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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

Anatomy of the crista supraventricularis: its importance for understanding right ventricular function, right ventricular infarction and related conditions.

During careful studies of the human cardiac conduction system the anatomy of the crista supraventricularis is an inescapable concomitant demonstration. For the purpose of this report the observations from about 1,000 human hearts were combined with special additional studies of 75 human hearts (50 adults, 25 infants), 30 dogs and 5 chickens. The crista supraventricularis is similar in human and canine hearts. Avian hearts differ from mammal hearts in that they contain only a muscular right atrioventricular valve which replaces the crista supraventricularis. In addition to dividing the inflow and outflow pathways of the right ventricle, the crista supraventricularis is crucially located to join the interventricular septum and left ventricle to much of the right ventricular free wall, thereby playing an important role in emptying the right ventricle and closing the tricuspid valve. On the basis of these observations, the function of the crista supraventricularis is examined relative to right ventricular systole, right ventricular infarction, various electrophysiologic problems, the performance of cardiac surgery and new questions in cardiac imaging.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of the left ventricular assist device on right ventricular function.

Right ventricular failure is a leading cause of death in patients who require the left ventricular assist device. Previous reports suggested right ventricular functional deterioration during left ventricular assist but lacked a method by which right ventricular function could be quantified adequately. This study examined the effects of left ventricular volume unloading on right ventricular systolic function by means of the stroke work/end-diastolic volume relationship, a load-insensitive index of myocardial performance. In 12 anesthetized open-chested dogs, right ventricular and left ventricular pressures were measured with micromanometers while ultrasonic dimension transducers measured left and right ventricular orthogonal diameters. Left ventricular unloading was accomplished with left atrial-to-femoral artery bypass with a centrifugal pump. Data were recorded during transient vena caval occlusion in the control state and with maximal left ventricular unloading by full support by the left ventricular assist device. Modified ellipsoidal geometry was used to calculate simultaneous biventricular volumes, and linear regression analysis of right ventricular stroke work versus end-diastolic volume was used to quantify right ventricular systolic function. Average slope and x intercept of this relationship under control conditions were 2.2 +/- 0.3 X 10(4) erg/ml and 10.7 +/- 5.0 ml, respectively. During full support by the left ventricular assist device (mean flow rate, 2.4 +/- 0.3 L/min), left ventricular end-diastolic volume decreased by 31% (p less than 0.01), left ventricular septal-free wall diameter decreased by 7% (p less than 0.001), and rate of rise of right ventricular peak positive pressure declined by 13% (p less than 0.05). The corresponding slope and x intercept of the right ventricular stroke work/end-diastolic volume relationship during full unloading of left ventricular assist device were 2.3 +/- 0.3 X 0.3 X 10(4) erg/ml and 14.3 +/- 4.8 ml, respectively; these values were not significantly different from control values (p greater than 0.5). Additionally, analysis of right ventricular end-diastolic pressure-volume relationships suggested improved right ventricular chamber compliance, although the effects were small and did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.10). These data imply that marked alterations in biventricular geometry accompanying left ventricular volume unloading by the left ventricular assist device in a normal heart do not significantly alter right ventricular performance characteristics.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Mild pressure loading alters right ventricular function in fetal sheep.

Right ventricular function before and during 10 days of mild pressure loading (10 mm Hg increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure) was compared with right ventricular function in unloaded near-term fetal sheep. Pressure loading did not alter fetal arterial blood gases or vascular pressures. The right ventricular function curve (stroke volume versus mean right atrial pressure) was not significantly altered by loading. However, the relation between right ventricular stroke volume and increased arterial pressure was dramatically shifted upward, indicating improved ventricular function after the 10-day loading period. Normalized free wall of the loaded right ventricles became thicker (1.2 +/- 0.2 versus 0.9 +/- 0.2 mm/kg, p less than 0.01) and heavier (2.7 +/- 0.4 g/kg versus 2.2 +/- 0.4 g/kg, p less than 0.05) than control, and the ratio of the equatorial radius of curvature to wall thickness decreased (3.2 +/- 0.5 versus 4.5 +/- 0.9, p less than 0.005). Left ventricular free wall and septal weights and thicknesses were not significantly changed. The in vitro diastolic pressure-volume curves of both ventricular chambers of loaded hearts shifted to the left, indicating smaller ventricles than controls at physiological filling pressures. These data suggest the transduction of right ventricular loading effects to the left ventricle. Improved right ventricular function after loading is predicted by the law of Laplace based on the decreased radius of curvature-to-wall thickness ratio.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Right ventricular function and metabolism.

