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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Veterinary medicine and preventive medicine].

Veterinary medicine concentrates its main activities onto the curative practice for animals but also onto the field of health protection for men since a very long time. But as late as in the year 1900 the first regulation by law within the modern world was edited in Germany. It was initiated by the well-known pathologist Virchow in Berlin and elaborated, besides other veterinarians, by the first food hygienist at the Veterinary School of Berlin, Robert von Ostertag. At that time, the protection of men from the classical infections caused by bacteria was the target, e.g. tuberculosis and the so-called food poisoning. Also, parasitoses like trichinellosis or hydatidosis were the most fought enemies. Nearly 100 years after the application of this regulation by law new types of zoonoses or zooanthroponoses get importance in the view of preventive medicine fulfilled by veterinarians. That are infections which can not be recognized visually and clinically in the new breeding and fattening ways for animals. Such latent infections are the main targets in the present goals and objectives of food hygiene. An undefined and unsolved problem seems to be the occurrence of the BSE of cattle in Great Britain. It may be regarded as a new and intermediate form of a latent and apparent disease of animals which may be dangerous by an unknown way also for men. Since the seventies of this century, the interest of veterinary medicine was focussed also onto residue levels within the products from food animals. These are caused by "substances with pharmacological efficacy", illegally handled by agronoms or veterinarians or by "poisons from the contaminated environment" provoked by industrial emission or manipulations by men. A classical task of food hygiene within the veterinary medicine is to protect the consumer from being taken advantage of through the sale of products containing substantial disregulatory structures of animal tissues.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1985

[200 years of education in veterinary medicine and veterinary activity in Czechoslovakia].

The development of veterinary medicine in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is evaluated on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the first lectures on veterinary science at Charles University in Prague (1784). Efforts to found a special veterinary school in Prague date back to the beginning of the 19th century; more than 20 petitions and interpellations concerning the establishment of such a school had been presented to the Bohemian Diet and the Imperial Parliament since 1841. The efforts for the establishment of this school were gradually conjoined with the national-revivalist and national-liberation movement. However, the veterinary university was established only in 1918, in Brno, when Czechoslovakia won independence. The development of veterinary medicine in the territory of today's Czechoslovakia is appreciated positively, mainly in the last 100 years. However, it was only after 1948--in the process of the transition from small-scale farming to large-scale socialist agricultural production--that all the needed practical and economic conditions were created for the development of veterinary medicine. The veterinary service was nationalized in 1951 and adequate material and technical backgrounds were built. Another veterinary university schools was introduced, and post-graduate studies and veterinary extension activities were started.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed2004

[Research advance in ecotoxicology and environmental impact of veterinary medicines].

Veterinary medicines or their metabolites could be discharged to the environment through different exposure routes, and had potential impacts to ecosystem in different levels, including individual, population, community and ecosystem. Their fate and potential impact have been widely researched in the world. This paper reviewed their exposure routes, fate in the environment, and impact on organisms in soils and waters and on soil processes. The significance of their environmental risk assessment was also analyzed.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of a lower tier exposure assessment model for veterinary medicines.

Veterinary antibiotics are used in large quantities in the European Union, and one of the key environmental exposure routes is via the application of manure containing excreted antibiotics to arable land as fertilizer. It is a legal requirement to assess the environmental risk of veterinary medicines, and this is done in two stages. A key decision parameter in phase I of these assessments is the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) in soil, and if a trigger value of 100 microg/kg is exceeded, then further phase II studies on the fate, behavior, and effects are carried out. A widely used model to calculate manure and soil PECs is the Uniform Approach. This study evaluated the Uniform Approach in two ways: first, by reviewing existing data, addressing data gaps by performing degradation studies, and then calculating soil and manure PECs for the veterinary antibiotics sulfachloropyridazine, oxytetracycline, and tylosin applied to arable land via liquid pig manure and comparing these data with the results from two field-scale fate studies; second, by collating monitoring data and making a comparison with modeled data. The data comparisons indicated that the Uniform Approach model performed conservatively, with initial PECs being up to 2 orders of magnitude greater than measured environmental concentrations, providing confidence in the use of the model in the risk assessment process, although the assumption of first-order degradation kinetics in the model may underestimate the environmental persistence of veterinary antibiotics.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Food-supply veterinary medicine and veterinary medical education: an Australian perspective.

Food-supply veterinary medicine has been an essential part of veterinary degree programs in Australia since the first veterinary school opened in the late nineteenth century. Australian veterinary schools, like others internationally, are being challenged by the relevance of material in current curricula for modern food-supply veterinary medicine. Additionally, student aspirations are a major issue, as curriculum designers balance companion-animal training with the herd/flock-based issues that focus on productivity and profitability. One of the challenges is to examine the relative balance of education in generic skills (self-knowledge, change management, teamwork, leadership, negotiation) with more technically or scientifically based education. An ongoing process of curriculum review and renewal, which involves input from both external and internal stakeholders and allows regular review and assessment, is needed to ensure continuing curriculum relevance.

