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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

Mortality among Australian conscripts of the Vietnam conflict era. II. Causes of death.

In a cohort of Australian national service conscripts, death rates from International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision (ICD-8) cause of death classes for 19,205 veterans of the Vietnam conflict were compared with those of 25,677 veterans who served only in Australia. Comprehensive, clinically reviewed cause of death data were collected and coded to a single ICD-8 three-digit cause of death code by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Over 98% of the deaths among veterans were included in five classes of causes of death. These were neoplasms (14%), diseases of the circulatory system (7%), accidents, poisonings, and violence (external causes) (74%), and diseases of the digestive system and mental disorders (2% each). For the last two classes, chronic abuse of alcohol was a common factor in most deaths among Vietnam veterans. The death rates of Vietnam veterans were statistically significantly higher than those for other veterans for only two classes of causes of death: diseases of the digestive system and external causes. After adjustment for Army corps grouping, this excess was not statistically significant for external causes. There was no statistically significant difference in death rates from neoplasms, nor were deaths from specific neoplasms more frequent among the group that served in Vietnam. While this suggests that service in the Vietnam conflict has not increased death rates from neoplasms among servicemen, the follow-up period, ranging from 9-16 years, is shorter than the latency period for some neoplasms. The study findings provide a measure of support for claims by Australian Vietnam veterans of an increased incidence of stress-related disorders associated with service in the Vietnam conflict.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Radiographic identification using the clavicle of an individual missing from the Vietnam conflict.

A case is reported in which radiographic comparison of a clavicle was used to establish the identification of a civilian missing from the Vietnam conflict. While the use of radiographic comparison of skeletal features is not a newly developed technique for personal identification purposes, this case outlines a unique set of circumstances surrounding the disappearance of an individual during the Vietnam conflict and his eventual identification. A radiographic comparison of a right clavicle was critical in the identification process of this individual almost 34 years after he was reported missing. The use of digital technology for radiographic comparison greatly facilitated the process.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Outpatient illness incidence aboard U.S. Navy ships during and after the Vietnam conflict.

Outpatient illness rates aboard carriers and destroyers/frigates during the Vietnam conflict were contrasted with rates for similar ships in the same geographical region subsequent to the ceasefire. Both large and small ships exhibited higher overall outpatient rates after the conflict, although this difference did not reach a level of significance among carriers. Among the smaller ships the individual categories of infective and parasitic disorders, respiratory diseases, and skin and subcutaneous tissue problems yielded significantly higher rates after the conflict. The rate for accidents was significantly higher aboard carriers during combat operations than the period following the cease-fire. Across both sizes of ships, accidents accounted for a larger percentage of outpatient visits during the conflict, while skin disorders were responsible for a larger proportion of the post-conflict visits.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1987

Mortality among Australian conscripts of the Vietnam conflict era. I. Death from all causes.

A retrospective cohort study of mortality was conducted to assess whether Army service of young Australian men in the Vietnam conflict influenced the subsequent risk of premature death. Analysis related to all National Servicemen (generally conscripts in the Australian Army) who enlisted during the conflict and served in the Army for at least 12 months. Of these veterans, 19,205 served in Vietnam, while 25,677 served only in Australia. All men were traced from the end of their national service engagement (between 1966 and 1976) until January, 1, 1982. For both groups, death rates were statistically significantly lower than expected for Australian males of the same age. Overall mortality of Vietnam veterans was 1.3 times that of non-Vietnam veterans (95% confidence interval (Cl) = 1.1-1.5). After adjustment for the confounding effects of Army corps grouping, Vietnam veteran mortality was 1.2 times that of non-Vietnam veterans (95% Cl = 1.0-1.4). No other variable examined was confounding. The excess of deaths among Vietnam veterans relative to the veterans not serving in Vietnam was largely confined to The Royal Australian Engineers. Among members of this corps, the relative mortality rate was 2.5 (95% Cl = 1.4-4).

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A twin study of the effects of the Vietnam conflict on alcohol drinking patterns.

This study examines the association between military service in Southeast Asia and alcohol drinking patterns in 2,169 male-male monozygotic twin pairs who both served on active military duty during the Vietnam era (1965-75). Data on alcohol drinking were collected in 1987 by mail and telephone interview. The alcohol drinking measures include three indicators of abstention (lifetime abstainer, lifetime non-regular drinker, and current abstainer) and two indicators of consumption (average daily ethanol consumption and high consumption). In unadjusted and co-twin adjusted analyses, neither service in Southeast Asia nor combat exposure was significantly associated with any measure of abstention. In the co-twin adjusted analysis, there was no association of Southeast Asia service and combat exposure with average daily ethanol consumption. After adjustment for co-twin effects, 4.0 percent of non-Southeast Asia veterans were high consumers compared to 6.7 percent of Southeast Asia veterans who served in high combat. We conclude that prior military service in a war zone has a relatively modest long-term effect on the alcohol drinking patterns of male veterans.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

History of malaria in the United States Naval Forces at war: World War I through the Vietnam conflict.

Malaria has had a major influence on military campaigns for thousands of years. In this paper we summarize the experience of U.S. Navy and Marine forces with malaria during wars of the twentieth century. During World War I, there were 4,746 new cases of malaria, 68,373 sick-days because of malaria, and 7 deaths due to malaria; during World War II, there were 113,256 new cases, 3,310,800 sick-days, and 90 deaths; and during the Korean War, there were 4,542 new cases, 50,924 sick-days, and no deaths--since most infections were with Plasmodium vivax. During the Vietnam War, there were 24,606 cases of malaria, an estimated 391,965 sick-days because of malaria, and 46 deaths due to malaria. With the worldwide resurgence of malaria, the spread of drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the emergence of chloroquine-resistant P. vivax, and the increasing resistance of Anopheles mosquitoes to insecticides, malaria continues to be an enormous threat to U.S. Navy and Marine Corps personnel deployed to the tropics and subtropics.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2000

History and development of trauma care in the United States.

Until recently the development of systems for trauma care in the United States has been inextricably linked to wars. During the Revolutionary War trauma care was based on European trauma principles particularly those espoused by the Hunter brothers. Surgical procedures were limited mostly to soft tissue injuries and amputations. The American Civil War was remarkable because of the contributions that were made to the development of systems for trauma care. The shear magnitude of casualties required extensive infrastructure to support the surgeons at the battlefield and to care for the wounded. For the first time in an armed conflict, anaesthetics were used on a routine basis. Despite these major contributions, hospital gangrene was a terrible problem and was the cause of many mortalities. World War I and World War II were noteworthy because of the contributions made by surgeons in the use of blood. One of the major lessons of World War II was the reemphasis of how frequently lessons have to be relearned regarding the treatment and care of wounds. Between the Korean Conflict and the Vietnam War the discovery was made of the tremendous fluid shifts into the cell after severe hemorrhagic shock. As a consequence, the treatment of patients with shock was altered during the Vietnam Conflict, which resulted in better outcomes and less renal failure. The first trauma centers for civilians were started in the United States in 1966. Since 1988 the number of states with mature trauma systems has expanded from two to 35. During the same period, many studies have documented the efficacy of trauma systems in reducing unnecessary mortality and disability.

History, 17th Century↗