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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and labour induction in late pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Although not yet registered for such use, misoprostol has been widely used for obstetric and gynaecological indications, such as induction of abortion and of labour. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of vaginal misoprostol for third trimester cervical ripening or induction of labour. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and reference lists of articles were searched. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials comparing vaginal misoprostol with other methods of cervical ripening or labour induction, placebo or no treatment in women due for third trimester induction of labour. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trial quality assessment and data extraction were done by both reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-six studies were included. Compared to placebo, misoprostol was associated with increased cervical ripening (relative risk of unfavourable or unchanged cervix after 12 to 24 hours with misoprostol 0.20, 95% confidence interval 0.07 to 0.61). It was also associated with a reduced need for oxytocin (relative risk 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.23 to 0.96). Misoprostol was more effective than prostaglandin E2 for labour induction (relative risk of failure to achieve vaginal delivery in 24 hours 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.62 to 0.79). Oxytocin augmentation was used less often with misoprostol than with prostaglandin E2 (relative risk 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.58 to 0.71). Uterine hyperstimulation and meconium stained liquor were more common with misoprostol than with prostaglandin E2. Lower doses of misoprostol compared to higher doses did not show significant differences except for more need for oxytocin augmentation and less uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal misoprostol appears to be more effective in inducing labour than conventional methods of cervical ripening and labour induction. The apparent increase in uterine hyperstimulation is of concern. The studies were not large enough to exclude the possibility of rare but serious adverse effects.

Cervical Ripening↗
PubMed2000

Anterior vaginal repair for urinary incontinence in women.

BACKGROUND: Anterior vaginal repair (anterior colporrhaphy) is an operation traditionally used for moderate or severe stress urinary incontinence in women. About a third of adult women experience urinary incontinence. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of anterior vaginal repair (anterior colporrhaphy) on stress or mixed urinary incontinence in comparison with other management options. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group's trials register, and the reference lists of relevant articles. Date of most recent search: March 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised trials that included anterior vaginal repair for the treatment of urinary incontinence. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Both reviewers independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. One trial investigator was contacted for additional information. MAIN RESULTS: Five trials were identified which included 208 women having an anterior vaginal repair and 400 who received comparison interventions. A single small trial provided insufficient evidence to assess anterior repair in comparison with physical therapy. The performance of anterior repair in comparison with needle suspension appeared similar but clinically important differences could not be confidently ruled out. No trials compared anterior repair with sling or laparoscopic interventions, or compared alternative vaginal operations. Anterior repair was less effective than abdominal retropubic suspension based on patient-reported cure rates in four trials both in the short-term (failure rate within first year after anterior repair 48/198, 24% vs 30/266, 11%; RR 2.15, 95% CI 1.4 to 3.28) and long-term (80/193, 41% vs 51/261, 20%; RR 2.25, 95% CI 1.66 to 3.04). There was some evidence from one of these trials that this was reflected in fewer repeat operations for incontinence. These findings held irrespective of the co-existence of prolapse (pelvic relaxation). Although later prolapse operation appeared to be equally common after vaginal or abdominal operation there were too few data to judge this reliably. In respect of the type of abdominal retropubic suspension, most data related to comparisons of anterior repair with Burch colposuspension. The few data describing comparison of anterior repair with the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure were consistent with those for Burch colposuspension. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There were not enough data to allow comparison of anterior vaginal repair with physical therapy or needle suspension for primary urinary stress incontinence in women. Abdominal retropubic suspension appeared to be better than anterior vaginal repair judged on subjective cure rates in four trials, even in women who had prolapse in addition to stress incontinence. The need for repeat incontinence surgery also appeared less after the abdominal operation, but this was only reported in one small trial. However, there was not enough information about post-operative complications and morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

17beta-estradiol vaginal tablet versus conjugated equine estrogen vaginal cream to relieve menopausal atrophic vaginitis.