Right ventricular protection may be limited with current methods of cardioplegic delivery. Sensitive measurements of right and left ventricular function and metabolism were made in 30 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery with cold cardioplegic arrest. Myocardial adenine nucleotide concentrations decreased with cardioplegia and reperfusion in both the right and left ventricles despite adequate levels of precursors, suggesting perioperative mitochondrial dysfunction. Postoperatively, right and left ventricular pressures were measured with micromanometer catheters and volumes were measured by nuclear ventriculography. Right and left ventricular systolic elastance was calculated by the isochronic method and by the end-systolic method. Both methods provided sensitive indexes of end-systolic elastance. This study demonstrated that right ventricular function and metabolism can be evaluated by methods analogous to methods used in the left ventricle. These results suggest that right ventricular functional and metabolic recovery are delayed despite apparently adequate myocardial protection. Sensitive measurements may permit improved assessment of alternative methods of right ventricular protection.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1991

Differential effects on right ventricular function of transient right, left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary occlusions during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Right ventricular function was studied by means of a thermodilution catheter before, during and after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the proximal right (group 1, n = 8), left anterior descending (group 2, n = 8) or left circumflex (group 3, n = 8) coronary artery. All patients had evidence of myocardial ischemia, with single-vessel disease affecting the proximal segment of one of the three major coronary arteries; no patient had had a previous myocardial infarction and all had normal cardiac function at baseline study. Cardiac index decreased during balloon inflation. Mean pulmonary artery pressure was unaffected in group 1 but increased in group 2 (from 19 +/- 5 to 31 +/- 11 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) and in group 3 (from 19 +/- 2 to 22 +/- 5 mm Hg, p less than 0.05). Right ventricular ejection fraction decreased from 62 +/- 9% to 52 +/- 10% (p less than 0.01) in group 1 and from 64 +/- 7% to 44 +/- 10% (p less than 0.005) in group 2, and returned to normal within 2 min after balloon deflation in both groups. In group 3, right ventricular ejection fraction was unchanged during balloon inflation (58 +/- 5% at baseline, 58 +/- 9% at 60 s, p = NS). Therefore, brief occlusion of the proximal segments of the left anterior descending or right coronary artery results in marked alteration of right ventricular performance that is probably caused by right ventricular free wall ischemia in the right coronary group and by the concomitant effects of septal ischemia and increased right ventricular afterload in the left anterior descending artery group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed1987

Potentiation of right ventricular function at a reduced workload: a potential pitfall in assessing right ventricular function by exercise radionuclide ventriculography.

Right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) determinations at rest (R) and exercise (E) are a means of demonstrating exercise-induced RV dysfunction. Not all patients are able to maintain peak (P) cardiac workloads during a gated RVEF study or, if a first-pass study is performed, for multiple acquisitions. Reductions from P cardiac workloads have been shown to potentiate LV function; however, the effect on RVEF has not been studied. Supine exercise radionuclide ventriculography was performed on 26 patients: nine normal subjects and 17 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (greater than 50% stenosis of one or more coronary artery). Gated RVEF's were obtained from sequential left anterior oblique views obtained at R, P, and at a workload reduced approximately 40% from P work levels postpeak (PP). In normals, RVEFs were at R, P, and PP 27, 38 and 44. In CAD patient RVEFs were 31, 35 and 39, at R, P, and PP, respectively. The conclusions are that RVEF improves from rest to PP exercise levels in normal subjects and in CAD patients and from P to PP levels in normal subjects. This improvement must be considered in interpreting exercise RV studies to aid in the detection of patients with CAD.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Coronary reserve and right ventricular function in awake newborn lambs with persistent right ventricular hypertension.

