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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Forced vital capacity, slow vital capacity, or inspiratory vital capacity: which is the best measure of vital capacity?

Vital capacity can be measured as forced vital capacity (FVC), slow vital capacity (SVC), and inspiratory vital capacity (IVC). Although it is well known that the latter two are generally greater, a systematic comparison of the three in subjects with different degrees of airways obstruction has not been made. Sixty asthmatics and 20 normal subjects performed maneuvers for measurement of FVC, SVC, and IVC on a dry, rolling-seal spirometer. The severity of airways obstruction in asthmatics was classified as mild, moderate, and severe. There was no significant difference between FVC, SVC, and IVC in normal subjects. However, the three measurements of vital capacity were significantly different in all subgroups of asthmatics. FVC was smaller than both SVC and IVC. The differences were more marked in patients with moderate and severe degrees of airways obstruction. The differences between SVC and IVC were small and clinically not important. Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) expressed as percent of FVC, SVC, and IVC, was not different in normals and asthmatics with mild airways obstruction. The ratios were significantly different in asthmatics with moderate and severe airways obstruction. FEV1/IVC ratio was the lowest in both the groups followed by FEV1/SVC and FEV1/FVC. IVC and SVC are greater than FVC in patients with airways obstruction. This difference increases as the degree of obstruction increases. The difference between SVC or IVC and FVC serves as an indicator of air trapping. Both FVC and IVC could be measured and the largest VC used to calculate the FEV1/VC ratio because this increases the sensitivity of spirometry in detecting airways obstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A comparative study of translucent apical dentine in vital and non-vital human teeth.

Previous studies have shown that dentinal apical translucency increases with age. Although the mechanism by which apical translucency is produced is still uncertain, it has been suggested that it develops at a slower rate in non-vital teeth. In this investigation the amount and distribution of apical translucent dentine in a group of age-matched vital and non-vital teeth were compared. Fifty-five non-vital (root-filled) teeth and 49 vital teeth were used. Freshly extracted teeth were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde solution, sectioned longitudinally in the buccolingual plane and ground to a thickness of 150 microns. Each section was photographed in polarized light at a standard magnification against a ruled scale background. Black-and-white prints of standard magnification were produced and translucent apical dentine was plotted using an Apple II digitizer. Variables measured were length, length as a percentage of root length, area and area as a percentage of root area. Data were related to age and tooth type and analysed by Mann-Whitney and regression analysis. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were present when tooth types were pooled. There was more apical translucency present in all types of non-vital teeth when compared with vital teeth at any given age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Fluoride distribution in dentine and cementum in human permanent teeth with vital and non-vital pulps.

Twenty-two selected permanent teeth [11 with vital pulps and 11 with non-vital (necrotic) pulps] were obtained from patients aged from 20 to 73 yr in Nagoya, Japan. Fluoride (F) profiles in tooth samples were examined by using an abrasive micro-sampling technique. F levels in the pulpal dentine were significantly higher in vital than non-vital teeth for each age group, although there were observed increases of F with age. In the cementum the F levels were strongly related to age and there were few differences in profiles and levels of F between vital and non-vital teeth. It was concluded that vital pulp is an important factor for the pulpal dentine to absorb fluoride.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

On cantilever loading of vital and non-vital teeth. An experimental clinical study.

Three healthy subjects with neighboring or contralateral vital and root-filled teeth requiring crown therapy were selected as test persons. All teeth had optimal alveolar bone support. The root-filled teeth were furnished with individual cast posts and cores, and veneer crowns were made on both the vital and non-vital teeth. Buccal extension bars were then soldered to the occlusal surfaces of these crowns, and weights were applied in different positions along the bars until the test persons experienced pain. The experiments were repeated under local anesthesia. The results showed that non-vital teeth had mean pain threshold levels that, on cantilever loading, were more than twice as high as those of their neighboring or contralateral vital teeth. The positions of the centers of rotational deformations of the loaded teeth, which were assumed to be mainly rotational, were calculated and found to be located inside the peripheries of the crowns for the vital teeth but extracoronally in markedly more peripheral positions for the non-vital teeth.

Adult↗
PubMed1954

The use of sampling for vital registration and vital statistics.

