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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis. 1. Differences in urine crystalloids, urine saturation with brushite and urine inhibitors of calcification between persons with and persons without recurrent kidney stone formation.

The propensity of urine to promote calcium stone formation was compared in 64 patients with recurrent idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis and 30 healthy individuals without such a history. The rates of excretion of urine crystalloids, the urine saturation with brushite (CaHPO4-2H2O), the ability of the urine to calcify collagen in vitro, and the concentration of urine inhibitors of collagen calcification were measured. The patients had a reduced urine citrate excretion rate in addition to an increased urine calcium excretion rate, while the rates for urine magnesium, phosphate, uric acid and oxalate were not significantly different in the two groups of subjects. The urine concentration of magnesium, phosphate and uric acid was decreased in the patients because of the higher urine volume. The urine creatinine excretion rate correlated with the rates of excretion of urine calcium, magnesium, phosphate, uric acid and oxalate in both groups, which suggested that increased lean body mass, possibly associated with greater food intake, may be an important determinant of crystalloid excretion. The urine of the patients was significantly more saturated with brushite than the urine of the control subjects and resulted in greater collagen calcification when incubated in vitro. The urine concentration of inhibitors of collagen calcification, however, was not significantly different in the two groups. Thus, the urine of patients with recurrent idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis is more highly saturated with brushite, largely as a result of an increased urine calcium excretion rate, and contains a lower concentration of magnesium and citrate, substances that tend to prevent the precipitation and growth of crystals in urine.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Serum and urine inorganic fluoride concentrations and urine oxalate concentrations following methoxyflurane anesthesia in the dog.

Plasma fluoride, urine fluoride and urine oxalate concentrations were measured before administering an anesthetic to 8 dogs, and at 0, 3, 9, 24, 48, and 72 hours following 1.5 hours of anesthesia with 1% methoxyflurane. Plasma and urine osmolalities were measured and compared with fluoride and oxalate values. Fluoride concentration increased in both plasma and urine following anesthesia when compared with the preanesthetic concentrations. Maximum mean plasma inorganic fluoride was 106.71 mumoles per liter (+/- 25.44 SE) at 9 hours after exposure to methoxyflurane was completed. By 72 hours after exposure to methoxyflurane the plasma fluoride concentration was 23.47 microM/L (+/- 5.74 SE). Mean urine inorganic fluoride concentration was highest at 9 hours after exposure to methoxyflurane and reached 6047.03 microM/L (+/- 1378.46 SE) as compared to the mean preanesthetic base-line concentration of 542.68 microM/L (+/- 132.93 SE), and the 72 hour mean urine fluoride concentration which was 1593.78 microM/L (+/- 579.46 SE). Urine oxalate concentrations, when compared with urine osmolality (mg/mOsm), increased throughout the study. The 72-hour concentration after exposure to methoxyflurane was 2.5 times the preanesthetic (mg/mOsm) oxalate concentration. Plasma osmolality did not change markedly during the study. Urine osmolalities varied between animals and collection times, but a consistent pattern did not occur. Clinical and laboratory signs of renal dysfunction were not observed in any animal during the study.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1978

Effect of hydrochlorothiazide on urine saturation with brushite, in vitro collagen calcification by urine, and urinary inhibitors of collagen calcification.

To clarify further the beneficial effect of thiazide diuretics on recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis, the effect of short-term hydrochlorothiazide therapy on urine saturation with brushite (CaHPO(4).2H(2)O), in vitro collagen calcification by urine, and urinary inhibitors of calcification was studied.In 22 patients with idiopathic calcium oxalate/phosphate stones the urine calcium excretion decreased, the urine magnesium excretion increased and the urine magnesium/calcium ratio increased significantly (P < 0.001) during hydrochlorothiazide therapy. Supersaturation of the urine with brushite, which was present in 19 of the 22 patients, was reduced significantly (P < 0.001) in all during thiazide therapy, and to the undersaturated range in 16. The ability of urine to calcify collagen in vitro also decreased significantly (P < 0.001) during thiazide therapy, a change that correlated significantly (r = 0.4513, P < 0.05) with the decrease in brushite saturation. The concentration of urinary inhibitors of calcification, as determined with an in vitro collagen calcification system, was decreased significantly (P < 0.01) by thiazide therapy.It was concluded that, in addition to decreasing urine calcium excretion and increasing urine magnesium excretion, thiazide diuretics decrease the urinary brushite saturation and thus may prevent spontaneous nucleation or crystal growth, or both, of calcium phosphate. The ability of thiazides to decrease collagen calcification in vitro suggests that they may also prevent crystal growth on a nidus of organic matrix. Thiazides do not appear to act by increasing the excretion of urinary inhibitors of calcification.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Investigations regarding the validity of estrogen-creatine quotients from morning urine compared with those from 24-hour urine in high risk pregnancies (author's transl)].

