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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Serologic response in dogs after a mass primary antirabies vaccination (inactivated vaccine) at Pikine Dakar (Senegal)].

Mass antirabic vaccination campaign, allowed in 1987, the immunization of 514 pet dogs against rabies at Pikine, a suburban area of Dakar. Dogs received one subcutaneous dose of inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine (RABISIN, Rhône Mérieux France). Mean antibodies titles in ELISA on days 30, 180 and 360 after vaccination, are respectively 4.78; 1.55 and 0.25 IU/ml. In the same time the proportions of protected animals are 74%, 81% and 7%. This results is compared with those obtained in other countries. The rapid decrease of antibodies suggest the role of poor general health of animals such as malnutrition, infections, external and internal parasitemia.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Reduction in mortality from heartwater in cattle, sheep and goats exposed to field challenge using an inactivated vaccine.

Inactivated vaccines for heartwater prepared with the commercially acceptable Montanide ISA 50 (ISA 50) adjuvant were field tested in Boer goats in Botswana, Angora goats in South Africa, and Merino sheep in Zambia and Zimbabwe. Two vaccines, one made using the Zimbabwean Mbizi isolate and the other using the respective local field isolate (Sunnyside in Botswana; Bathurst in South Africa; Lutale in Zambia), were tested at each site, except in Zimbabwe where only the Mbizi vaccine was tested. Compared with unvaccinated animals, the Mbizi vaccine significantly protected goats and sheep against field Amblyomma tick challenge in Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe (P = 0.018, 0.002 and 0.017, respectively), but failed to protect Angora goats in South Africa. However, in South Africa the vaccine prepared using the local field isolate Bathurst, induced significant protection (P=0.008). The vaccines containing the local isolates at all other sites were less protective than the Mbizi vaccine. The Mbizi inactivated vaccine also significantly protected 17 of 21 cattle (P = 0.05) against heartwater challenge from field ticks in Zimbabwe. Against the same challenge only 7 of 21 unvaccinated control cattle survived. This study demonstrates that heartwater is a major constraint to upgrading livestock in endemic areas, and caused an overall mortality of 77.6% in naive sheep and goats (97 of 125 died) and 67% in cattle (14 of 21 died). In contrast, the vaccine had a protective effect by reducing the overall mortality in sheep and goats to 54.3% (113 of 208 died) and to 19% in cattle (4 of 21 died).

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed1986

Immunity to influenza A virus infection in young children: a comparison of natural infection, live cold-adapted vaccine, and inactivated vaccine.

Live attenuated, cold-adapted (ca) influenza A vaccines administered intranasally have been well characterized as safe and immunogenic, but comparative data on protective efficacy are required for further development. In this study, 59 young children were divided into the following four groups based on prior exposure to influenza A (H3N2) virus: natural infection, live ca vaccine given intranasally, inactivated vaccine given im, and no previous exposure. Virus challenge with homologous live ca vaccine occurred 12 months after vaccination or natural infection. Prior natural infection and live ca vaccine significantly reduced ca virus shedding after challenge compared with inactivated vaccine or no prior exposure to influenza A virus. Prechallenge nasal IgA, detected almost exclusively in subjects naturally infected or vaccinated with live ca virus, was associated with protection. Although inactivated vaccine failed to produce significant local IgA during the primary response, it seemed to prime for secondary local antibody responses after challenge with live ca virus.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1998

Effects of endobronchial challenge with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 9 of pigs vaccinated with inactivated vaccines containing the Apx toxins.

