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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Cellular lipid and fatty acid compositions of Burkholderia pseudomallei strains isolated from human and environment in Viet Nam.

Viet nam is known as an endemic area of melioidosis but its etiologic agent originated in Viet nam was not extensively studied. For the first time, we analyzed the cellular lipid and fatty acid compositions of 15 Vietnamese isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei, 10 from humans and 5 from the environment. Cellular lipid compositions were analyzed by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on silica gel G plates. Cellular fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major lipids in all the isolates were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), two forms of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE-1 and PE-2), and two forms of ornithine-containing lipid (OL-1 and OL-2). PE-1 contained non-hydroxy fatty acids at both sn-1 and -2 positions, while PE-2 possessed 2-hydroxy fatty acids and non-hydroxy fatty acids in a ratio of 1:1. Since snake venom phospholipase A2 digestion of PE-2 liberated 2-hydroxy fatty acids, it was confirmed that these acids are at the sn-2 position of glycerol moiety. In both OL-1 and OL-2, amide-linked fatty acid was 3-hydroxy palmitic acid (3-OH-C16:0), while ester-linked fatty acids were non-hydroxy acids in OL-1 and 2-hydroxy acids in OL-2. The total cellular fatty acid compositions of the test strains were characterized by the presence of 2-hydroxy palmitic (2-OH-C16:0), 2-hydroxy hexadecenoic (2-OH-C16:1), 2-hydroxy octadecenoic (2-OH-C18:1), 2-hydroxy methylene octadecanoic (2-OH-C19CPA), 3-hydroxy myristic (3-OH-C14:0) and 3-hydroxy palmitic (3-OH-C16:0) acids. There were significant differences in the concentration of hexadecenoic (C16:1), methylene hexadecanoic (C17CPA), octadecenoic (C18:1) and methylene octadecanoic (C19CPA) acids among the Vietnamese isolates of B. pseudomallei. However, no significant difference was observed in cellular lipid and fatty acid components between strains of human and environmental origins.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An occupational risk survey of a refractory brick company in Ha Noi, Viet Nam.

Viet Nam has an increasing need for building materials, including refractory bricks. Little is known regarding the occupational hazards incurred in brick manufacturing. To determine the occupational health hazards posed by a refractory brick operation in Ha Noi, Viet Nam, a cross-sectional occupational risk survey was conducted, focusing on respirable dust hazards. It included an industrial hygiene walk-through and gravimetric dust analysis. Noise, heat, lack of head protection, and dust exposure were hazards identified at the brick-manufacturing site. Respiratory protection involved a three-layer cloth mask that had not been tested for efficacy. Silica dust exposure levels exceeded the Vietnamese permissible exposure level by almost fivefold based on gravimetric assessment and estimated silica content. This brick manufacturing site contains significant injury and respiratory illness hazards. Further investigations are necessary to begin to develop occupational safety measures at the site.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anti-smoking initiative and decline in incidence rates of lung cancer in Viet Nam.

Viet Nam had the highest reported male smoking prevalence rate (72.8-74.3%) in the world in the 1990s. Production of tobacco products was about 0.44 kg or 600 cigarettes per capita per year in 1994 for domestic use. Population-attributable risk per cent of lung cancer due to smoking was about 69.7%. Males in the south have a lower reported smoking prevalence rate (OR=0.7) and a significant lower incidence rate of lung cancer, age-standardized-incidence-rate per 100,000 (ASR) 33.1 vs 24.6 when compared to males in the north. Incidence rates of lung cancer significantly declined in Hanoi (ASR 34.9-33.1 and 6.3-5.8) and Ho Chi Minh City (ASR 24.6-23.7 and 6.8-5.6) between 1991-1997 and at the national level between 1990-2000 (ASR 30.4-30.1 and 6.7-6.6) in males and females, respectively. This decline in incidence rate of lung cancer resulted from the great achievements of the National Tobacco Control Program over about a 10-year period from 1989 to help people stop smoking. The present finding should stimulate further primary cancer prevention efforts in developing countries, including Viet Nam. It also suggests that the method applied to translate scientific evidence of smoking harm to people and into health policy, is a useful tool to drive people's attitude to stop smoking and remove its human carcinogens from our society.