Right ventricular function curves as measured by right ventricular stroke work were normal in all control lambs, whereas three of five lambs with banded pulmonary arteries had relatively flat curves. Left ventricular function was similarly normal in the control group as compared to a near zero slope function curve in the banded group. Regional myocardial blood flow to the septum and right and left ventricles was similar in control and banded lambs. At rest right ventricular coronary vascular resistance was lower in the banded than in the control group and decreased in both groups during both isoproterenol and dextran stress states. In general, both groups had a similar ratio of right to left ventricular oxygen supply to demand ratio. These results show first that there is minimal, if any, biventricular functional reserve in lambs with persistent right ventricular hypertension, and second, that there is substantial coronary vascular reserve in both normal and banded groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Myocardial temperature during cardiac operations: influence on right ventricular function.

Maintenance of right heart integrity is frequently neglected during coronary operations. Right ventricular dysfunction sometimes limits the success of the surgical procedure, however. In addition to the use of cardioplegic solutions, myocardial hypothermia during ischemic cardiac arrest seems to be an important factor for guaranteeing right ventricular performance thereafter. This study was designed to measure myocardial temperature in patients with coronary artery disease who have significant stenosis of the right coronary artery in comparison with those who do not have stenosis of the right coronary artery and to evaluate the influence of myocardial temperature on right ventricular hemodynamics after cardiopulmonary bypass. Right ventricular function was assessed by thermodilution technique, which allows measurement of right ventricular ejection fraction, right ventricular end-diastolic volume, and right ventricular end-systolic volume. Right ventricular temperature differed significantly between the two groups, with the lowest value of 15.1 degrees +/- 1.8 degrees C in the group without stenosis of the right coronary artery and a value of 22.2 degrees +/- 2.1 degrees C in the group with stenosis of the right coronary artery. Left ventricular and septal temperatures were without group differences within the investigation period. Right ventricular hemodynamics were impaired only in the group with stenosis of the right coronary artery with a decrease in right ventricular ejection fraction from 44.2% to 34.1% immediately after termination of bypass and an increase in right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (+38%) and right ventricular end-systolic volume index (+70%). Cardiac index decreased only in this group, too (-22.5%). Analysis of covariance revealed a significant correlation only between changes in right ventricular ejection fraction, right ventricular end-diastolic volume, and right ventricular end-systolic volume and the course of right myocardial temperature. It is concluded that right ventricular hypothermia is more difficult to achieve in patients with a diseased right coronary artery. Constant myocardial hypothermia, however, seems to be important in guaranteeing right ventricular function, which easily can be evaluated by the thermodilution technique.

Body Temperature↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of maximal right ventricular function.

After heart transplantation, right ventricular failure can occur because of increased afterload. Previous studies have suggested that the maximal pressure the right ventricle can develop is determined primarily by right ventricular perfusion pressure. However, the interaction of the left ventricle and the pericardium as functional co-determinants of maximal right ventricular function is unknown. This study was undertaken to determine the interaction of the pericardium, left ventricular pressure, and right coronary artery perfusion pressure as potential determinants of maximal right ventricular function. In an acute canine preparation, with progressive pulmonary artery constriction, maximal generated right ventricular pressure was determined over a range of left ventricular systolic pressures. Additional groups of dogs were studied with the right coronary artery cannulated and were maintained at constant perfusion pressure. In all preparations, the maximal pressure the right ventricle could generate was linearly related to left ventricular systolic pressure. Having a closed pericardium markedly enhanced this effect; some effect was present with an open pericardium, although the magnitude of the influence of left ventricular pressure on maximal right ventricular pressure was much less. Maintaining constancy of right coronary artery perfusion pressure, either at high or low values, did not alter these findings nor did it alter the influence of the pericardium. These results suggest that right ventricular perfusion may not be the sole determinant of maximal right ventricular function. Furthermore, with the pericardium open, such as in the posttransplantation state, the left ventricular contribution to maximal right ventricular function may be diminished, increasing vulnerability for right ventricular failure caused by increased afterload.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Pulmonary vasodilatation and augmentation of right ventricular function following terbutaline infusion in severe chronic pulmonary disease.