OBJECTIVES: The efficacy and safety of 25-microg 17beta-estradiol vaginal tablets (Vagifem) were assessed and compared with 1.25-mg conjugated equine estrogen vaginal cream (Premarin Vaginal Cream) for the relief of menopausal-derived atrophic vaginitis, resulting from estrogen deficiency. DESIGN: In a multicenter, open-label, randomized, parallel-group study, 159 menopausal women were treated for 24 weeks with either vaginal tablets or vaginal cream. Efficacy was evaluated by relief of vaginal symptoms and concentrations of serum estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone. Safety was monitored by the incidence of adverse events, evaluation of endometrial biopsies, and clinical laboratory results. Patients also assessed the acceptability of the study medications. RESULTS: Composite scores of vaginal symptoms (dryness, soreness, and irritation) demonstrated that both treatments provided equivalent relief of the symptoms of atrophic vaginitis. At weeks 2, 12, and 24, increases in serum estradiol concentrations and suppression of follicle-stimulating hormone were observed in significantly more patients who were using the vaginal cream than in those who were using the vaginal tablets (p < 0.001). Fewer patients who were using the vaginal tablets experienced endometrial proliferation or hyperplasia compared with patients who were using the vaginal cream. Significantly more patients who were using the vaginal tablets rated their medication favorably than did patients who were using the vaginal cream (p < or = 0.001). Patients who were receiving the vaginal tablets also had a lower incidence of patient withdrawal (10% versus 32%). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment regimens with 25-microg 17beta-estradiol vaginal tablets and with 1.25-mg conjugated equine estrogen vaginal cream were equivalent in relieving symptoms of atrophic vaginitis. The vaginal tablets demonstrated a localized effect without appreciable systemic estradiol increases or estrogenic side effects. Vaginal tablet therapy resulted in greater patient acceptance and lower withdrawal rates compared with vaginal cream therapy.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1996

Comparative assessment of pelvic floor function using vaginal cones, vaginal digital palpation and vaginal pressure measurements.

A group-comparative study to assess pelvic floor muscle function using vaginal cones, vaginal digital palpation, and vaginal pressure measurements in 30 women suffering from genuine stress urinary incontinence and in an age-matched group of continent women was undertaken. Vaginal digital palpation score and vaginal pressure during active contraction were greater (p < 0.001) in continent women (1.9 +/- 0.1 and 8.6 +/- 0.7 cm H2O, respectively) as compared with incontinent women (1.0 +/- 0.1 and 4.1 +/- 0.4 cm H2O, respectively). Continent women were able to retain a vaginal cone of greater weight (6.3 +/- 0.4; n = 9, weight ranging from 10 to 90 g) than women suffering from stress incontinence (4.7 +/- 0.5; p < 0.001). There was a better correlation between all three techniques of assessing pelvic floor function in continent as compared with incontinent women, especially in the comparisons involving vaginal cones. (Vaginal pressure measurement-vaginal digital palpation, r = 0.86/0.75; vaginal pressure measurement-vaginal cones. r = 0.57/0.10; vaginal digital palpation-vaginal cones, r = 0.60/0.18.) In some women, especially those with incontinence, heavy cones were retained in spite of a weak pelvic floor due to the transverse position of the cone in the vagina which was verified radiographically.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A randomized trial comparing methods of vaginal cuff closure at vaginal hysterectomy and the effect on vaginal length.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to compare the effect of horizontal versus vertical closure of the vaginal cuff during vaginal hysterectomy on vaginal length. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-three women were randomized to undergo horizontal (n = 23) or vertical (n = 20) vaginal cuff closure during vaginal hysterectomy at a community hospital. The primary outcome of vaginal length before and after surgery was compared by the Student t test and the paired t test. RESULTS: Preoperatively mean vaginal lengths in the horizontal and vertical groups were statistically similar (7.76 +/- 1.23 cm versus 8.28 +/- 1.39 cm, respectively; P = .21). Postoperatively the groups statistically differed (6.63 +/- 1.02 cm versus 7.93 +/- 1.18 cm, P < .001). The mean change in vaginal length was -1.13 +/- 1.15 cm and -0.35 +/- 0.91 cm, respectively (P = .01). Within-group comparisons revealed a statistical difference between pre- versus postmean vaginal length in the horizontal group (7.76 +/- 1.23 cm versus 6.63 +/- 1.02 cm; P < .001) and no difference within the vertical group (8.28 +/- 1.39 cm versus 7.93 +/- 1.18 cm; P = .11). CONCLUSION: Closing the vaginal cuff vertically is superior to horizontal closure for the purpose of preserving vaginal length.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of one- and two-layer vaginal cuff closure and open vaginal cuff during laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical outcomes of three surgical techniques during laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study (Canadian Task Force classification I). SETTING: Medical school-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: Four-hundred twenty-seven women. INTERVENTION: By means of a computer-generated randomization code, patients were assigned immediately before operation to one of three groups according to type of surgical procedure: group 1, 147 women having one-layer closure of the vaginal cuff; group 2, 138 having two-layer closure of the vaginal cuff; and group 3, 142 having open vaginal cuff. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were observed for morbidity during hospitalization, and 1 and 6 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. No significant differences were found among the groups for length of surgery, operative blood loss, postoperative hematocrit, length of hospital stay, postoperative febrile morbidity, frequency of pelvic and urinary tract infection, dyspareunia, postcoital spotting, vaginal discharge, and morbidity of the cuff (cellulitis, abscess formation, bleeding, hematoma, dehiscence). Operating time was greatest for two-layer closure. The frequency of postoperative granulation of cuff tissue and vaginal discharge was greater for group 1 than for the other two groups. CONCLUSION: Two-layer closure of the vaginal cuff during laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy is associated with fewer instances of vaginal vault granulation and vaginal discharge than either one-layer closure or open vaginal cuff.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Vaginal T lymphocyte population kinetics during experimental vaginal candidosis: evidence for a possible role of CD8+ T cells in protection against vaginal candidosis.

