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PubMed1990

Validation and cross-validation of the PTSD subscale of the MMPI with civilian trauma victims.

The 49-item MMPI PTSD Subscale, developed and validated with Vietnam combat veterans, was administered to validation and cross-validation samples of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients who had experienced non-military traumatic events and to psychiatric controls (total N = 69). Using a cutting score of 19, derived from the validation sample only, the PTSD subscale correctly classified 87% of all validation subjects and 88% of all cross-validation subjects. Results strongly support the utility of MMPI assessment of PTSD with civilian trauma victims as one component of a broad assessment strategy.

Accidents↗

PubMed2026

Content validity, face validity and comprehensiveness of generic quality-of-life measures in adults and children with rare genetic conditions and their carers: a think aloud qualitative study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to assess the content validity, face validity and comprehensiveness of the: (a) EQ-5D-5L, EQ-HWB, and ASCOT SCT4, for adults with rare genetic conditions; (b) the EQ-5D-5L, EQ-HWB, and ASCOT-carer for carers of adults or children with rare genetic conditions; and (c) the EQ-5D-Y-5L carer proxy-complete for children with rare genetic conditions. METHODS: In total, 60 qualitative think-aloud interviews were conducted in Australia and England to understand individuals' thought process during the completion of the QoL measures. Participants were subsequently led through a semi-structured discussion. Transcripts were analysed for whether participants demonstrated understanding of the measures and thematic analysis was conducted on responses to the semi-structured discussion. RESULTS: The majority of participants showed good understanding and supported the validity of the measures for people experiencing rare conditions. For carers, however, a broader evaluative space than health-related QoL was preferred. Several non-health domains were identified as important to both patients and carers, including treatment availability, impact on employment and finance, information and uncertainty, medication and carer burden, impact of passing on a condition, relationships and social connection, and experience with the healthcare system. CONCLUSION: This study provides some support for the face validity and comprehensiveness of the measures for people experiencing rare conditions. However, several participants felt that the narrow health domains were inadequate to capture the breadth of their lived experience. Future research should explore the extent to which the measures capture differences and changes in the QoL domains identified as important to patients and carers.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

Concurrent validity of the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale: mixed-group validation.

The concurrent validity of the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC) was assessed using the mixed-group validation procedure described by Dawes and Meehl (1966). Using mixed groups consisting of different proportions of individuals likely to become alcoholic, classified according to their family histories of probable alcohol abuse, the proportions of subjects exceeding various MAC cutting scores were observed. Depending upon the base rates that were assumed, validity coefficients ranging from .82 to 1.02 were obtained when a MAC cutting score of 24 was used. These values are comparable to concurrent validity estimates obtained using known alcoholics.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The quest for better validation: a critical comparison of the AAMI and BHS validation protocols for ambulatory blood pressure measurement systems.

Two validation procedures are currently available for the evaluation of ambulatory blood pressure measurement systems--the standard of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) and the protocol of the British Hypertension Society (BHS). Both are in the process of revision. Four systems for measuring 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure--SpaceLabs 90207, Novacor DIASYS 200, Del Mar Avionics Pressurometer IV, and Takeda TM-2420--were evaluated according to the BHS protocol, which incorporates many of the features of the AAMI standard, under similar conditions by the same personnel and in the same subjects, so as to examine the relative merits of the two evaluation procedures. Three recorders of each model were subjected to a before-use inter-device variability test, followed by an in-use phase and an after-use inter-device variability test. The main validation test was carried out in 86 subjects with a wide range of pressures, the results being analyzed according to the BHS grading system and the AAMI validation criteria. The SpaceLabs 90207 and the DIASYS 200 achieved B and C grades, respectively, according to the BHS protocol and also satisfied the AAMI criteria for accuracy. The Pressurometer IV achieved a Grade C rating for systolic pressure and a Grade D rating for diastolic pressure and the Takeda TM-2420 achieved Grade D ratings for both systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Both these devices failed to fulfil the AAMI criteria for accuracy and both failed to function in the main validation test and had to be replaced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ambulatory Care↗

PubMed1988

Retaining qualitative validity while gaining quantitative reliability and validity: development of the Transition to Parenthood Concerns Scale.

This article raises issues about the retention of qualitative validity while establishing psychometric estimates of reliability and validity for a scale that was developed from inductively generated concepts to assess and evaluate the learning needs and concerns of expectant parents in the trimester before their baby's birth. A set of practical procedures for pilot testing qualitatively based scales is described. The three procedures, which provide estimates of clarity, apparent internal consistency, and content validity, preserve the assumptions underlying qualitative methods. The ratings from these procedures have provided a base for item and scale revisions and formal quantitative testing.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ethical issues surrounding informed consent. Part II. Components of a morally valid consent and conditions that impair its validity.

