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Direct videotape recording of images from computer display terminals is often not possible because of the nonstandard outputs of these systems. A video-sync mixer is described that permits black-and-white recording on standard 3/4-in. videotape cassettes.
The clinical application of prolonged monitoring by the combined EEG and videotape recording of patients was evaluted. This test was found to be useful in diagnosing epileptic seizures in patients in whom both the history and diurnal EEG studies were unhelpful, and it assisted with the accurate classification of seizure types. It enabled seizure focus lateralisation in medically intractable epileptic who were being evaluated for surgery, and it also provided an objective estimate of minor seizure frequency. Prolonged EEG telemetry and videotape recording was especially useful in assessing additional seizures that develop in known epileptics. In some patients with syncope and drop attacks this technique helped to exclude atonic epileptic seizures and intermittent cardiac tachy-brady-arrhythmia as the underlying cause. As a method for identifying sleep disorders it has greater merits than conventional methods of polygraphic recordings.
The potential of videotape recording in the assessment of student history-taking skills has been explored in a third year general practice undergraduate course. By concentrating on priority areas in history-taking it has been possible to develop a profile of the strengths and weaknesses of individual students and of the group as a whole which should be of value to course organizers.
A number of frequency and duration measures, and also general ratings, were made to assess specified aspects of interpersonal behaviour. These were taken from videotape recordings of interviews, or informal conversations, involving psychiatric patients. The frequency and duration measures were found to have high inter-rater reliability. Pearsonian correlations were in the range of 0-88--0-99. The general ratings were less reliable (0-42--0-86). The patients were divided into two groups. The first were patients whose major difficulties were interpersonal problems. The second contained patients with other psychiatric problems. Comparisons between these groups revealed a number of significant differences in the behavioural frequency and duration measures. Significant differences were also found in the general ratings, but there were disagreements between the two raters which made the interpretation of these differences difficult. When, within the interpersonal problem group, informal conversations were compared with formal interviews, it was found that subjects spent longer looking at the other person during the conversation. No other differences were evident. The implications of the results for social skills research are discussed.
The vast majority of disturbances of child behavior are due to improper methods of upbringing. Alteration of the child's misbehavior is therefore best done by re-education of the parents. In this paper, a model for the modification of the behavior of mother and child by means of videotape recordings is described and illustrated by a report of treatment. Because of the high efficiency of video feedback for the conversion of parental educational style, its use in behavior therapy work is recommended unconditionally in spite of the very high costs and a considerable expenditure of time.
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The authors questioned residents and supervisors at a large clinic about their attitudes and experiences regarding clinical supervision. Half of the residents then videotaped one of their psychotherapy sessions and presented the tape in their next supervisory session. The procedure had little effect on patients, was anxiety-provoking for the residents, and had some diagnostic benefit for the supervisors. After the taping, the residents' views about taping were less positive than before the taping, but the supervisors' views did not change significantly.
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The use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the microdissection of biological tissue is described. The dissections were accomplished by the use of electrolytically pointed needles that were positioned in a simply constructed holder. The operations were viewed using real time stereo SEM, and recorded on videotape. Various methods for photographing the videotape recordings are outlined.
1. A weak or moderate-intensity tactile stimulus delivered to the siphon skin of Aplysia californica elicits a defensive reflex withdrawal of the gill and siphon into the mantle cavity. The reflex undergoes both short- and long-term habituation and sensitization and has, therefore, been used as a model system to examine various forms of learning. In this paper we describe studies of the response properties of the sensory and motor neurons of the reflex during repeated stimulation at rates that produce habituation. 2. The sensory neurons are slowly adapting mechanoreceptor cells whose frequency of discharge is a monotonic function of controlled-force punctate stimuli delivered to the skin. The majority of the stimulus-response relations could best be described by exponential functions. 3. We examined the stability of the sensory neuron responses in two ways; with punctate stimuli of varying intensity and with water jets of varying intensity. 4. With repeated punctate stimulation at rates which produce habituation in the intact animal the mechanoreceptor discharge showed no decrement. This stability was observed over a 10-fold range of intensities. 5. Weak or moderate intensity water-jet stimuli to the skin also gave stable responses but stronger stimuli caused the mechanoreceptor response to fatigue. 6. We examined the stability of the motor responses by using intracellular depolarizing current pulses to produce repetitive bursts of action potentials in gill motor neurons while monitoring the gill contractions with a strain gauge, photocell, or videotape recorder. The photocell and strain gauge were alternatively used in the same experiment. Gill contractions monitored with the photocell were stable, whereas those monitored by the strain gauge showed decrement. An independent measure of gill contraction, videotape recording, confirmed the results obtained with the photocell and showed that the gill contractions following repeated intracellular depolarization of the motor neurons were stable.
Continuous observation of fetal movement patterns is a novel and useful capability of new high-speed ultrasound imaging systems. Confirmatory documentation of human fetal breathing as a component of these movement patterns has been achieved using a phased-array real time ultrasound sector scanning system. This system permits direct visualization of fetal breathing movements. Permanent recordings can be made on videotape. Recordings can also be made as a time-motion echocardiograms during continuous observation of the full sector. Fetal breathing movements were seen in five patients. The earliest period of gestation at which fetal breathing was seen was 20 weeks.
Intramuscular administration of penicillin G was carried out in a series of 27 chronic cat preparations. In addition to the EEG, the high frequency components of cerebral electrical activity were also recorded from cortical and deep structures. Videotape recordings using split-screen technique allowed correlations of the animal's clinical state with the EEG. The results showed that 'spike-wave' type activity occurred earliest in the cortex. The discharges were also best formed in cortical and thalamic structures. The other deep structures showed characteristic bursting, but not of the 'spikewave' type variety. The cerebellum showed also early participation. Clinical expressivity of the bursts depended upon the state of alertness of the animal, the height of the spike components and the extent of depth participation. The high frequency recordings revealed characteristic alternation of decrease and increase in activity mostly in cortical structures and to a lesser extent in thalamus. Pontine and medullary reticular formation areas showed usually no changes in the high frequency records during the bursts. When major seizures were induced, they were always of focal onset rather than of the primary generalized type as one sees with pentylenetetrazol. Different cortical or deep structures served as the initiating site in different animals. It was concluded that systemic penicillin adminstration does not lead to a truly primary generalized form of epilepsy, but produces its effects by multifocal activation of various cerebral structures, with cortex and cerebullum usually showing earliest involvement.