Vaginal candidosis represents a significant health problem to women of childbearing age worldwide. It has been postulated that localized T cells play a role in protection against vaginal candidosis. In an attempt to evaluate the role of vaginal T cells in protection against vaginal candidosis, T cell population kinetics was evaluated using an oestrogen-dependent vaginal candidosis murine model. Vaginal T lymphocytes were isolated at different time points post C. albicans inoculation, viable cells were enumerated, phenotypically analysed for the expression of CD3, CD4 and CD8 T cell markers and absolute numbers of T cell subsets were calculated. Oestrogen-induced persistence of vaginal candidosis resulted in a significant increase in the total number of vaginal lymphocytes within 24-48 h post infection; increased vaginal lymphocyte numbers persisted throughout the infection period. The number of CD3+ T cells dramatically increased following C. albicans administration and was maintained at high levels throughout the infection period. The majority of CD3+ T cells were of the CD8+ type; however, considerable numbers of both CD4+ T cells and CD4+CD8+ T cells were also observed throughout the infection period. The considerable and persistent increase in vaginal T cell numbers in general and that of CD8+ T cells in particular are evidence of the possible role played by localized T cells in protection against vaginal candidosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Bacterial vaginosis, vaginal flora patterns and vaginal hygiene practices in patients presenting with vaginal discharge syndrome in The Gambia, West Africa.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) - a syndrome characterised by a shift in vaginal flora - appears to be particularly common in sub-Saharan Africa, but little is known of the pattern of vaginal flora associated with BV in Africa. We conducted a study aimed at determining the prevalence of BV and patterns of BV-associated vaginal micro-flora among women with vaginal discharge syndrome (VDS) in The Gambia, West Africa. METHODS: We enrolled 227 women with VDS from a large genito-urinary medicine clinic in Fajara, The Gambia. BV was diagnosed by the Nugent's score and Amsel's clinical criteria. Vaginal swabs were collected for T vaginalis and vaginal flora microscopy, and for Lactobacillus spp, aerobic organisms, Candida spp and BV-associated bacteria (Gardnerella vaginalis, anaerobic bacteria, and Mycoplasma spp) cultures; and cervical swabs were collected for N gonorrhoeae culture and C trachomatis PCR. Sera were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. Sexual health history including details on sexual hygiene were obtained by standardised questionnaire. RESULTS: BV prevalence was 47.6% by Nugent's score and 30.8% by Amsel's clinical criteria. Lactobacillus spp were isolated in 37.8% of women, and 70% of the isolates were hydrogen-peroxide (H202)-producing strains. Prevalence of BV-associated bacteria were: G vaginalis 44.4%; Bacteroides 16.7%; Prevotella 15.2%; Peptostretococcus 1.5%; Mobiluncus 0%; other anaerobes 3.1%; and Mycoplasma hominis 21.4%. BV was positively associated with isolation of G vaginalis (odds-ratio [OR] 19.42, 95%CI 7.91 - 47.6) and anaerobes (P = 0.001 [OR] could not be calculated), but not with M hominis. BV was negatively associated with presence of Lactobacillus (OR 0.07, 95%CI 0.03 - 0.15), and H2O2-producing lactobacilli (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.05 - 0.28). Presence of H2O2-producing lactobacilli was associated with significantly lower prevalence of G vaginalis, anaerobes and C trachomatis. HIV prevalence was 12.8%. Overall, there was no association between BV and HIV, and among micro-organisms associated with BV, only Bacteroides spp. and Prevotella spp. were associated with HIV. BV or vaginal flora patterns were not associated with any of the factors relating to sexual hygiene practices (vaginal douching, menstrual hygiene, female genital cutting). CONCLUSION: In this population, BV prevalence was higher than in corresponding populations in industrialised countries, but the pattern of vaginal micro-flora associated with BV was similar. BV or vaginal flora patterns were not associated with HIV nor with any of the vaginal hygiene characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Anterior vaginal wall culdeplasty at vaginal hysterectomy to prevent posthysterectomy anterior vaginal wall prolapse.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to evaluate a surgical technique we have developed that, when used at vaginal hysterectomy, helps prevent posthysterectomy anterior vaginal segment (wall) prolapse. STUDY DESIGN: This modified surgical procedure was used in 966 consecutive vaginal hysterectomies performed from January 1989 through December 1994. Patients returned at 1, 3, and 12 months and annually thereafter for follow-up. The longest follow-up period to date is 5.5 years. RESULTS: Of the 925 patients in our study followed up for > or = 1 year, 908 (98.1%) retained excellent anterior vaginal support. Symptomatic anterior vaginal segment prolapse occurred in 12 patients (1.3%), and asymptomatic prolapse, with the anterior vaginal wall descending less than halfway from the ischial spines to the hymen, occurred in 5 (0.5%). None of the 42 patients followed up for <1 year has had evidence of prolapse. CONCLUSION: This procedure is an acceptable method to help prevent posthysterectomy anterior vaginal segment prolapse.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