To be valid, a consent must be given by a person who has received all relevant information, is competent, has not been coerced into agreement or refusal, and is not emotionally overwhelmed. Persons who have received incomplete information, are incompetent, have been coerced, or are psychodynamically overcome cannot give valid consent or refusal. HCPs who accept consents or refusals from such patients do not act in accordance with the ethical foundations and goals the practice was designed to promote. Nursing plays a crucial role in assuring the validity of informed consent/refusal. This role will be examined in Part III of this series.

Decision Making↗

PubMed1986

Development and validation of personal monitoring methods for low levels of acrylonitrile in workplace atmosphere: II. Thermal desorption and field validation.

Thermal desorption is a more sensitive alternative to solvent desorption for the determination of acrylonitrile in air. A dual-bed collection tube (Tenax GC and Carbosieve B) was developed for collecting and concentrating low levels of acrylonitrile. Two thermal desorption techniques were evaluated for the recovery of acrylonitrile collected on the dual-bed tubes over a concentration range from 0.05 to 5 ppm. A commercially-available system, the Century Programmable Thermal Desorption Unit, was easy to operate, allowed for multiple injections of the sample and had a recovery of 82 +/- 12% (RSD). Samples were stored for up to two months without affecting the recovery and there was not an observable effect from humidity or from the presence of other organic compounds. This system was found to have limitations at acrylonitrile concentrations above 1 ppm. A field validation study tested the sampling and analytical methods developed for monitoring low levels of acrylonitrile in the workplace. Three methods employing Pittsburgh Coconut-Base activated charcoal, Ambersorb XE-348 and Tenax-GC and Carbosieve B sampling mediums were validated for concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 5 ppm and confirmed in the field from 0.02 to 3 ppm in tests conducted at plant sites. These field studies were run over varying humidity and temperature conditions. The overall absolute recoveries and relative standard deviations found for these methods found during the field trials are 90 +/- 18% for charcoal; 85 +/- 11% for Ambersorb XE-348; and 90 +/- 19% for the Century dual-bed sorbent. These values were in quite good agreement with the 91 +/- 10%, 88 +/- 8%, and 82 +/- 12% determined in laboratory studies.

Acrylonitrile↗

PubMed1989

On the measurement of tobacco use by adolescents. Validity of self-reports of smokeless tobacco use and validity of cotinine as an indicator of cigarette smoking.

This study assessed the validity of self-reports of smokeless tobacco use by adolescents and the validity of cotinine as a measure of adolescent cigarette smoking. For a sample of 1,854 persons aged 12-14 years living in the southeastern United States in 1985, a combination of three biochemical measures (salivary cotinine, salivary thiocyanate, and alveolar carbon monoxide) and self-reports of cigarette smoking were used to identify subjects who used only smokeless tobacco and subjects who did not use smokeless tobacco. The sensitivity and specificity of self-reports of smokeless tobacco use were 40.8% and 97.9%, respectively. It was determined that of the 175 subjects who ordinarily would be considered smokers because they had salivary cotinine levels greater than or equal to 10 ng/ml, 43.4% used only smokeless tobacco.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Comment on the validity of Watson et al.'s "Do alcoholics give valid self-reports?".

This is a critique of a study by Watson et al. on the validity of alcoholics' self-reports that suggested that clinical researchers and clinicians abandon the use of such data for now. It is shown, however, through an analysis of the rationale, procedures and data analyses reported by Watson et al., that their conclusions are not warranted. It is argued that the use of a situational and convergent validity approach to the collection and interpretation of self-report data is likely to continue to be a productive research and clinical strategy.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1990

Development and validation of an index for scoring baseline respiratory disease in the very low birth weight neonate. Severity Index Development and Validation Panels and Newborn Lung Project.

An accurate description of the population at risk for neonatal chronic lung disease is clearly of prime importance for comparative studies and the planning of interventions. Attempts to explain variations in chronic lung disease rates in such studies have been compromised by lack of a way of estimating the severity of the initial pulmonary disease as a risk factor. Therefore, a severity index was developed for use in very low birth weight (less than 1501 g) neonates. Special emphasis was placed on applicability of the index in the multicenter observational setting. Development followed a clinician panel approach, with the resulting index designed to capture clinical judgment of severity. The index was validated prospectively on neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit, and retrospectively using charts from nine hospitals nationwide. Correlations of the index with clinical judgment in the two samples were .95 and .93, respectively. In an additional validation the index combined with birth weight correctly predicted oxygen dependence status at 30 days in 36 of 42 neonates consecutively admitted to five neonatal intensive care units (P = .002). Birth weight and the severity index contributed about equally to the prediction, and therefore they seem to represent partly independent components of baseline propensity for prolonged oxygen dependence.

Apgar Score↗

PubMed1978

The Peer Preference Test as a measure of reward value: item analysis, cross-validation, concurrent validation, and replication.