Twenty patients with a median age of 61 years and a median forced expired volume in 1 s (FEV1) after bronchodilating therapy of 0.55 l were studied in order to measure the effect of intravenous terbutaline on bronchial tone, cardiac function, pulmonary haemodynamics, gas exchange, and oxygen transport capacity during rest and in 10 patients during exercise. Terbutaline infusion during rest resulted in an increase in heart rate from 84 to 103 beats min-1 (P less than 0.01), a decrease in mean systemic arterial pressure from 95 to 80 mmHg (P less than 0.02), an unchanged mean pulmonary arterial pressure (18 mmHg), an increase in cardiac index from 2.89 to 3.86 l min-1 m-2 (P less than 0.01), an increase in right ventricular ejection fraction from 45 to 53% (P less than 0.01), an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction from 63 to 67% (NS), an unchanged arterial oxygen tension, and an increase in calculated oxygen delivery from 533 to 638 ml O2 min-1 m-2 (P less than 0.01). During exercise terbutaline infusion resulted in an increase in heart rate from 108 to 120 beats min-1 (P less than 0.05), a decrease in mean systemic arterial pressure from 117 to 106 mmHg (P less than 0.01), a decrease in mean pulmonary arterial pressure from 29 to 22 mmHg (P less than 0.01), an increase in cardiac index from 4.53 to 4.64 min-1 m-2 (NS), an unchanged arterial oxygen tension, and an increase in the calculated oxygen delivery from 834 to 856 ml O2 min-1 m-2 (NS). It was concluded that terbutaline augments right ventricular function: increases right ventricular ejection fraction and decreases right ventricular end-diastolic volume, and further decreases pulmonary vascular resistance without decreasing arterial oxygen tension, and increases oxygen delivery in patients with chronic pulmonary disease during rest and exercise.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Clinical evaluation of right ventricular function in patients with left ventricular assist device (LVAD).

Right ventricular function (RVF) during LVAD support can be a threat for patient survival. Despite extensive research, RVF and its interference with left heart function is unclear. This study examines RVF in a retrospective analysis of 14 patients. Hemodynamic data were collected, including heart rate (HR), central venous pressure (CVP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), total cardiac output (CO), calculated stroke volume index (SVI) and right ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI). In all patients, CO increased gradually throughout the study period; CVP showed no significant decrease; mPAP and PCWP decreased significantly over the time period; SVI improved and RVSWI increased from the starting level prior to implantation of the LVAD. We conclude that the CO improved with a lowering of the right ventricular afterload combined with a decrease in total circulating volume. The improvement of RVF with LV assist makes this device an option as a bridge to transplant.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1992

Effects of acute, transient coronary occlusion on global and regional right ventricular function in humans.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in right ventricular function during acute coronary occlusion produced by inflating a coronary angioplasty balloon catheter. BACKGROUND: Alterations in right ventricular function are well known to occur in patients with acute myocardial infarction or ischemic cardiomyopathy. However, the changes in right ventricular function resulting from acute, transient coronary occlusion of each of the major coronary arteries have been scantily studied, perhaps because of serious limitations of currently available technology. METHODS: A newly designed, mobile, multiwire gamma camera, in combination with generator-produced tantalum-178, affords high count rate first-pass radionuclide angiography and is thus ideal for studying right ventricular function at the bedside. Accordingly, 46 patients underwent first-pass radionuclide angiography at baseline and during transient coronary occlusion induced by a coronary angioplasty balloon catheter. RESULTS: A significant, albeit modest, decrease in global right ventricular ejection fraction occurred during occlusion of the left anterior descending (from 42.9 +/- 9.3% to 39 +/- 8.7%, p < 0.05) and left circumflex (from 44 +/- 9.1% to 38.8 +/- 7.9%, p = 0.03) coronary arteries, but diagonal artery occlusion caused no significant change in right ventricular ejection fraction. Occlusion of the right coronary artery proximal (but not distal) to the acute marginal branch caused a significant decrease in right ventricular ejection fraction (from 42.6 +/- 4.7% to 35.7 +/- 7.2%, p < 0.01). Although occlusion of the left anterior descending, left circumflex and proximal right coronary arteries all caused significant deterioration in regional right ventricular function, only proximal right coronary occlusion caused right ventricular dilation (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Significant impairment of right ventricular function occurs during transient occlusion of the left anterior descending, left circumflex and proximal right coronary arteries, but only occlusion of the latter causes acute right ventricular dilation, probably as a result of ischemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The effect of acute hypoxia on right ventricular function in healthy adults.