Australia↗
PubMed2000

Results of a survey on educational and research programs in complementary and alternative veterinary medicine at veterinary medical schools in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To document educational and research programs in complementary and alternative veterinary medicine (CAVM) at US veterinary schools and to develop recommendations for additional curriculum development and research in these modalities. DESIGN: Mail questionnaire. SAMPLE POPULATION: Deans, curriculum committees, and interested faculty at US veterinary schools. PROCEDURES: Questionnaires were mailed to personnel at all 27 US veterinary schools. Nonrespondents received a follow-up letter and telephone contact. Information was used to establish the current status of CAVM. RESULTS: Responses were received for 41 of 120 (34%) questionnaires. Responses were received from 23 of 27 veterinary schools, but number of respondents varied at each institution (range, 1 to 4) and some surveys were not complete. Seven of 27 US veterinary schools had an educational program in CAVM. Thirty-six (87%) respondents believed that acupuncture, nutraceuticals, nutritional supplements, and physical therapy should be included in the curriculum, 25 (61%) indicated that botanical (herbal) medicine should be included, and 25 (61%) believed that chiropractic should be included. Only 17 (44%) respondents believed that homeopathy should be included. The majority of respondents believed that CAVM should be offered as elective courses. Research in CAVM has been conducted at 6 responding schools. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, few veterinary schools offer educational or research programs in CAVM. Veterinary schools are aware of the interest in CAVM and acknowledge a lack of educational and research programs in these areas. More veterinary schools are in the process of developing educational and research programs in various aspects of CAVM.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Clinical pharmacokinetics in veterinary medicine.

Veterinary and human pharmacology differ principally in the range of species in which drugs are used and studied. In animals, as in humans, an understanding of the dose-effect relationship can be obtained by linking pharmacokinetic behaviour with pharmacodynamic information. Studies of different classes of drugs support the assumption that the range of therapeutic plasma concentrations in animals is generally the same as in humans. The requirement for species differences in dosage or administration rate (dose/dosage interval) may be attributed to variations in pharmacokinetic behaviour or pharmacodynamic activity, or both. When administering a drug orally, the bioavailability from a dosage form can vary widely. This is particularly the case between ruminant animals (cattle, sheep and goats), horses and carnivorous species (dogs and cats). Species variations in bioavailability can be avoided by parenteral administration. Formulation of parenteral preparations and location of intramuscular injection site can, at least in horses and cattle, influence bioavailability. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies help to explain differences in absorption and disposition processes that may underlie species variations in response to fixed dosages of a drug. Certain marker substances are useful in quantifying the activity of metabolic pathways or efficiency of excretion processes. Prediction of preslaughter withdrawal times in food-producing animals represents an application of pharmacokinetics in the field of drug residues. The drug residue profile can be obtained by combining fixed dose pharmacokinetic studies with measurement of drug concentrations in selected tissues and organs of the body. This approach offers an economical advantage in that fewer animals are required for residue studies. In domestic animals, as in humans, the disposition of most drugs can be interpreted in terms of a 2- (generally) or 3-compartment open model. Species variations in pharmacokinetic behaviour of a drug are usually attributed to differences in the rate of elimination rather than distribution and metabolism of the drug, although the principal metabolic pathway may differ. With certain notable exceptions, the herbivorous species (horses and ruminant animals) metabolise lipid-soluble drugs more rapidly than carnivorous species (dogs and cats). Humans metabolise drugs slowly in comparison with animals. Half-life values reflect this; insufficient data are available to base interspecies comparison on mean residence time. Intrinsic hepatic clearance of phenazone (antipyrine) [microsomal oxidation] in humans is approximately one-seventh of that in domestic animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[C-reactive protein (CRP)--an acute-phase protein with importance in laboratory medicine in veterinary medicine].

CRP is an acute phase protein (APP) formed by hepatic cells in acute phase reaction (APR). APR is initiated by a broad spectrum of cytokines of activated macrophages of blood and tissues. During the APR, plasma concentrations of APP are changed. Cytokines regulate APPs. CRP is a phylogenetically very old molecule. The degree of homology of amino acids in CRP is very high in a lot of species. CRP binding specificities depend on Ca++. The diagnostic importance of CRP in veterinary medicine is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Concepts for risk-based surveillance in the field of veterinary medicine and veterinary public health: review of current approaches.

BACKGROUND: Emerging animal and zoonotic diseases and increasing international trade have resulted in an increased demand for veterinary surveillance systems. However, human and financial resources available to support government veterinary services are becoming more and more limited in many countries world-wide. Intuitively, issues that present higher risks merit higher priority for surveillance resources as investments will yield higher benefit-cost ratios. The rapid rate of acceptance of this core concept of risk-based surveillance has outpaced the development of its theoretical and practical bases. DISCUSSION: The principal objectives of risk-based veterinary surveillance are to identify surveillance needs to protect the health of livestock and consumers, to set priorities, and to allocate resources effectively and efficiently. An important goal is to achieve a higher benefit-cost ratio with existing or reduced resources. We propose to define risk-based surveillance systems as those that apply risk assessment methods in different steps of traditional surveillance design for early detection and management of diseases or hazards. In risk-based designs, public health, economic and trade consequences of diseases play an important role in selection of diseases or hazards. Furthermore, certain strata of the population of interest have a higher probability to be sampled for detection of diseases or hazards. Evaluation of risk-based surveillance systems shall prove that the efficacy of risk-based systems is equal or higher than traditional systems; however, the efficiency (benefit-cost ratio) shall be higher in risk-based surveillance systems. SUMMARY: Risk-based surveillance considerations are useful to support both strategic and operational decision making. This article highlights applications of risk-based surveillance systems in the veterinary field including food safety. Examples are provided for risk-based hazard selection, risk-based selection of sampling strata as well as sample size calculation based on risk considerations.

Animal Diseases↗