Thirty-six preschoolers were administered and retested on a 15-item Peer Preference Test designed to measure the reward value of peers for each child. Test-retest reliability was .88, and after item analyses, 12 items were maintained in the test. The revised test was then administered to 29 other preschoolers. Test-retest reliability was .77, and item analyses indicated that each item made a significant contribution to the overall test. Concurrent validation of the test was demonstrated using both a picture sociometric and a behavioral measure. In addition, the Evers-Pasquale and Sherman (1975) study was replicated, using 10 preschool social isolates.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1991

Development and validation of a protocol for field validation of passive dosimeters for ethylene oxide excursion limit monitoring.

An exposure and analysis protocol is described for the field validation of passive dosimeters for ethylene oxide (EtO) excursion limit monitoring. The protocol calls for the use of a field exposure chamber with concurrent sampling using Tedlar air-sampling bags. The bags are analyzed immediately after sampling by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The chamber design allows all monitors to be exposed for the exact same time in the field. The sampling and analysis procedure not only determines the actual concentration of EtO present during the monitor's exposure but estimates if concentrations of EtO vary from point to point in the monitor array during the exposure. In chamber operation, the accuracy of the standard generator used to calibrate the GC-FID was independently verified in the field by the standard additions method. The sampling bias of the sampling train was determined to be -3.5% in the 2.4 ppm to 14.3 ppm concentration range. To estimate the stability of collected EtO samples in Tedlar bags, the rate of EtO loss in the bags was determined to be 0.011 ppm/hr at 2.57 ppm and 0.066 ppm/hr at 8.07 ppm. Sampling bias of the passive methods by additional EtO exposure of the monitors in the closed chamber after sampling and during purging was determined to be +1.5%. The Tedlar bag sampling method with subsequent GC-FID determination demonstrated a coefficient of variation of 1.8% at 2.43 ppm.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMed1985

Validation of attenuation-corrected equilibrium radionuclide angiographic determinations of right ventricular volume: comparison with cast-validated biplane cineventriculography.

To determine the accuracy of attenuation-corrected equilibrium radionuclide angiographic determinations of right ventricular volumes, we initially studied 14 postmortem human right ventricular casts by water displacement and biplane cineventriculography. Biplane cineventriculographic right ventricular cast volumes, calculated by a modification of Simpson's rule algorithm, correlated well with right ventricular cast volumes measured by water displacement (r = .97, y = 8 + 0.88x, SEE = 6 ml). Moreover, the mean volumes obtained by both methods were no different (73 +/- 28 vs 73 +/- 25 ml). Subsequently, we studied 16 patients by both biplane cineventriculography and equilibrium radionuclide angiography. The uncorrected radionuclide right ventricular volumes were calculated by normalizing background corrected end-diastolic and end-systolic counts from hand-drawn regions of interest obtained by phase analysis for cardiac cycles processed, frame rate, and blood sample counts. Attenuation correction was performed by a simple geometric method. The attenuation-corrected radionuclide right ventricular end-diastolic volumes correlated with the cineventriculographic end-diastolic volumes (r = .91, y = 3 + 0.92x, SEE = 27 ml). Similarly, the attenuation-corrected radionuclide right ventricular end-systolic volumes correlated with the cineventriculographic end-systolic volumes (r = .93, y = - 1 + 0.91x, SEE = 16 ml). Also, the mean attenuation-corrected radionuclide end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were no different than the average cineventriculographic end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (160 +/- 61 and 83 +/- 44 vs 170 +/- 61 and 86 +/- 43 ml, respectively). Comparison of the uncorrected and attenuation-corrected radionuclide right ventricular volumes demonstrated narrower 95% confidence intervals for the attentuation-corrected right ventricular volume determinations over a wide range of cineventriculographic volumes. Thus we conclude that: (1) attenuation-corrected radionuclide right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes compare closely with those obtained by a cast-validated biplane cineventriculographic method and (2) attenuation-corrected radionuclide right ventricular volumes correspond more closely to determinations of biplane cineventriculographic right ventricular volumes and are thus likely to be more accurate than uncorrected radionuclide right ventricular volumes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Validation of an imaging system: steps to evaluate and validate a microscope imaging system for quantitative studies.

The processing methods described in this article are general and can be used with any computer with adequate software without reference to a specific experimental apparatus. To achieve appropriately corrected images, the operations must be performed correctly and in a specific order to extract meaningful information from digital images. The operations are subtraction of the dark current, a shading correction after low pass filtering of the shading mask, a geometric correction with a reference grid obtained at the longest wavelength of interest, and finally registration. Since the digital data sets are too large for manual evaluation, statistical criteria must be used to define the analytical capabilities and error limits of the system before the more interesting cellular studies can be undertaken.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1979