Right ventricular ejection fraction and right ventricular volumes were derived in 12 healthy male subjects using krypton-81m equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography whilst subjects breathed 30% (high inspired oxygen) and then 8-12% oxygen in nitrogen mixture (hypoxia). 'Physiological' tricuspid valve regurgitation was identified in 7 of the subjects by Doppler echocardiography, and right ventricular peak systolic pressure was estimated during high inspired oxygen and during hypoxia. Mean right ventricular peak systolic pressure was 24.1 +/- 3.3 mmHg during high inspired oxygen and increased to 41.3 +/- 8.4 mmHg during hypoxia (P less than 0.01). Mean right ventricular ejection fraction was 0.612 +/- 0.075 during high inspired oxygen and was unchanged at 0.590 +/- 0.073 during hypoxia. There was no significant change in right ventricular end-diastolic volume or stroke volume in response to hypoxia. The systolic performance of the normal right ventricle is well-maintained during an acute rise in afterload induced by hypoxia.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of right ventricular function by regional wall motion analysis in patients after correction of tetralogy of Fallot. Comparison of transventricular and nontransventricular repairs.

Right ventricular function was assessed by regional wall motion analysis and by global function in 62 patients after repair for tetralogy of Fallot. Its relation to surgical procedures, with special attention to right ventriculotomy, was investigated. Patients were classified as follows: group Ia (n = 17), transpulmonary-transatrial repair without right ventriculotomy; group Ib (n = 22), transpulmonary-transatrial repair with minimal right ventriculotomy and small transannular patch; and group II (n = 23), transventricular repair with or without transannular patch. For regional wall motion analysis, fractional area change was used for three anterior parts obtained from hemiaxis area analysis of the lateral right ventriculogram. Ejection fractions were used for global right ventricular function. Functional assessment was done both at rest and during isoproterenol infusion, which is a stress test to evaluate cardiac functional reserve. At rest, group Ia showed better right ventricular anterior wall motion as well as global ejection fraction than did group II. Group Ib showed a global ejection fraction comparable to group Ia, with better regional wall motion in the middle anterior part of the right ventricle despite the depressed upper and lower anterior parts of the right ventricle. Group II showed depressed wall motion of the middle anterior part and the resultant impaired global ejection fraction. During isoproterenol infusion, group Ia showed significant increase in fractional area change of all anterior parts and in global ejection fraction. Group Ib showed significant increases in fractional area change at the middle and lower parts and in global ejection fraction comparable with group Ia. Otherwise, group II showed no significant change in fractional area change, or in global ejection fraction, at the upper and middle parts. These results indicated that transpulmonary-transatrial repair for tetralogy of Fallot provided better postoperative global right ventricular function and its reserve, with less impaired regional wall motion, than did the transventricular repair.

Cardiac Catheterization↗
PubMed1991

[Prognostic significance of radionuclide-assessed right ventricular function in dilated cardiomyopathy].

To assess the prognostic significance of right ventricular function in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), we studied consecutive 57 DCM patients. There were 41 men and 16 women, whose mean age was 48 ys. (range 3-68 ys.). The mean LVEF in all patients was 29 +/- 11%, and the mean interval from the onset of symptom of cardiac failure (CHF history) was 4 ys. (range 0-33 ys.). With follow-up of 3.8 ys., five patients had died until the first year, and 14 had died until the third year. By using multivariate regression analysis, there were no prognostic significance in clinical parameters such as age, CHF history, sex, atrial fibrillation, except for NYHA class, and medication at the third year. In survival curves according to Kaplan-Meier method, RVEF and mean PA had predictive value (p less than 0.05), while LVEF did not. The patients with RVEF less than 45% had poor survival rate compared to those with RVEF greater than or equal to 45%. The patients with RVEF less than 45% showed lower LVEF and LVESVI. RVEF may offer prognostic predictive value through the effect of not only mean PA but also left ventricular parameter. In conclusion, radionuclide assessment of right ventricular function should be valuable for the prognostic evaluation of DCM patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Retrograde coronary sinus cardioplegia in myocardial revascularization: hemodynamic evaluation of the influence on the right-ventricular function.