An automated method for determining total estrogen in 24-hour urine was reported. The "estrogen-creatinine quotient" was computed in order to make the results of collective errors as independent as possible. This numerical value also makes possible comparative studies of 24-hour urine and morning urine (6:00 a.m.) as well as of urine specimens taken every two hours between 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. A total of 1000 analyses were made in 110 pregnant women; in addition, 82 daily profiles were studied. A high correlation was found between the E/C from 24-hour urine and from morning urine. In approximately two thirds of the cases, the deviation between morning urine and 24-hour urine did not exceed 10%. In the daily profiles, however, a wide variation in the daily rhythmn of some patients could be observed. According to our results, the determination of E/C in morning urine is well suited as a screening method for quick detection of estrogen elimination, particularly in high risk pregnancies.

Circadian Rhythm↗
PubMed1977

Urine-reinfusion natriuresis: evidence for potent natriuretic factors in rat urine.

In awake rats the entire urine output was continuously reinfused i.v. Urine-reinfusion (UR) consistently led to the appearance, within one to two hours, of massive, sustained natriuresis and diuresis, suggesting the existence of potent natriuretic factors in the urine. At the time of maximal natriuresis, mean sodium excretion rate and urine flow rate were 25 and 15 times their respective values in control rats. Ths "urine-reinfusion natriuresis" could be demonstrated despite treatment with desoxycorticosterone acetate, blockage of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin or meclofenamate, reduction of plasma urea by pretreatment with a protein-free diet, or heating the urine to 100 degrees C. The natriuresis was not prevented by the absence of vasopressin (in Brattleboro rats) and was augmented by vasopressin infusion. In the Brattleboro rats, a marked increase in (CH2O + CNa)/GFR with only a slight rise in CH2O/GFR during UR suggests inhibition of both proximal and distal tubular reabsorption. Renal blood flow and plasma flow increased markedly during UR with a lesser rise in GFR, consistent with post-glomerular vasodilatation. Thus, the phenomenon of urine-reinfusion natriuresis suggests the presence in rat urine of potent, heat stable natriuretic factors, whose action is largely independent of changes in mineralocorticoids, prostaglandins, urea, or vasopressin. Renal vasodilatation with decreased sodium reabsorption at both proximal and distal nephron sites, appears to play an important role in the natriuresis.

Absorption↗
PubMed1977

Contamination of rat urine with gut flora using all-glass metabolism cages for collection of urine and faeces.

In rat urine collected in all-glass metabolism cages, at least four strains of intestinal microflora were found: two types of E. coli, Enterobacter cloaceae and Proteus vulgaris. The number of bacteria of each strain increased with time. 2. The pH of the urine increased from 6-9 after 24 h to 8-95 after 120 h. The pH of the urine of neomycin-treated rats remained nearly constant over a period of two days. 3. Nitroreductase activity was present in the rat urine. Added p-nitrobenzoic acid was reduced within the first 24 h. Nitroreductase activity in the urine of neomycin-treated rats was significantly lower than in the urine of normal rats, during the second 24-h period only. 4. Collection of urine at -10 degrees prevented the consequences of contamination.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Concentration of mutagens from urine by absorption with the nonpolar resin XAD-2: cigarette smokers have mutagenic urine.

A method is described for concentrating mutagens/carcinogens from human urine about 200-fold for subsequent assay in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. The method is also applicable for other aqueous liquids and for other in vitro tests for mutagens/carcinogens. The urine (up to 500 ml) is put through a column with a 1.5-cm3 bed volume of XAD-2 (styrene-divinylbenzene polymer) and the adsorbed material is then eluted with a few milliliters of acetone. The acetone is taken to dryness and the residue is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. This is the urine concentrate that is assayed for mutagenicity. Various mutagens/carcinogens have been added to human urine and the recoveries have been measured after adsorption on XAD-2, XAD-4, and Tenax GC (diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide polymer). We propose that this method be used in monitoring the urine of human populations and of experimental animals in toxicological studies. It is shown with this procedure that cigarette smokers have mutagenic urine while nonsmokers do not.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1977

Excreted urine, bladder urine, and the delay of sexual maturation in female house mice.