The efficacy of two inactivated vaccines containing the Apx toxins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (Hemopig, Biokema, Lausanne, Switzerland and Porcilis App, Intervet, Boxmeer, the Netherlands) was determined. Ten pigs were vaccinated twice with Hemopig and eight pigs with Porcilis App. Ten control animals were injected twice with a saline solution. Three weeks after the second vaccination, all pigs were endobronchially inoculated with 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) of an A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 9 strain. Increased respiratory rate and/or fever were observed in all vaccinated and control pigs after challenge. One pig of the Hemopig group and of the Porcilis App group died, whereas all pigs of the control group survived the challenge. Surviving pigs were killed at 7 days after challenge. The mean percentage of affected lung tissue was 34% in the control group, 16% in the Hemopig group, and 17% in the Porcilis App group. A. pleuropneumoniae was isolated from the lungs of all 10 control animals, from 7 of the 10 animals vaccinated with Hemopig and from 5 of the 8 animals vaccinated with Porcilis App. The mean bacterial titres of the caudal lung lobes were 1.4 x 10(6) CFU/g in the control group, 1.7 x 10(3) CFU/g in the Hemopig group, and 4.8 x 10(3) CFU/g in the Porcilis App group. In both vaccinated groups the mean number of days with dyspnoea, the mean number of days with fever, the mean percentage of affected lung tissue, and the mean bacterial titre in the caudal lung lobes were significantly lower than in the control group. Significant differences between the two vaccinated groups were not observed. It was concluded that both vaccines induced partial protection.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed2002

Cold-adapted live influenza vaccine versus inactivated vaccine: systemic vaccine reactions, local and systemic antibody response, and vaccine efficacy. A meta-analysis.

Since the 1940s, influenza vaccines are inactivated and purified virus or virus subunit preparations (IIV) administered by the intramuscular route. Since decades, attempts have been made to construct, as an alternative, attenuated live influenza vaccines (LIV) for intranasal administration. Presently, the most successful LIV is derived from the cold-adapted master strains A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) and B/Ann Arbor/1/66 (AA-LIV, for Ann-Arbor-derived live influenza vaccine). It has been claimed that AA-LIV is more efficacious than IIV. In order to assess differences between the two vaccines with respect to systemic reactogenicity, antibody response, and efficacy, we performed a meta-analysis on eighteen randomised comparative clinical trials involving a total of 5000 vaccinees of all ages. Pooled odds ratios (AA-LIV versus IIV) were calculated according to the random effects model. The two vaccines were associated with similarly low frequencies of systemic vaccine reactions (pooled odds ratio: 0.96, 95% confidence interval: 0.74-1.24). AA-LIV induced significantly lower levels of serum haemagglutination inhibiting antibody and significantly greater levels of local IgA antibody (influenza virus-specific respiratory IgA assayed by ELISA in nasal wash specimens) than IIV. Yet, although they predominantly stimulate different antibody compartments, the two vaccines were similarly efficacious in preventing culture-positive influenza illness. In all trials assessing clinical efficacy, the odds ratios were not significantly different from one (point of equivalence). The pooled odds ratio for influenza A-H3N2 was 1.50 (95% CI: 0.80-2.82), and for A-H1N1, 1.03 (95% CI: 0.58-1.82). The choice between the two vaccine types should be based on weighing the advantage of the attractive non-invasive mode of administration of AA-LIV, against serious concerns about the biological risks inherent to large-scale use of infectious influenza virus, in particular the hazard of gene reassortment with non-human influenza virus strains.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

[Study on the strategy of Japanese encephalitis immunization using live attenuated vaccine combined with inactivated vaccine].

OBJECTIVE: Using the advantages of Japanese encephalitis live attenuated and inactivated vaccine, to reduce the rate of immunization reaction and to increase the effect, we conducted a study on the strategy of immunization in Japanese encephalitis using live attenuated vaccine combined with inactivated vaccine. METHODS: Observing the safety and immune effects of different groups. RESULTS: Data on side effect showed that the rate of moderate and severe systematic reactions of the group who were inoculated with combined vaccine was 0.73%, with local reaction 1.46% while the combined rate of moderate and severe systematic reaction of the group who were inoculated with inactivated vaccine was 2.8%. Under the detection of serum neutralizing antibody, the GMT rose from 1:1.05 - 1:3.35 before vaccination to 1:47.34 - 1:101.30 after vaccination in the different groups. Neutralizing antibody was detected in 97.67% of the combined group. There was a significant difference by comparing neutralizing antibody seroconversion rate of the combined group with the inactivated group (chi(2) = 3.89, P < 0.05), but no significant difference with attenuated group (chi(2) = 0.74, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results showed that in children who previously had been immunized with two doses of inactivated vaccine, the booster administration of live attenuated vaccine was both effective and safe.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2004

From lethal virus to life-saving vaccine: developing inactivated vaccines for pandemic influenza.

