed fold by using a Silastic implant for external lateral compression of the abducted fold. No perioperative complications were experienced. We observed significantly higher voice fundamental frequency, significantly louder voice intensity, and significantly longer maximum phonation time, both immediately following phonosurgery and up to 3 months postoperatively. Surgical refinements of thyroplasty type I are described.
Adult↗
Listener experience and perception of voice quality.
Five speech-language clinicians and 5 naive listeners rated the similarity of pairs of normal and dysphonic voices. Multidimensional scaling was used to determine the voice characteristics that were perceptually important for each voice set and listener group. Solution spaces were compared to determine if clinical experience affects perceptual strategies. Naive and expert listeners attended to different aspects of voice quality when judging the similarity of voices, for both normal and pathological voices. All naive listeners used similar perceptual strategies; however, individual clinicians differed substantially in the parameters they considered important when judging similarity. These differences were large enough to suggest that care must be taken when using data averaged across clinicians, because averaging obscures important aspects of an individual's perceptual behavior.
Clinical Competence↗
Individual differences in voice quality perception.
Sixteen listeners (10 expert, 6 naive) judged the dissimilarity of pairs of voices drawn from pathological and normal populations. Separate nonmetric multidimensional scaling solutions were calculated for each listener and voice set. The correlations between individual listeners' dissimilarity ratings were low. However, scaling solutions indicated that each subject judged the voices in a reliable, meaningful way. Listeners differed more from one another in their judgments of the pathological voices (which varied widely on a number of acoustic parameters) than they did for the normal voices (which formed a much more homogeneous set acoustically). The acoustic features listeners used to judge dissimilarity were predictable from the characteristics of the stimulus sets: only parameters that showed substantial variability were perceptually salient across listeners. These results are consistent with prototype models of voice perception. They suggest that traditional means of assessing listener reliability in voice perception tasks may not be appropriate, and highlight the importance of using explicit comparisons between stimuli when studying voice quality perception.
Adult↗
Prevalence of voice quality deviations in the normal adult population.
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of voice quality deviations in a normal adult population. One-hundred twelve subjects, aged 17 to 80, read a short paragraph aloud into a high-fidelity tape recorder and completed a case history questionnaire. A group of 11 pretrained judges rated overall performance of each taped sample on a seven-point equal-appearing intervals scale, then designated those quality components which contributed toward deviant ratings. Eighty-two percent of the group received a mean severity rating lower than 1.99; 16% had a rating between 2.00 and 2.99; and 2% was assigned a mean rating higher than 3.00.
Adolescent↗
Menstrual cycle and voice quality.
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Female↗
Predicting voice quality of deaf speakers on the basis of glottal characteristics.
Twenty profoundly deaf and 5 normal-hearing subjects produced 225 sustained vowels/a, i, u/at different pitch levels and 75 phonetically balanced sentences, while vocal fold vibration was recorded through an electrolaryngograph (ELG). The utterances recorded on audio tape were judged by 10 experienced listeners on general voice quality, breathiness, hoarseness, and laryngeal strain on a 5-point scale. Seven parameters describing time-domain characteristics of the ELG-signal were extracted online by a special purpose computer system. Measurements were made over 500 consecutive vibratory cycles (10-cycle window), yielding a mean and standard deviation for each parameter per utterance. All data were submitted to analysis of variance and multiple regression analyses. Multiple correlations between glottal parameters and judged voice deviations varied between .46 and .70 indicating that overall prediction cannot reliably be based on these parameters, although severe cases of deaf voice deviations may be detectable.
Adolescent↗
[Regulation of voice quality parameters at the beginning of phonation].
In 8 healthy probands, 6 patients with functional voice disorders, 3 singers and 3 deaf patients we studied the regulation of the voice parameters amplitude and fundamental frequency at the beginning of phonation. Analyses were performed under the following conditions: (1) normal conditions; (2) after troubling pharyngeal and/or glottic mucosal receptors by topical anaesthesia; (3) in the case of normal hearing during disturbance of the audiophonatory feedback mechanism by binaural masking, and (4) with a combination of the latter two situations. The results are discussed.
Deafness↗
Multidimensional classification of normal voice qualities.
This study investigates and acoustically defines some of the perceptual parameters used to distinguish among normal male and female voices. Twenty normal speaking subjects, ten male and ten female, produced speech segments which were paired, randomized, and presented to ten listener judges. The judges rated the similarity of all combinations of voices on a seven-point scale, and these similarities were analyzed by a multidimensional analysis technique, INDSCAL. For each speaker, eight acoustical measures were obtained, and psychophysical ratings of four commonly used descriptive terms were made by ten speech pathologists. These measurements and ratings provided the interpretation of the INDSCAL solution and were also submitted to correlational analyses. The results indicate that, when distinguishing among the voices, the judges gave the greatest weight to the male versus female dimension and its acoustical correlates. The results of both the INDSCAL analysis and the correlational analyses suggest that listeners may use different perceptual strategies to classify male voices than they use to classify females ones.
Acoustics↗
Longitudinal effects of single-channel cochlear implantation on voice quality.
No studies have reported longitudinal group data on the voice characteristics of adult participants with adventitious profound sensorineural hearing loss before and after single-channel cochlear implantation. This study investigated voice fundamental frequency, intensity, and speaking duration preimplantation and longitudinally 1-day, 6-months, and 1-year poststimulation. Results revealed only fundamental frequency 1-day poststimulation to be significantly different from preimplantation. Trends for all three variables, i.e., lowered Fo, reduced intensity, and shortened speaking duration (a faster rate), however, moved toward the measures that typify normal-hearing speakers.
Aged↗
[Objective study of the voice quality following partial laryngectomy].
The high resolution frequency analyzer is used for the study of the vocal quality after partial laryngectomy. The post-operative plot after speech therapy is of good quality when respecting one vocal fold. On the contrary, the heard vocal sound does not correspond to the harmonics of the fundamental frequency but to intense noise from irregular vibrations of the residual laryngeal mucosa (ventricular folds, arytenoids). High resolution frequency analysis contributes to the follow-up of the partial laryngectomy.
Glossectomy↗
A therapy approach for alleviating diplophonic voice quality.
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Adult↗