A series of experiments tested effects of excreted and bladder urine of group- and singly-caged female house mice (Mus musculus) on sexual maturation of young female mice caged alone or in groups of eight. Puberty was determined by vaginal smears. A maturation-delaying pheromone was present in bladder urine of all female mice and excreted urine of group-caged females, but not in excreted urine from singly-caged females. Test mice treated with bladder urine homogenized with urethras from singly-caged females matured at the same age as controls. Apparently the urethras or associated glands of singly-caged females produce a substance which deactivates the maturation-delaying pheromone contained in bladder urine.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Can overnight urine replace 24-hour urine collection to asses salt intake?

Are overnight urine specimens adequate for characterizing the daily salt intake of individuals, i.e., can the overnight specimen replace the 24-hour specimen? Data from 142 male participants of an ongoing trial on the primary prevention of hypertension were used to examine this question with correlation analysis and quantile classification. Estimated correlation between the true mean 24-hour and the true mean overnight sodium excretion was 0.72. Furthermore, 67% of the individuals in the upper third of the distribution of true mean overnight urine sodium were also in the upper third of the distribution of true mean 24-hour sodium. Thus, these data are promising in regard to the use of overnight urine specimens for characterizing the salt intake of individuals. The number of overnight urine collections required to estimate accurately the correlation between an individual's true mean overnight urine sodium and a variable of interest (e.g., blood pressure) was calculated. Given the observed intra- and inter-individual variation, the data indicate that 14 measurements are needed to limit the diminution of the correlation coefficient to 10%.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urine cytology as a medical surveillance tool: a study of variability in interpretation of urine cytology slides.

This study examines the value of urine cytology as a medical surveillance technique in the industrial setting through an evaluation of the variability in interpretation of urine cytology slides. Urine samples were collected from 259 individuals for cytological examination. The slides were read by pathologists and screeners at one large Army medical center and separately read again by an independent pathologist at another Army medical center. The two independent readings for each of the 259 cases were compared. The comparison indicated that overall agreement was fairly high in reporting the presence or absence of inflammatory cells, red blood cells, and atypical (including metaplastic) cells. However, considering positive findings of the presence of red blood cells or atypical cells only, significant differences between the two independent readings were noted when the sign test was applied. Implications of these findings are discussed in light of the use of urine cytology as a medical surveillance tool in occupational medicine.

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions↗
PubMed1977

Cow's urine poisoning in Nigeria: cardiorespiratory effects of cow's urine in dogs.

"Cow's urine" concoction (CUPR) is a traditional remedy for convulsive seizures in Nigeria. Its administration has been associated with severe poisoning, sometimes with a fatal outcome in Nigerian children. Recently, we showed that several of the components of the concoction are toxic. We have demonstrated in the present study certain cardio-respiratory effects of cow's urine concoction in dogs. On the cardiovascular system, an initial bradycardia followed by tachycardia and a biphasic effect on blood pressue characterized by a fall followed by a rise were demonstrated. Progressive hypotension following repreated administration of CUPR was also shown in all experimental dogs. On the respiratory system, a short period of respiratory arrest and/or respiratory depression, followed by tachyponoea with associated hypoventilation of the lungs, were observed. The possible explanations for the observed cardiorespiratory effects of the concoction were discussed. On the basis of our findings, an hypothesis is advanced for the possible mechanisms of the neurological sequelae and/or death following cow's urine poisoning.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effects of urine acidification on plasma and urine phencyclidine levels in overdosage.

A gas chromatography--mass fragmentography--electron impact (GC-MS-EI) assay of phencyclidine (PCP) was adapted for human plasma and urine. This assay is specific for PCP and very sensitive (approximately 1 ng/ml). Patients with the putative diagnosis of PCP overdosage were studied to correlate plasma and urinary levels with clinical state. Urinary PCP levels were enhanced in an acid urine, which suggests that acidification of the urine is an adjunct in the therapy of PCP overdosage.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1977

Quantitation of renal antigen excretion in the urine of normal children and of children with various renal diseases. I. Quantitation of renal antigens in random urine samples.