The problem of the efficacy of right-ventricular protection with retrograde coronary sinus cardioplegia is studied. Sixty patients undergoing myocardial revascularization were prospectively assigned to receive cold St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegia into the aortic root (30 patients) or retrogradely in the coronary sinus (30 patients). The two groups were similar concerning preoperative and operative data. The hemodynamic recovery postoperatively was good in both groups, the increase of the heart rate, the decrease of the mean aortic pressure and the right-ventricular stroke-work index were not significantly different in the two groups. However, right atrial pressure increased significantly (p less than 0.001) in patients who received cardioplegia anterogradely and decreased, but not significantly, in the retrograde group. The data suggest that the decrease of the right-ventricular stroke-work index in the anterograde group is related to a depressed contractility and in the group with retrograde delivery of cardioplegia to a decreased preload. There were no differences between the groups with respect to clinical outcome. We conclude that retrograde delivery of cardioplegia results in an excellent protection of the right-ventricular function in elective myocardial revascularization.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Quantitative evaluation of right ventricular function by transesophageal echocardiography: report of a case with classical right ventricular infarction].

We were able to diagnose right ventricular infarction (RVI) by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in a patient with acute inferior infarction, and it was confirmed by cardiac catheterization. To evaluate right ventricular (RV) function quantitatively, area shortening (AS) and regional AS (rAS) were measured from RV images obtained by TEE. The AS correlated with RV ejection fraction obtained by radionuclide angiography (r = 0.72). The patient with RVI showed depressed RV function by AS measurement with decreased rASs of all regions in the acute phase. In the chronic phase, RV function of the patient improved, especially in the region of the ventricular septum and apex regions. These results indicate availability of TEE and that RV function can be evaluated by TEE.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Right ventricular function in retrograde cardioplegia for myocardial protection--an experimental study].

Anterior cardiac veins which are the main drainage vessels of the right ventricle drain directly into the right atrium. Therefore, the right ventricular wall may not be perfused effectively during open heart surgery by the use of retrograde cardioplegic method resulting in postoperative right ventricular dysfunction. Seventeen mongrel dogs were subjected to this study and were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass using a conventional heart-lung machine. Total aortic cross-clamping time was 60 minutes in all dogs. In Group I (n = 6), 4 degrees C St. Thomas' Hospital solution (15 ml/kg body weight) was injected into the aortic root by the use of a syringe. Cardioplegic solution was replenished every 20 minutes with a half of the initial dose (7.5 ml/kg body weight). Group II (n = 6) were the dogs with the retrograde cardioplegia in which 4 degrees C St. Thomas' Hospital solution (15 ml/kg body weight) was given retrogradely from the coronary sinus by the drip method at the height of 60 cm, and the replenishing dose and interval of cardioplegia were the same as Group I. Group III (n = 5) was the dogs treated with retrograde cardioplegia identical to Group II and the combined use of topical cooling with ice-slush. The hearts were resuscitated after 60 minutes of aortic cross-clamping. Right ventricular functions such as cardiac output, right atrial pressure, right ventricular end-diastolic pressure, right ventricular max dp/dt, and shortening fraction of the right ventricle were measured 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after cardiac resuscitation respectively. In Group II, right atrial pressure was significantly elevated from the control value 15 and 30 minutes after cardiac resuscitation. On the other hand, all indices of right ventricular functions in Group III showed insignificant changes. The present experimental study demonstrated the retrograde cardioplegic method could produce right ventricular perfusion resulting in right ventricular dysfunction early after cardiac resuscitation. This deleterious effect however could be prevented by the combined use of topical cooling of the right ventricle with ice-slush.

Animals↗