In this paper, the author does not so much try to give a blueprint for the application of sampling methods to vital registration and vital statistics as to show the opportunities for their use and the advantages to be derived from them. In the less developed areas of the world, modern sampling methods make it possible to obtain very accurate national statistics in the early stages of the establishment of a vital registration and vital statistics system and will lead to its more orderly and efficient development. In areas where more or less complete registration exists, the use of sampling may result in a reduction of costs and an improvement in the quality and currency of the data obtained.The sample vital statistics system proposed by the author should comprise complete primary registration units or combinations of them, representative of the entire universe for which statistics are wanted. The selection of these, however, must be made at random; but, in order to avoid bias, the units should be taken with probabilities proportionate to their size.After discussing the ways of carrying out his proposal and the relation of a sample vital statistics system to health programmes, the author considers the use of the sample system as a supplement to a complete system and the advantages of sampling for quality control, checking the completeness of registration, preparing advance tabulations, and conducting supplemental surveys and research.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2006

Observations and vital signs: ritual or vital for the monitoring of postoperative patients?

Patient surveillance during the postoperative period has traditionally consisted of the collection of routine and regulated vital signs, supported by observations of other aspects of a patient's recovery. The purpose of this research was to determine if the frequent collection of postoperative vital signs assisted in detecting postoperative complications in the first 24 hours after a patient has returned to the ward setting. The study involved: (1) a survey of policy documents; (2) observations of postoperative nursing care; and (3) an audit of medical records. Major findings revealed that vital signs are collected based on tradition and are collected routinely, and there may not be a relationship between vital-signs collection and the occurrence or detection of complications.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Cost-effective health services for interactive continuous monitoring of vital signs parameters--the e-Vital concept.

The objective of the e-Vital project is the validation of the market concerning the provision of a novel remote telemedicine service aimed at large sensitive parts of the European population, the "at-risk" citizens, who are usually patients with a stable medical condition that allow a near normal life but may suddenly deteriorate and put life at risk. This service will increase their quality of life and their feeling of safety concerning their health. The e-Vital project focuses on the implementation and exploitation of a modular and ambulatory secure telemedicine platform, which is using easily wearable vital signs monitoring devices, causing minimal discomfort to patients, and which transfer in real time and on-line critical vital parameters to doctors and/or medical experts/consultants, regardless of their location, while getting feedback to increase their feeling of comfort or in case of alarm. The interactive continuous monitoring promises cost effective health services, more active involvement of patients in their own care, and a new sense of realism in making a diagnosis.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2005

Sample registration of vital events with verbal autopsy: a renewed commitment to measuring and monitoring vital statistics.

Registration of births, recording deaths by age, sex and cause, and calculating mortality levels and differentials are fundamental to evidence-based health policy, monitoring and evaluation. Yet few of the countries with the greatest need for these data have functioning systems to produce them despite legislation providing for the establishment and maintenance of vital registration. Sample vital registration (SVR), when applied in conjunction with validated verbal autopsy procedures and implemented in a nationally representative sample of population clusters represents an affordable, cost-effective, and sustainable short- and medium-term solution to this problem. SVR complements other information sources by producing age-, sex-, and cause-specific mortality data that are more complete and continuous than those currently available. The tools and methods employed in an SVR system, however, are imperfect and require rigorous validation and continuous quality assurance; sampling strategies for SVR are also still evolving. Nonetheless, interest in establishing SVR is rapidly growing in Africa and Asia. Better systems for reporting and recording data on vital events will be sustainable only if developed hand-in-hand with existing health information strategies at the national and district levels; governance structures; and agendas for social research and development monitoring. If the global community wishes to have mortality measurements 5 or 10 years hence, the foundation stones of SVR must be laid today.

Africa↗
PubMed1978

Vital staining properties of neutral red. Vital staining of cornea and conjunctiva.

Vital staining by instillation in the conjunctival sac of 1% neutral red in 54 normal and 153 differently affected eyes was studied by slit lamp examination. Of these, 134 eyes were after-stained by a mixture of 1% tetrazolium and 1/4% alcian blue and 73 eyes were after-stained by a mixture of 1% rose bengal and 1% fluorescein. Microscopy of a further 10 conjunctival scrapings and 40 mucous conjunctival threads disclosed neutral-red-stained inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells and the granulocytes. In the slit lamp the cornea and the conjunctiva were seen to be stained only rarely and, if so, poorly by neutral red, both in normal and affected eyes. Better staining was obtained with tetrazolium, and the best with rose bengal. The plica semilunaris, Marx' line, and the mucous thread were stained by neutral red, more intensely by rose bengal, and the least by tetrazolium. The inferior fornix and the tarsus were rarely stained by any of the three dyes. Neutral red seems to offer no diagnostic advantages over the vital stains with which the dye has been compared in the present study. More particularly we found no pathological processes that were stained more intensely by neutral red than by the other vital stains.