Health Education↗
PubMed2003

Identifying factors for job motivation of rural health workers in North Viet Nam.

BACKGROUND: In Viet Nam, most of the public health staff (84%) currently works in rural areas, where 80% of the people live. To provide good quality health care services, it is important to develop strategies influencing staff motivation for better performance. METHOD: An exploratory qualitative research was carried out among health workers in two provinces in North Viet Nam so as to identify entry points for developing strategies that improve staff performance in rural areas. The study aimed to determine the major motivating factors and it is the first in Viet Nam that looks at health workers' job perception and motivation. Apart from health workers, managers at national and at provincial level were interviewed as well as some community representatives. RESULTS: The study showed that motivation is influenced by both financial and non-financial incentives. The main motivating factors for health workers were appreciation by managers, colleagues and the community, a stable job and income and training. The main discouraging factors were related to low salaries and difficult working conditions. CONCLUSION: Activities associated with appreciation such as performance management are currently not optimally implemented, as health workers perceive supervision as control, selection for training as unclear and unequal, and performance appraisal as not useful. The kind of non-financial incentives identified should be taken into consideration when developing HRM strategies. Areas for further studies are identified.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Keratomycoses in Viet-Nam.

In Viet-Nam the incidence of keratomycoses is increasing up to recent years. The role of subtropical climate and environmental conditions is pointed out. Among the causative fungi Aspergillus, Cephalosporium and fungi imperfecti are the most frequent, as opportunistic agents. Some clinical aspects are described, and the peculiar severity in evolution stressed on. In the absence of specific antifungal drugs, another method of management, using potassium iodide associated with Griseofulvin and auto-serum is proposed, while keratoplasty with full-thickness corneal graft during the active process may be indicated. These procedures permitted to save a notable number of eyes from total blindness or enucleation.

Corneal Diseases↗
PubMed1994

Family planning in Viet Nam: a vigorous approach.

Viet Nam, a country in transition, is vigorously implementing its population and family planning policies and plans, despite the fact that increased government expenditure for family planning only amounts to some US $0.15 per capita, far short of the minimum $0.60 required. An increased range of family planning methods will be offered to the population through a "cafeteria" approach. Genital tract infections will be reduced, as well as the incidence of abortion. Research continues on injectable and implanted contraceptives, and the use of quinacrine nonsurgical female sterilization. In the long term, a mix of imported and locally-produced contraceptives is envisaged to achieve greater sustainability. Family planning will be closely linked to economic development and poverty alleviation, with mass organizations developing family planning-linked credit, savings and income generating schemes. Pilot experience has indicated value if integrated approach linking family planning, nutrition, and parasite control. The health manpower and health services systems are being overhauled, with plans to appoint family planning focal points at commune level, linked to mobile district teams and grassroots motivators. Medical equipment, contraceptives and essential drugs for family planning and reproductive health services are in short supply at an estimated 60% of commune health stations. Both the public sector and the growing private sector will need to face the challenge of providing the population with high-quality reproductive health services and family planning options suited to individual needs and preferences.

Contraception↗
PubMed1983

Dangerous behavior by Viet Nam veterans with schizophrenia.

The military histories of 80 Viet Nam era veterans diagnosed as schizophrenic by DSM-III criteria were examined in relation to measures of dangerous and violent acts. Thirty of the subjects had been in Viet Nam, and 20 of these had been in combat. A stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that high scores on several inpatient and outpatient measures of violence and dangerousness were significantly related to combat experience in Viet Nam and particularly to either killing or witnessing killings of the enemy. It appears that violence-related activities learned in Viet Nam continue to influence the behavior of schizophrenic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Cancer education in Viet Nam: a need for foreign input.

In Viet Nam cancer education has a low priority because of political and social factors. Knowledge about cancer staging and basic management principles is stagnated by restricted communication with foreign colleagues and by limitations of available techniques. Participation in either formal residency programs or conferences for continuing education outside Viet Nam is restricted to select individuals of high rank. Most foreign experience is gained from Russia or from the former Eastern-bloc nations. Available foreign textbooks and journals are limited to those published more than 20 years ago. Infectious diseases are the most significant health problem in Viet Nam and they indirectly contribute to the incidence of cancer, including the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. A widespread epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), acquired both outside and within the medical system, is another potential consequence of current health care practices. The need for an international exchange of scientific knowledge is dramatically reinforced through the identification of significant deficits in available medical care and the patterns of mortality in this restricted society.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1977

Depression in veterans two years after Viet Nam.