High uterosacral vaginal vault suspension with fascial reconstruction for vaginal repair of enterocele and vaginal vault prolapse.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to review retrospectively the functional and anatomic outcomes of women who underwent vaginal repair of enterocele and vault prolapse with the use of an intraperitoneal suspension of the vaginal vault to the uterosacral ligaments in conjunction with fascial reconstruction of the anterior and posterior vaginal wall. STUDY DESIGN: Two hundred two women with advanced symptomatic uterovaginal prolapse or posthysterectomy vault prolapse underwent a standard transvaginal procedure to correct their prolapse between January 1997 and June 2000. Anatomic results were assessed by standardized examination from 6 months to 3 years after the operation. Functional results were assessed subjectively and with standard quality of life questionnaires. The average age of the women was 60.3 years. Follow-up data were available for 168 of the 202 women. Fifty-three percent of the women had their uterus in place and underwent a vaginal hysterectomy. The prolapse repair was a primary procedure in 45.2% of the women and was performed for a recurrence or persistence in 54.8% of the women. Sixty percent and 78.6% of women underwent anterior and posterior repair, respectively. Thirty-five percent of the women underwent an anti-incontinence procedure. RESULTS: Eighty-nine percent of the women expressed satisfaction with the results of the procedure. Ten women (5.5%) underwent a repeat operation (by the authors) for recurrence of prolapse in one or more segments of the pelvic floor. Quality of life assessment revealed a significant reduction in all aspects of daily living, when the short forms of the incontinence impact questionnaire and urogenital distress inventory were evaluated before and after the operation. Major intraoperative complications included 5 cases (2.4%) of ureteral injury, 1 case of a small bowel injury, and 1 case of a pelvic abscess that required abdominal exploratory operation and diversion of the colon. CONCLUSION: High uterosacral ligament vaginal vault suspension with fascial reconstruction would seem to provide a durable anatomic repair with good functional improvement in patients with significant complex uterine or vaginal vault prolapse.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Endometrial and vaginal effects of low-dose estradiol delivered by vaginal ring or vaginal tablet.

