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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Ethics and Utopia: public health theory and practice in the sixteenth century. An essay comparing the Henrician Medical Act of 1540 and More's 1530 Ordinances, with Thomas More's novel 'Utopia' of 1516.

This essay places the early modern origins of the ethico-legal structure of medicine, in which eventually by exclusion or inclusion, dental activity shared, in the Humanist environment of the Italian Renaissance as it was imported into England in the first years of the sixteenth century. There were two linked stages to this, the first supported by the genius of Thomas Linacre (1460-1524), and the second by the administrative ability of Sir Thomas More (1478-1535). This paper concentrates on the evidence for the intellectual basis of More's medical legislation, and that which was made shortly after his death.

England↗
PubMed2006

Tragedy, utopia and medical progress.

In this article, tragedy and utopia are juxtaposed, and it is proposed that the problem of "medicalisation" is better understood in a framework of tragedy than in a utopian one. In utopia, it is presupposed that there is an error behind every setback and every side effect, whereas tragedy brings to light how side effects can be the result of irreconcilable conflicts. Medicalisation is to some extent the result of such a tragic conflict. We are given power by medical progress, but are also confronted with our fallibility, thus provoking insecurity. This situation is illustrated by the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Recent epidemiological investigations have shown that infants sleeping in a prone position have a 15-20 times higher risk of dying from SIDS than infants sleeping in a supine position. A simple means of preventing infant death is suggested by this discovery, but insecurity is also created. What else has been overlooked? Perhaps a draught, or wet diapers, or clothes of wool are just as dangerous as sleeping prone? Further investigations and precautions will be needed, but medicalisation prevails.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1986

The story of Utopia: a parable.

The story of Utopia Healthcare Center demonstrates that hospitals which survive the closing decades of the twentieth century will be those which address in bold ways the problems that beset them today. Utopia survived through its participation in: A hospital foundation; A for-profit data processing corporation; A home health agency; A hospital-physician preferred provider organization; Affiliations with health maintenance organizations; Extensive recruitment of young physicians; An expanded public relations and marketing program. For the long term, however, the twenty-first century success story will be the hospital which acknowledges that acute care is only one part of the total health care spectrum. The successful community health care center will focus its resources on activities that contribute to disease prevention and encourage individual responsibility for a healthy life-style. Programs and services that provide a continuum of health care and recognize the elderly's special needs will include: community health education; comprehensive geriatric services; congregate housing for the elderly and the handicapped; home care; long-term care; hospice.

Ethics, Institutional↗
PubMed2002

[Intergenerational communication by age-integrating structures? Remarks on on gerontologic utopia].

In their "aging and society" paradigm Riley and collaborators conceptualize the ideal type of an age-integrated society in which the social segregation of different age groups is removed. They claim that in the future the life-world areas of education, work and leisure will no longer exclusively follow the triple division of the life course but will be visited repeatedly in different phases of life. Therefore, they argue, age barriers would be dissolved in many areas, which would lead to more contact and cooperation and to a greater solidarity between the generations. This conception shall be rejected as an utopia because it contradicts central functional mechanisms of modern societies; at best it might be imagined as a "reflexive modernization" of age-segregated structures. A certain distance and alienation between the generations remains a direct, though unintended product of the modernization process and cannot be reversed without welfare losses. A dialogue of generations as a societal project, therefore, implies that the functional differentiation into age groups and life stages will be accepted without referring to pre-modern idealizations of generational relationships.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Herzl's Altneuland: Zionist utopia, medical science and public health.

In this article we explore how the vision uniting Zionism, science, medicine and public health is depicted in Herzl's novel Altneuland (Old-New Land). Altneuland, which belongs to the genre of fin-de-siècle utopian novels, presents a modernistic vision of progress, integrating science with a humanistic society of equals. The remedy for the "psychopathology of the Jew" was believed by many Zionists to be a return to Palestine, and the establishment there of a healthy national Jewish home. Yet, Herzl's utopia, as depicted in Altneuland, is homogeneous, not allowing for other voices to be expressed, such as those of women and Arabs. Moreover, the belief that science and technology could solve social problems did not take into account the tensions that they would create in the society and environment. This vision of science and society, with its inherent tensions, will continue to inform the Zionist discourse of our present day.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2005

Kos, Dresden, Utopia... A journey through idealism past and present in public health.

This essay reviews some of the sources of idealism in public health, on the basis of an intellectual journey to Kos (home to Hippocrates and his altruistic legacy), Dresden (where the Deutsches Hygiene Museum illustrates the historical connections between fascism and public health), and Utopia (exemplified by Etienne Cabet's Icarie, a fantasy of an ideal city which has nevertheless been partly realized). It is suggested that the large-scale altruism of public health has to be balanced with the value of individual autonomy, and that some degree of dreaming of a better and healthier world is indispensable for further progress in public health. The main conclusion is that the ethical foundations of public health are not always self-evident, and that critical reflection on these foundations was, is, and will always be necessary.

Altruism↗
PubMed2005

Ambrosius Holbein's memento mori map for Sir Thomas More's Utopia. The meanings of a masterpiece of early sixteenth century graphic art.

