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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

[Evaluation of a tuberculosis prevention and control program (1987-1989)].

Tuberculosis continues to be an important health problem. A tuberculosis prevention and control program was begun in 1989 in Ciutat Badia, introducing the inclusion of those who had been in close contact with infected subjects. In the two years of the study, a total of 1,548 tuberculin tests was performed, 518 of which were positive 33%). Prevalence of tubercular infection in the study population, was 13.95%. Ages ranged from 14 to 20 years. We detected 20 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and were able to study 91% of those who had been in close contact with the subjects in question. Three of these were detected in the latter study, and two by contact with tubercular infection. We prescribed a total of 180 chemoprophylaxes (47 primary and 133 secondary) with compliance of 60% and 71% respectively. We believe that chemoprophylaxis plays an important role in the prevention and control of tuberculosis in primary care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Vaccination strategies in developing countries.

By 1990 it is hoped that all of the world's infants will have access to immunization services and that these services will then continue indefinitely. The link between people and health services, including immunization, can only be forged and maintained by an effective system of delivery and support to all health workers. A careful choice of strategies for this delivery system and an understanding of local cultural attitudes and behaviour is vital if this link is to be effective. Health workers will have to be trained and then supported in the field by regular contact with their supervisors. They will also need continuous, reliable, predictable and adequate supplies of equipment, drugs, vaccines, fuel and money, including salaries. Immunization is cost effective as a health intervention, but an effective programme of immunization can contribute much more than just vaccines, if it is developed in the context of primary health care (PHC) as originally proposed in 1978 at the conference in Alma Ata.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

Vaccination coverage before and after primary health care implementation and trend of target diseases in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia.

There were two objectives of this study. The first was to determine the impact of vaccination coverage in the first year of life on the trend of the expanded program of immunization (EPI) target diseases in Al Hassa. The second was to determine the impact of primary health care (PHC) implementation in Al Hassa on vaccination coverage. A correlation matrex was computed for all the variables to determine the correlation between vaccination coverage by type of vaccine and reported cases of EPI target diseases. A negative correlation was noticed between Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV), Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus (DPT) and measles vaccine and reported cases of corresponding diseases. This negative correlation was significant (P = 0.043) between measles vaccine and reported measles cases. The average vaccination coverage in the first year of life based on the total number of births significantly increased in 1988 and 1989 compared to the preceding four years (P < 0.01). It is concluded that with increased vaccination coverage in the first year of life against EPI target diseases, the number of reported corresponding diseases decreased, and that PHC implementation improved the vaccination coverage in Al Hassa.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aspects of tuberculosis in Africa. 1. Tuberculosis in Africa in the AIDS era--the role of chemoprophylaxis.

An estimated 2.8 million people in Africa have dual infections with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Because of the increasing numbers of cases of tuberculosis as a consequence of the HIV epidemic, chemoprophylaxis may become a cost effective tuberculosis control measure in high prevalence countries. Although isoniazid (INH) is the only drug evaluated in controlled trials of preventive tuberculosis therapy, studies are now under way to determine the efficacy of INH and other drugs, including rifampicin and pyrazinamide, in preventing tuberculosis reactivation in persons with HIV infection. If chemoprophylaxis is effective in persons with dual infection, further studies will be required to determine whether chemoprophylaxis is cost effective for tuberculosis prevention and control and whether it is feasible to introduce it as a community control measure.

Africa↗
PubMed1991

The epidemiology of tuberculosis in the U.S. Air Force, 1987.

In preparation for a major revision of the Air Force tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control program, we reviewed tuberculosis cases treated at Air Force hospitals and the U.S. Air Force tuberculin skin testing program for 1987. The highest rates of active TB cases and infection were observed in the Pacific overseas region. Active tuberculosis cases occurred most frequently in white male retirees and in Asian dependent females. Nineteen cases (9% of total TB cases) occurred in children under the age of 5. Only 46-60% of individuals with a positive Purified Protein Derivative-Tuberculin were placed on isoniazid (INH) chemoprophylaxis. Flying status personnel were less likely to have either active disease or TB infection than non-flying active duty members. Based upon these findings, Air Force tuberculosis prevention and control program efforts should de-emphasize screening of low risk active duty populations and stress timely reporting and case finding, compliance with therapy, and initiation of INH chemoprophylaxis in accordance with existing guidelines. Young children who are contacts of active TB cases should receive special emphasis.

Female↗
PubMed1977

Acceptability of BCG vaccination.

The acceptability of BCG vaccination varies a great deal according to the country and to the period when the vaccine is given. The incidence of complications has not always a direct influence on this acceptability, which depends, for a very large part, on the risk of tuberculosis in a given country at a given time.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1992

AIDS and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an epidemic transforms an old disease.