AIMS: The major aims of the study were to compare the safety of a continuous low-dose estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (ESTring) to that of a vaginal estradiol tablet (Vagifem) on the endometrium and the relief of subjective symptoms and signs of urogenital estrogen deficiency. Quality of life and acceptability of treatment delivery were also assessed. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, randomized study in which women were assigned in a 2:1 ratio to ESTring and Vagifem and followed for 12 months. The primary endpoint was endometrial safety, based on the results of ultrasound measurement of endometrial thickness and a progestogen challenge test at baseline and week 48. Efficacy was determined by subjective assessment of urogenital estrogen deficiency symptoms at baseline and weeks 3, 12, 24, 36 and 48 and assessment of signs of vaginal epithelial atrophy by the clinician at baseline, 12 and 48 weeks. In addition, pelvic floor strength, vaginal cytological evaluation and pH, bacteruria and patient acceptability were assessed. Quality of life was assessed using a menopause-specific quality-of-life questionnaire and a 2-day bladder diary at baseline and 12 and 48 weeks. The comparability of the two groups was assessed using ANOVA, chi2 or Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: A total of 126 women were randomized to ESTring and 59 to Vagifem. There was no statistical difference between the groups in the alleviation of symptoms and signs of urogenital estrogen deficiency. Maturation indices increased in both groups, from generally atrophic at baseline to proliferative or highly proliferative at 48 weeks. After 48 weeks of treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in endometrial thickness between the two groups. A statistically smaller proportion of bleeding/spotting occurred in the ESTring group (n = 0) compared to the Vagifem users (n = 4). Estradiol and total estrone serum levels increased during treatment in both groups but remained within the normal postmenopausal range. General health status in both groups was unchanged but the urogenital component of health burden was significantly improved in both groups. Bladder diary variables showed no differences between treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Equivalent endometrial safety and efficacy in the relief of the symptoms and signs of urogenital estrogen deficiency were demonstrated for the 12 months' use of a low-dose estradiol-releasing vaginal ring and a vaginal estradiol tablet.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of vaginal flora after treatment with a clotrimazole 500 mg vaginal pessary or a fluconazole 150 mg capsule for vaginal candidosis.

The effect of antifungal therapy on the vaginal microbial flora was studied in 23 patients suffering from culture-positive, symptomatic vaginal candidosis. They were randomly allocated to receive either a 500 mg clotrimazole vaginal pessary or a 150 mg fluconazole capsule. Quantitative microbiological examination was carried out on samples of vaginal secretions obtained prior, and at intervals up to 10 days after, treatment. No significant difference was found in the vaginal flora before or after therapy in individual patients or between the treatment groups. In patients with C glabrata or C krusei, the yeasts persisted longer in the vagina with poorer response to either of the medications.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

Adrenalin versus terlipressin: blood loss and cardiovascular side-effects in the vaginal part of laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterectomy or vaginal hysterectomy.