Cataract↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An overview of bleaching techniques: 2. Night Guard Vital Bleaching and non-vital bleaching.

Night Guard Vital Bleaching (NGVB) or dentist-monitored bleaching technique is probably the most widely used bleaching technique because of its relative ease of use, low cost, safety and high success rate. There are many non-vital bleaching techniques available, all of which have one thing in common, usually a successful result in the procedure returning the discoloured tooth to its original colour and beyond that when required. This article will give an overview of various home bleaching techniques: materials and regimens used, bleaching procedure and treatment of side-effects. In addition, it will review various in-surgery and at home techniques used for bleaching non-vital teeth.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2006

An overview of bleaching techniques: 2. Night guard vital bleaching and non-vital bleaching.

Night Guard Vital Bleaching (NGVB) or dentist-monitored bleaching technique is probably the most widely used bleaching technique because of its relative ease of use, low cost, safety and high success rate. There are many non-vital bleaching techniques available, all of which have one thing in common, usually a successful result in the procedure returning the discoloured tooth to its original colour and beyond that when required. This article will give an overview of various home bleaching techniques: materials and regimens used, bleaching procedure and treatment of side-effects. In addition, it will review various in-surgery and at home techniques used for bleaching non-vital teeth.

Carbamide Peroxide↗
PubMed1996

Treatment of vital and non-vital primary molar teeth by one-stage formocresol pulpotomy: clinical success and effect upon age at exfoliation.

The clinical success and effect upon the age at which teeth exfoliated was prospectively observed in 175 primary molars that had received formoceresol pulpotomies performed by one operator. The success rate among 142 vital teeth was 99.3% and among 33 non-vital teeth 84.8%. There was no significant effect upon age at exfoliation after either type of pulpal treatment.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Identification of a resin-dentin hybrid layer in vital human dentin created in vivo: durable bonding to vital dentin.

The present study investigated the bond of 5% 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride in methyl methacrylate, initiated by partially oxidized tri-n-butyl borane in the presence of poly(methyl methacrylate) powder, to vital human dentin. In vivo dentinal substrates were pretreated for 10 or 30 seconds with an aqueous solution of 10% citric acid and 3% ferric chloride. Transmission electron microscopic examination of the bonded cross sections revealed the formation of a transitional, or "hybrid," layer of resin-reinforced dentin created by the impregnation, co-mingling and envelopment of collagen bundles, and encapsulation of hydroxylapatite crystals. The in vivo adhesion was assumed to be durable, because results of microscopic examinations were comparable to those of durable bonding of the same resin to extracted bovine dentin. Vital dentin exhibited greater resistance to demineralization by the acid solution than do extracted teeth. Carious extracted teeth were more easily dissolved in acid than were noncarious extracted teeth.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1991

A flexible system for vital signs monitoring in hospital general care wards based on the integration of UNIX-based workstations, standard networks and portable vital signs monitors.

The article describes a study conducted on general surgical and thoracic surgical floors of a 1000-bed hospital to assess the impact of a new network for portable patient care devices. This network was developed to address the needs of hospital patients who need constant, multi-parameter, vital signs surveillance, but do not require intensive nursing care. Bedside wall jacks were linked to UNIX-based workstations using standard digital network hardware, creating a flexible system (for general care floors of the hospital) that allowed the number of monitored locations to increase and decrease as patient census and acuity levels varied. It also allowed the general care floors to provide immediate, centralized vital signs monitoring for patients who unexpectedly became unstable, and permitted portable monitors to travel with patients as they were transferred between hospital departments. A disk-based log within the workstation automatically collected performance data, including patient demographics, monitor alarms, and network status for analysis. The log has allowed the developers to evaluate the use and performance of the system.