This paper describes how, and asks why, the Renaissance artist Ambrosius Holbein hid a skull within the overall design of his woodcut map of Sir Thomas More's Utopia. (Fig. 2) This map was prepared for the 1518 Froben edition of the book, and was probably commissioned by Erasmus of Rotterdam. Its identification now is made easier by the habits of interpretation with which all dentists are equipped thanks to their skill in dental radiology, and by the recognition of teeth appearing in an unlikely disguise.

Belgium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

UTOPIA: a consultation system for visit-by-visit diabetes management.

UTOPIA (UTilities for OPtimizing Insulin Adjustment) is a prototype computer system proposed to support home data analysis and therapy recommendations for the individual patient. The paper describes methods of analysis and their incorporation into an overall system design that matches the iterative practices at the physician-patient consultation from visit to visit. Four modules support home data display and comparison with clinical measurements; extraction of blood glucose trends and daily cycles using time series analysis, learning relationships between insulin adjustments and changes in time series patterns via a parametric, linear systems model; and advice generation by solving the linear equation for candidate insulin adjustments. Concepts and methods are placed in context, with a discussion of comparable and related research.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

[Effective use of time in community psychiatry--utopia and the reality of network management].

OBJECTIVE: The development of community psychiatry needs an increasing network management between inpatient and outpatient care. As a whole the question of management structure is open for discussion. Instruments such as psychosocial workshops and community psychiatric team conferences are in need of a critical survey. METHODS: Our paper offers data in basic network management referring to false connections in interinstitutional cooperation by phone. RESULTS: The number of false connections is on a highly significant level, up to six times higher when contacting ambulant complementary staffs or administrative levels than within medical systems. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate a large gap between utopia and reality of network management. Community psychiatric systems must take care for longitudinal medical staff orientation in structural management.

Case Management↗
PubMed2004

Unrest in Utopia: Israeli patients' dissatisfaction with non-conventional medicine.

In recent years, non-conventional medicine (NCM) has grown tremendously in popularity and economic importance. This paper explores a relatively unresearched phenomenon: patients' dissatisfaction with non-conventional medical treatment they have received. 16 out of 20 patients who had severed their contact with a large, hospital-adjacent multi-modality NCM clinic in Israel were interviewed. Two of these patients had severed their relationship with the clinic right after being referred to a certain practitioner and 18 did not keep their next appointment while in the process of treatment. The narratives through which participants understand and communicate their experience regarding dissatisfaction with NCM are organized around three main topics: independence versus paternalism, foreign versus familiar, and care versus cure. Findings illustrate the patients' views concerning the desirable doctor-patient relationship and their expectations of non-familiar treatments. Patients are characterized as "smart consumers" who place utmost importance on outcome and do not hesitate to discontinue treatment. Findings are further discussed in the context of domestication and the minimizing of cultural difference through the integration of NCM into a biomedical setting.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2002

Transparency and selfhood: Utopia and the informed body.

One aspect of the development of a health-orientated consumer culture is the growth of self-screening and self-diagnosis among the lay public--e.g. over-the-counter diagnostic tests, computerized health assessments. DIY genetic tests. This trend is interpreted as the expression of a distinctively postmodern 'utopian' impulse. Postmodernity's inwardly directed gaze has replaced the communitarian vision of modernity. In the absence of overarching visions, the postmodern utopian telos becomes the attainment of a perfect. imperishable body. Somatopia is the collective expression of these privatized and personalized body projects. The accomplishment and authentication of these body projects necessitates the creation of a 'transparent body'. This 'transparent body' is enabled and constructed by developments in information and medical technologies. The political and health implications of the transparent, 'informed' body are explored.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1996

Skin harvesting on the scalp in children: utopia or reality.

UNLABELLED: Since 1990 we have used systematically the scalp as donor site for split skin graft in children. The aim of this retrospective and prospective study is to analyse the results, advantages, disadvantages, complications and problems of this method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The series includes 43 children, age: 9 months to 15 years 6 months (mean age 5 years 9 months) who presented burns or other lesions. The surface to be grafted was 0.5% to 35% of the body surface (mean surface: 6.6% TBS). The follow-up was 25 to 1086 days (mean: 304 days). The donor site is prepared by marking of the hair-limit, shaving, disinfection and infiltration with normal saline under the galea of the surface to be harvested. Skin harvesting is done with an electrical dermatome. The donor site is covered with sponges soaked in adrenaline (1/500,000). RESULTS: 1 child required harvesting twice in 2 weeks, another one 3 times in 3 months. All the other children required only one procedure. 4 children needed a meshing of the graft. They required also harvesting from other donor sites. The surface to be grafted represented more than 15% TBS. 5 children with a surface to be grafted between 10 and 15% TBS could be covered in one session, without meshing, taking only the scalp. The healing of the scalp was complete after 7 to 14 days (mean: 9.5 days). There was no mortality in our series. We were not confronted with any infection. No hypertrophic scars or retractions were encountered. 3 children presented zones of alopecia, one had sequelae and needed two surgical procedures. The two other cases were minor cases and did not require further treatment. A certain sparseness of hair was noticed in a black girl, after the third harvesting. The blood losses were estimated as a total and have also to be attributed to the tangential excision of the burn area. CONCLUSION: Skin harvesting from the scalp in children can be recommended as first choice. The advantages, especially the rapid epithelialisation and the lack of visible scars, overcome the problems and the risks.

Adolescent↗