The purpose of the study was to compare blood loss and cardiovascular side-effects in the course of the vaginal part of laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) or single vaginal hysterectomy (VH) [1]. Blood loss was evaluated in relation to local application of two haemostatic agents, e.g. adrenalin as a gold standard versus terlipressin. The investigation was designed as a prospective randomised study. A prospective group of 40 patients selected for LAVH or VH was randomised into two groups, e.g. 20 patients in each group. In both of these groups, the blindly selected haemostatic agent was applied locally immediately before circular colpotomy, the surgeon not being aware which agent was being used. Because of the claimed delayed effect of terlipressin a third group of another 20 patients was randomly selected. For comparison in this group terlipressin was locally already applied before the laparoscopic part of LAVH, e.g. 20-25 minutes before performing circular colpotomy. Thus, this particular group could not be made blind to the surgeon. The study confirmed a significantly superior haemostatic effect of adrenalin. On the other hand after the adrenalin application a higher frequency of hypertensive reactions and mild arrythmias were observed but without any clinical seguelae.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effects of vaginal intercourse with and without a condom on vaginal flora and vaginal epithelium.

Effects of a single episode of intercourse on vaginal flora and epithelium were examined in subjects randomly assigned to groups that used no condom or lubricated nonspermicide condoms. Subjects were evaluated at visits before (1 month and 1-2 days) and after (8-12 h, 2-3 days, and 6-8 days) an index episode of sexual intercourse. The 22 subjects who used no condoms had significantly more Escherichia coli and a high concentration (> or =10(5) cfu/mL) of E. coli in the vagina (both, P<.001) and urine (all <10(5) cfu/mL; P=.004) at visit 3 than at visits 1 and 2. The 20 subjects who used condoms had a trend toward more vaginal E. coli (P=.06) and a significant increase in other enteric gram-negative rods (P=.001) after intercourse. Intercourse was not associated with gross, colposcopic, or histologic vaginal epithelial abnormalities.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Single dose therapy of vaginal candidiasis: a comparative trial of fenticonazole vaginal ovules versus clotrimazole vaginal tablets.

An open, randomized comparative clinical trial was performed in 153 patients suffering from symptomatic vaginal candidiasis confirmed by mycological tests. Patients were allocated at random into two groups: the first group (consisting of 75 subjects) was treated with a single vaginal ovule of fenticonazole (600 mg) and the second group (consisting of 78 subjects) was treated with a single vaginal tablet of clotrimazole (500 mg). Therapeutic efficacy was assessed by microbiological and clinical criteria 7 days and 1 month (when possible) after the single dose treatment. At the first follow-up visit, complete disappearance of the signs and symptoms or a highly significant reduction of their intensity was observed in both treatment groups. No significant difference was evident between the two drugs. At 7 days, the mycological tests gave negative results in 92% of the patients in the fenticonazole group and in 88.5% of the patients in the clotrimazole group. The difference between the two treatment groups was again not statistically significant. The second follow-up visit was performed in 55 (73.3%) patients of the fenticonazole group and in 52 (66.7%) patients of the clotrimazole group. The results indicate that 83.6% of patients in the fenticonazole group and 69.2% of patients in the clotrimazole group were still disease free at the time of this visit. Both drugs were well tolerated. Mild, local and short lasting side-effects were reported in only 5 cases of the group treated with fenticonazole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1991

[Problems of epidemiology and diagnosis in the vaginal area. II. Measurement of vaginal pH values and its relation to vaginal diseases].

The authors divided a group of 600 women into 7 sub-groups based on the results of microscopic examination of native preparations, and using indicator papers of MERCK Co. (art. no. 9542) they assessed values of the vaginal pH. The highest values were recorded in a group of women with suppurative bacterial inflammations (mean pH 5.68) and the lowest ones in women with the finding of fungi (mean pH 5.0), cocobacillary flora without leucocytes (mean pII 4.39) and the normal physiological finding of Dörderlein's bacillus (mean pH 4.15). Values higher than 4.8 rule out the possibility of a normal finding in the vagina, lower values, however, do not rule it out entirely. Assessment of pH values in the vagina should be considered part of routine examinations of the vaginal environment.

Female↗