The authors evaluated the incidence of depression in a sample of 202 Viet Nam veterans an average of 28 months after their return from Viet Nam. Approximately one-third of the sample fell within the clinically depressed range of the Beck Depression Inventory. Comparison of the depressed and nondepressed groups indicated that the former had higher frequencies of drug abuse (particularly while in Viet Nam), more marital difficulties, a higher unemployment rate, and more current legal problems. This high incidence of depression, coupled with the finding that few of these men were being treated for the illness, indicates the need for an outreach approach to this population.

Adult↗
PubMed1964

STUDIES ON A STRAIN OF CHLOROQUINE-RESISTANT PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM FROM VIET-NAM.

This report presents the results of chemotherapeutic studies carried out with non-immune volunteers infected with a strain of Plasmodium falciparum from Viet-Nam, termed the Viet-Nam (Sn.) strain, under conditions of study precluding reinfection. Nine volunteers received, during acute clinical attacks, three-day courses of chloroquine, seven receiving 1500 mg of chloroquine base orally, one 3000 mg of chloroquine base orally, and one 2160 mg of chloroquine base intramuscularly. Volunteers also received, again during acute clinical attacks, various regimens of hydroxychloroquine (1500 mg base), amodiaquine (1400 mg base), mepacrine (2198 mg base), proguanil (2610 mg base), or 377-C-54 (1500 or 2500 mg base). These drugs failed to effect radical cure of the infections, both before and after passage of the strain through mosquitos.On the other hand, the administration of either 50 mg of pyrimethamine daily for three days or 1620 mg of quinine base (1935 mg of quinine sulfate) daily for 10 days effected radical cure of the infections. The administration of 1620 mg of quinine base daily for seven days failed to effect radical cure of the infections in two of five volunteers. Under the particular experimental conditions employed, intramuscular injection of CI-501 (a repository preparation of a highly active metabolite of proguanil) did not exert a demonstrable protective effect against the Viet-Nam (Sn.) strain of P. falciparum.

Amodiaquine↗
PubMed2002

Caregiver styles of feeding and child acceptance of food in rural Viet Nam.

Style of child feeding may be an important determinant of child nutrition and health outcomes. Responsive feeding refers to the level and kind of interaction between caregiver and child that lead to a positive feeding experience, adequate dietary intake, and enhanced developmental opportunities. Responsive feeding behaviors may include active physical help and verbalization during feeding, role-playing, persistence, and positive feeding strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate styles of feeding among Vietnamese children 12 or 17 months of age from a rural province in northern Viet Nam. Forty child/mother pairs were videotaped during two, two-hour feeding episodes. Caregiver and child behaviors were coded at the level of the "intended bite" as observed through the videotape analysis of feeding episodes to assess caregiver behavior and the child's interest and acceptance of food. We found it feasible to use videotape and the modified coding and analysis scheme, originally developed for work in Peru, in Viet Nam. In Viet Nam, caregivers provided physical help to eat nearly all of the time for the younger children, and about 70% of the time among 17 month olds. Caregivers verbalized during only 30% of intended bites, and only half of these verbalizations were responsive in tone or words. Positive caregiver behaviors were significantly associated with higher child acceptance of food, while non-responsive feeding behaviors were associated with child rejection of food. Future analyses of this data set will evaluate the degree to which an integrated nutrition program positively modified caretaker behaviors. More research is needed to demonstrate the relationships among the promotion of responsive feeding behaviors, acceptance of food, and improved nutrition and health status of children.