Boston↗
PubMed1975

[Vital fluorochromasia of mikroorganisms using fluorescein-3',6'-diacetate (FDA). II; Communication: The influences of humoral and cellular defence-mechanisms on vitality of Toxoplasma gondii (author's transl)].

Fluorochromization by using the non-fluorescent, but fluorogenic substrate fluorescein-3',6'-diacetate indicates vitality and metabolic activity of extra- and intracellular Toxoplasma gondii. Specific humoral antibody diminishes the metabolism and, therefore, also the fluorochromization of these parasites; Because toxoplasms invade host cells mainly by active penetration, they are found not only in phagocytes but also in lymphocytes and in hepatocytes. In these cells, a further multiplication of parasites occurs. Only well functioning phagocytes are able to destroy the parasites; This process is supported by humoral antibody. Using IFT, the binding of humoral antibody to vital and killed toxoplasms in phagocytes of peritoneal exudate and spleen can be demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. The destroying effect of humoral antibody is limited by the rapid penetration of toxoplasms into the host cells. After infection, only an early administration of a high dose of antiserum will achieve a sufficient binding of antibodies to be able to influence the metabolism of toxoplasms. Due to this fact and according to the risk of a repression of humoral defence mechanisms in the host by IgG-antibodies the value of passive immunisation is limited.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Vital tooth bleaching with Nightguard vital bleaching.

Between July 1994 and May 1996, several landmark articles were published concerning the safety and efficacy of vital tooth bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide in a customfitted tray. The American Dental Association (ADA) published guidelines for ADA acceptance, and three products received approval. Long-term clinical trials on 38 patients indicated 92% successful bleaching after 6 weeks of treatment. Results were stable in 74% of the patients at 1.5 years, and in 62% of the patients at 3-year follow-up with no further treatment. Clinical pulpal studies and periodontal studies indicated no detrimental safety problems, although some laboratory cell studies suggested concerns. The noncarcinogenic potential of 10% carbamide peroxide was established in animal studies. Successful bleaching of tetracycline-stained teeth was achieved after 6 months of treatment, with no tooth problems detected clinically or by scanning electron micrograph. Extended treatment times are effective on other stains from dentinogenesis imperfecta or nicotine. On insertion in the mouth, 10% carbamide peroxide elevated the pH in the tray and saliva. After 4 hours of clinical wear, over 60% of the newer, thicker materials (Opalescence [Ultraclent Products, South Jordon, UT] and Platinum [Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals, Canton, MA]) was present and active in the tray. Nightguard vital bleaching seems to be the most cost-efficient, user-friendly, patient-accepted method of bleaching teeth available to the profession and is safe and effective. Over-the-counter products can have harmful effects on tooth structure and may not lighten teeth.

Carbamide Peroxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between delta-forced vital capacity (percent fall in forced vital capacity at the PC20 dose of methacholine) and the maximal airway response in patients who have mild asthma.

Airway hypersensitivity is routinely evaluated by measuring the concentration (PC20) of inhaled methacholine or histamine that causes a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). It has been suggested that a percentage fall in forced vital capacity (FVC) measured at the PC20 dose of inhaled agonist (deltaFVC) is a potentially useful clinical measure in patients who have asthma because it provides indirect information about gas trapping and therefore the maximal airway response. The relationships between serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels and the maximal airway response or deltaFVC are largely unknown. The aims of this study were to determine whether deltaFVC is correlated with the degree of maximal airway response and to examine the relationships between serum ECP and deltaFVC or maximal airway response in patients who have mild asthma. Fifty-eight patients with mild asthma underwent high-dose methacholine challenge testing. The PC20, maximal airway response, and deltaFVC were measured on the methacholine dose-response curves. Serum ECP levels also were determined. Subjects without a maximal response plateau (n = 33) had a significantly higher level of deltaFVC (17.9 +/- 4.1%) than subjects with a plateau (n = 25; 14.9 +/- 4.8%). A significant correlation was found between deltaFVC and the level of maximal response plateau (r = 0.446; p = 0.026). Not only methacholine PC20 but also maximal airway response or deltaFVC had no relationships with serum ECP levels. Our results suggest that deltaFVC can be used as a surrogate marker of maximal airway response in patients who have mild asthma and that neither maximal airway response nor deltaFVC reflects blood eosinophil activation any more than methacholine PC20.

Adolescent↗