This study reports a serologic method for the measurement of kidney-derived antigens in the urine of healthy children and of children with renal diseases. Two hundred twenty patients were studied. Four groups were recognized: group A, patients with no evidence of renal disease; group B, patients with past history of active urinary tract infection; group C, patients with active urinary tract infection; group D, patients with other renal diseases. Urinary renal antigen concentration was tested by the complement fixation method, in which titers of antigens in the urine were compared with a standard human renal antigen extract. The distribution of renal antigen concentrations in group C differed significantly (P(X2Y less than 0.001) from the other three groups. About 85% of patients in groups A, B, and D had levels below 0.6 mg/ml, whereas in group C only 53% of patients had similar concentrations. After factoring the results by the urinary concentration of creatinine, 85% of patients in group C had antigen levels above 0.6 mg/ml as opposed to 24%, 44%, and 27% in groups A, B, and D, respectively. The results of the study are consistent with the assumption that the rate of discharge of renal antigenic material in the urine is accelerated in certain renal diseases.

Antigens↗
PubMed1979

Measurement of urine temperature as an alternative to observed urination in a narcotic treatment program.

Upper and lower limits have been determined for the temperature of freshly voided ur;ne. When specified procedures are followed, more than 99% of measurements lie between 32.5 and 36.7 degrees C. This provides a basis for monitoring urine collection in a drug abuse treatment program in a manner that does not invade privacy. The method is not foolproof, but it provides sufficient control if there are no penalties for illicit drug use so that there is no strong incentive to turn in a fraudulent urine sample.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Automated metabolic profiling of organic acids in human urine. II. Analysis of urine samples from "healthy" adults, sick children, and children with neuroblastoma.

Normalized median, minimum, and maximum values (analytical concentration factors) are given for 134 organic acids in urine of nine adult control subjects, five juvenile control subjects, and five children with neuroblastoma. The organic acids, separated by anion-exchange chromatography, were analyzed by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer system. Sixty substances in this fraction are positively identified, and, of these, mean absolute concentrations are listed for 20. An additional 81 substances, sought but not found by this method, and 16 other substances found in a subset of these urines by another analytical method, are also listed. Measured retention indices on 5% OV-17 and a selected discriminating ion are given for each of the total of 231 compounds. Results are compared for the three groups of subjects, and the value of normalizing the data is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

A study of infections and illnesses in a day nursery based on inclusion-bearing cells in the urine and infectious agent in faeces, urine and nasal secretion.

During an epidemic-free period of nearly 2 years infections and illnesses were followed in a group of small children (2-3 1/2 years) in a day nursery. The incidence of illness was fairly low, 6.3 per child and year. The viral infections were followed by means of the inclusion reaction in the urine and isolation of virus, and the bacterial by culture of nasal secretion. In 60% of the cases the viral infection was accompanied by illness. In 57 cases of illness there were 27 (47%) with merely virus and/or inclusion reaction, 8 (14%) in which bacteria alone were discovered, and 22 (39%) with both. The viral infections were the decisive ones in about 80% of the illnesses. Enteric respiratory viruses of 10 types were detected. 16 (73%) of the 22 children had such an infection on at least one occasion, and spread within the group occurred on infection with echovirus 9, coxsackievirus B4 and reovirus. Enteric viruses accounted for 29% of the viral infections. Streptococci and Mycoplasma pneumoniae played no part in the bacterial infections, which were entirely dominated by pneumococci. Cytomegaloviruria was found in 13 (72%) of 18 children examined. No spread was detected within the group. Rotavirus was on no occasion found in faeces.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1978

Diflunisal renal clearance in anesthetized dogs: effect of probenecid, urine flow, and urine pH.

Using conventional clearance technique, the net renal clearance of diflunisal is very low, about 1% of glomerular filtration rate. Although net renal secretion is not demonstrable, probenecid significantly decreased renal clearance of the drug. Also, the renal clearance was increased by increases in urine flow or urinary pH. However, in contrast to acetylsalicylic acid, these effects would be expected to be minor, on the one hand to conserve drug or on the other hand in facilitating drug elimination in cases of overdosage.

Anesthesia↗