Caregivers↗
PubMed2002

Investigations into the safety and immunogenicity of a killed oral cholera vaccine developed in Viet Nam.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a killed oral cholera vaccine produced in Viet Nam, and to compare the Vietnamese vaccine with one that is licensed internationally. METHOD: Two-dose regimens of a locally produced, bivalent, anti-O1, anti-O139 killed oral whole-cell cholera vaccine (biv-WC) and of a commercially available, monovalent (anti-O1) oral recombinant B subunit-killed whole-cell cholera vaccine (rBS-WC) were compared in two trials in Viet Nam. In the first trial, 144 adults were randomized to biv-WC with or without buffer, rBS-WC with buffer, or placebo without buffer. In the second, 103 children aged 1-12 years were randomized to biv-WC without buffer, rBS-WC with buffer, or placebo without buffer. FINDINGS: No regimen was associated with significant side-effects. In adults, ca 60% of recipients of either vaccine exhibited at least fourfold serum anti-O1 vibriocidal antibody responses and ca 40% of recipients of biv-WC demonstrated anti-O139 vibriocidal responses. Both anti-O1 (ca 90% in each vaccine groupand anti-O139 (68% in the biv-WC group) vibriocidal responses occurred more frequently in children. The responses to biv-WC were unaffected by the receipt of buffer. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that biv-WC was safe and immunogenic, that it could be administered without buffer, and that it could elicit robust immune responses even in children, for whom the risk of endemic cholera is highest.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Differences in Cancer Risks in the South and North of Viet Nam.

Background: As there are few available data regarding cancers in Viet Nam, the aim of the present study was to evaluate cancer risk ratios and geographical differences in cancer incidences between the south and north populations in the 1990s. Methods: Data for cancer incidences in Ho Chi Minh (HCM) and Hanoi were derived from published reports. The method for comparison of cancer incidence in two groups used in the present study was the Mantel-Haenszel test. Results: In HCM, all cancers were observed to be lower in males, (RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.83-0.91) but higher in females, (RR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.01-1.12) than in Hanoi. For males, significantly higher incidences in HCM were observed for cancers of the oesophagus (RR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.19-2.32), liver (RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.09-1.36), gall bladder (RR = 5.95, 95% CI = 2.49-14.23), and larynx (RR = 3.54, 95% CI = 2.26-5.55). In contrast, there were much lower incidences in HCM for cancers of the nasopharynx (RR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.41-0.61), stomach (RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.67-0.86), and lung (RR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.64-0.78). For females, breast cancer incidence was much lower (RR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.57-0.73) but that of cervical cancer was significantly higher in HCM than in Hanoi, (RR = 3.94, 95% CI = 3.36-4.62), especially for the age group 55-64, (RR = 8.7, 95% CI = 5.9-13.3). Conclusion: The present findings show that cancer risk is quite different in the south and north populations within Viet Nam.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Using lot quality-assurance sampling and area sampling to identify priority areas for trachoma control: Viet Nam.

OBJECTIVE: To report on the use of lot quality-assurance sampling (LQAS) surveys undertaken within an area-sampling framework to identify priority areas for intervention with trachoma control activities in Viet Nam. METHODS: The LQAS survey method for the rapid assessment of the prevalence of active trachoma was adapted for use in Viet Nam with the aim of classifying individual communes by the prevalence of active trachoma among children in primary school. School-based sampling was used; school sites to be sampled were selected using an area-sampling approach. A total of 719 communes in 41 districts in 18 provinces were surveyed. FINDINGS: Survey staff found the LQAS survey method both simple and rapid to use after initial problems with area-sampling methods were identified and remedied. The method yielded a finer spatial resolution of prevalence than had been previously achieved in Viet Nam using semiquantitative rapid assessment surveys and multistage cluster-sampled surveys. CONCLUSION: When used with area-sampling techniques, the LQAS survey method has the potential to form the basis of survey instruments that can be used to efficiently target resources for interventions against active trachoma. With additional work, such methods could provide a generally applicable tool for effective programme planning and for the certification of the elimination of trachoma as a blinding disease.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and artemisinin in southern Viet Nam.

Resistance to antimalarial chemotherapy is a major concern for malaria control in Viet Nam. In this study undertaken in 1998, 65 patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were monitored for 28 days after completion of a 5-day treatment course with artemisinin. Overall 36.9% (24/65) of patients had recurrent parasitaemia during the surveillance period. P. falciparum isolates were tested for sensitivity in vitro to chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and results were compared to those from a similar study in 1995. Increased parasite sensitivity to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, chloroquine and quinine was demonstrated, with significantly lower mean EC50 and EC99 values in 1998 compared to 1995. Parasite sensitivity to mefloquine did not differ significantly in the 2 surveys. Isolates were also tested for sensitivity in vitro to artemisinin in the 1998 survey. The mean EC50 was 0.03 mumol/L and the EC99 was 0.94 mumol/L. Parasite sensitivity to artemisinin will need to be monitored in view of its increasing use in Viet Nam.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Dioxin reservoirs in southern Viet Nam--a legacy of Agent Orange.