Over the past eight years, cases of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have raised international concern that we could be on the brink of a global influenza pandemic. Many of these human infections have proved fatal and if the viruses had been able to transmit efficiently from person to person, the effects would have been devastating. How can we arm ourselves against this pandemic threat when these viruses are too dangerous to use in conventional vaccine production? Recent technological developments (reverse genetics) have allowed us to manipulate the influenza virus genome so that we can construct safe, high-yielding vaccine strains. However, the transition of reverse-genetic technologies from the research laboratory to the manufacturing environment has presented new challenges for vaccine manufacturers as well as veterinary and public health authorities.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1990

Detection of African horsesickness (AHS) in recently vaccinated horses with inactivated vaccine in Qatar.

Two 7-year old Arabian racing horses were reported to show typical AHS symptoms in Qatar and died shortly after. The horses had been vaccinated with formol inactivated vaccine approximately 10 days before the onset of the disease. Blood samples from these horses were collected and AHS virus isolated from one sample after intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation into suckling mice. The virus identity was confirmed by complement fixation test (CFT) using the virus antigen and reference type 9 of AHS virus hyperimmune serum. The serotype of the isolated virus was identified by serum neutralization test (SNT) using reference types of AHS virus. Two possibilities of the original source of this infection were suggested. The infection might be due first to the natural endemic occurrence of the virus in the country and secondly, to the presence of residual infectious virus in the inactivated vaccine.

African Horse Sickness↗
PubMed1997

Virological protection of sows upon challenge with Aujeszky's disease virus after multiple vaccinations with attenuated or inactivated vaccines.

The frequency with which sows are vaccinated during eradication programmes has been determined rather arbitrarily in the past, without the necessary scientific support. In the present study the efficacy of repeated vaccinations against Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) with two inactivated vaccines and with one attenuated ADV-strain (Bartha) suspended in either oil-in-water or saline was evaluated in 40 breeding sows originating from five farms by the assessment of the clinical and virological protection upon an experimental challenge. Sows with two different histories of number of booster vaccinations after a base immunization were selected: young sows which had received 1-3 booster vaccinations and old sows which had received 8-10 booster vaccinations. Two seronegative and two gE-positive sows were included as controls. After challenge, clinical signs such as anorexia and fever were observed in the two seronegative sows and only in four out of the 18 sows which had repeatedly been vaccinated with inactivated vaccines. The mean duration of virus excretion significantly differed (P < 0.05) between the experimental groups. In seronegative sows, virus shedding lasted for 12.5 days. This period was reduced to 6.8-7.9 days in the groups of sows vaccinated with inactivated vaccines having no effect by the number of booster vaccinations and type of vaccine. In the groups of sows vaccinated with Bartha vaccine, challenge virus was detected during 3.7-5.3 days when revaccinated 1-3 times. A reduction to 0.7-1.2 days was obtained with a higher number of boosters (8-10) but only when the vaccine virus was suspended in o/w. Considering the mean cumulative values of virus excretion (area under the curve) it can be stated that sows frequently vaccinated with inactivated vaccines excrete significantly (P < 0.05) higher amounts of virus (26.0-31.5) than sows frequently vaccinated with attenuated ones (1.6-23.7). We may conclude from the present data that the attenuated vaccine virus Bartha, especially when suspended in o/w is superior to inactivated vaccines for inducing clinical and virological protection of sows in the field during their whole breeding period.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bivalent influenza vaccination with inactivated vaccines administered by nasal or oral route.

Influenza vaccinations were performed either by administration of a bivalent A2 + B vaccine, or by successive application of monovalent B and A2 vaccines. During an influenza epidemic caused by an A2 strain, the following observations could be made: a) the best efficiency (no influenza cases) was recorded in adults and aged persons (over 65 years) irrespective of the vaccination scheme; b) in schoolchildren the best results (no influenza cases) were obtained in the lot having received monovalent A2 vaccine, and in the lot vaccinated nasally with monovalent B vaccine and 14 days later with monovalent A vaccine.

Administration, Intranasal↗