In the isolated Aluoi Valley of central Viet Nam, very high levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) were measured in soil, fish fat, duck fat, pooled human blood and breast milk samples collected from A So village between 1996 and 1999. The village was situated on a former military base occupied by US Special Forces between 1963 and 1966. TCDD was a contaminant of the herbicide "Agent Orange", aerially sprayed in the valley between 1965 and 1970, and stored at the A So base. Measured levels were lower near the sites of two other former US bases in the valley which had been occupied for shorter periods of time. In areas where Agent Orange had been applied by low-flying aircraft, levels of TCDD in soil, food and human samples were elevated, but lower than those near the three former US bases. We confirm the apparent food chain transfer of TCDD from contaminated soil to cultured fish pond sediments to fish and duck tissues, then to humans as measured in whole blood and breast milk. We theorize that the Aluoi Valley is a microcosm of southern Viet Nam, where numerous reservoirs of TCDD exist in the soil of former military installations south of the former demilitarized zone. Large quantities of Agent Orange were stored at many sites, used in ground and aerial applications, and spilled. TCDD, through various forms of soil disturbance, can be mobilized from these reservoirs after decades below the surface, and subsequently, introduced into the human food chain.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1998

Cancer incidence in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, 1995-1996.

The results from the population-based cancer registry for the city of Ho Chi Minh in 1995-1996 represent the first information on the incidence of cancer in southern Viet Nam. A total of 4,080 cancer cases in males and 4,338 in females were registered, corresponding to age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) of 130.9 per 100,000 in men and 100.7 per 100,000 in women. As elsewhere in South East Asia, the principal cancer of men was liver cancer (ASR 25.3), with moderately high rates of lung cancer (ASR 24.6) and stomach cancer (ASR 16.5); cancer of the penis, reportedly very common in early case series from Viet Nam, is now rarely seen. In women, cervical cancer was the dominant malignancy (ASR 26.0) followed by breast cancer (ASR 12.2) and stomach cancer (ASR 7.5). Although there may be some under-registration in these early years of operation, the recorded rates of cervical cancer and liver cancer are already high and suggest that southern Viet Nam would benefit from an effective cervical cancer screening programme, as well as efforts to interrupt the transmission of hepatitis B virus to reduce liver cancer incidence and effective anti-smoking programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cancer mortality in a Hanoi population, Viet Nam, 1996-2005.

BACKGROUND: Hitherto, cancer mortality data have not been available in Viet Nam, so that the real public health problem with this disease has yet to be addressed and recognized in the country with a population of over 80 million in South East Asia. The aim of the present pilot study was to examine cancer mortality in a commune population of Hanoi city, 1996-2005. METHODS: Cancer data was accessed from the database of the population-routine-based death registration performed by medical workers at commune health stations based on the guidelines of the Ministry of Health at Hanoi city. All deaths occurring in the community were registered. This registration process was monthly reviewed for each fatal case regarding the name, age, sex, address, occupation, date-place-cause of death, and information concerning to pre-death medical care during the study period from Jan. 1996 to Dec. 2005. The list of death and residents of the study population was carefully cross-checked with other information sources to avoid under- or over-registration. The world population structure was used to estimate age-standardized cancer mortality rates per 100,000, (ASR). RESULTS: During 60,770 person-years estimated from Jan. 1996 to Dec. 2005, 320 deaths and their causes were registered. Among them, 100 cancer cases of all sites (66 males and 34 females) were included. Cancer mortality rates were 222 and 109 (Crude), 353 and 115 (ASR), for males and females, respectively. For both genders combined, lung cancer was the most common, 27 cases, followed by liver, 26 cases and stomach, with 19. Proportion of death from cancer was about 31% of all causes. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that in Viet Nam, a developing country, cancer is indeed an important public health problem.

Adolescent↗