Since 1985, tuberculosis case counts in the United States have increased, primarily because of the influence of the HIV epidemic. In addition, during this time outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among patients with AIDS or HIV infection have been reported in New York City and Florida. These outbreaks have occurred in hospitals and prisons and have been characterized by high case fatality rates, disease transmission within the institutions, and high infection rates in health care workers. The increase in tuberculosis rates and the outbreaks have raised concern that multidrug-resistant tuberculosis could become a widespread problem in the United States. Dealing with tuberculosis in the 1990s will require reconsideration of our current methods of tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and control.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Tuberculosis control and research strategies for the 1990s: memorandum from a WHO meeting.

Tuberculosis is the largest cause of death from a single infectious agent in the world, killing nearly 3 million people every year. This death toll represents 25% of avoidable adult deaths in developing countries. It imposes a heavy burden on the 8 million new individuals who contract the disease each year, and on their households; morbidity and mortality are concentrated in young adults. The association of tuberculosis and HIV infection will significantly exacerbate the situation in developed and developing countries, making the need for action all the more pressing. Effective control measures are available. Broad action is therefore warranted and should be aimed at introducing the effective strategies on as wide a scale as possible to reach the targets of 70% case detection and 85% cure of smear-positive patients, by the year 2000. Research is needed to implement these strategies throughout the world and to ensure that effective tools will remain available for controlling tuberculosis despite emerging problems such as resistance to the major drugs currently available. To make a real impact on the tuberculosis problem, a focused global programme must be created, under the leadership of WHO, to bring tuberculosis to the world's attention, to mobilize support on a major scale, and to provide direct guidance and support to national programmes.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The point of view of a high prevalence country: Malawi.

The National Tuberculosis Programme switched to short-course chemotherapy for smear-positive cases when the IUATLD started to assist in 1984. Treatment results in smear-positive cases improved from a 50-55% cure rate to an 87% cure rate in new cases (and 89% in retreatment cases). The hope of reducing the tuberculosis problem was then challenged by the occurrence of HIV-related cases of tuberculosis which are now considerably over-stretching services. Smear-negative cases and extrapulmonary tuberculosis now represent almost two thirds of all patients. For them, standard chemotherapy has now been changed to 2 R3H3Z3/2 HE(or TH)/4H in order to try and save money on syringes, needles and water for injection as well as prevent transmission of HIV through injections. This regimen will also enable the programme to depart from hospitalization since patients will take medication on an ambulatory basis. It may also give more time to district tuberculosis officers for the supervision of health centers.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1991

Tuberculosis and HIV-infection in developing countries.

Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in developing countries. In recent years, a (cost-)effective intervention has been developed in the national programmes of Tanzania and other developing countries. HIV transmission in populations with a high background prevalence of tuberculosis infection will increase the incidence of tuberculosis disease substantially. World Health Organization and World Bank are currently formulating new strategies to revitalise the global efforts against tuberculosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Trial of BCG vaccines in south India for tuberculosis prevention: first report--Tuberculosis Prevention Trial.

The protective effect of BCG vaccination is being evaluated in a controlled community trial near Madras in south India. After tuberculin and sensitin testing and radiographic and bacteriological examinations, BCG vaccines and placebo were allocated randomly to about 260 000 individuals, of whom 115 000 were definitely tuberculin negative at the time of vaccination. Intensive efforts are being made, by means of regular follow-up surveys, to identify all new cases of tuberculosis occurring in the community. This report presents the findings of the first 7(1/2) years of follow-up. Incidence of infection was high in the study population. However, incidence of bacillary disease was more frequent among initial tuberculin reactors, especially among the older persons, than among non-reactors of whom the majority were in the younger age groups. The distribution of new cases of bacillary tuberculosis among those not infected at intake did not show any evidence of a protective effect of the BCG vaccines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiological model and cost-effectiveness analysis of tuberculosis treatment programmes in Indonesia.

An epidemiological model of tuberculosis, based on the natural history of tuberculosis and the control programmes in Indonesia, was constructed. This model was used for estimating future tuberculosis-prevented cases and costs for three treatment strategies--the 100% standard course, the 100% short course, and the existing strategy (a combination of 65% standard course and 35% short course)--in accordance with the master plan of the Indonesian Government's tuberculosis control programme. A cost-effectiveness analysis of the three strategies confirmed that the short-course strategy was the most cost-effective. Sensitivity analysis, which applied a broad range of parameters, continued to confirm the short-course strategy as the most cost-effective. If the short-course strategy had been applied in 1980 instead of the existing strategy (using the most likely parameters), the short-course strategy would prevent 1.8 million sputum-positive cases and would save 61.0 million dollars by the year 2000.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1992

[Tuberculosis morbidity in medical workers and the measures for their social protection].

Tuberculosis morbidity among the medical workers has been studied in 39 territories of Russia. It has been established that medical personnel contract tuberculosis much frequently than the population of Russia on the whole. Morbidity is particularly high among the personnel of institutions of the antituberculous service, being 293.3 per 100,000 working subjects. Tuberculosis morbidity is higher among females (78.8%) and in subjects aged before 50 years (81.4%). Success of tuberculosis control among the medical personnel can be provided by actively solving the problems of tuberculosis prevention, including the organization of health improvement measures under conditions of sanatorium and measures aimed at social protection.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Tuberculosis prevention project.

This article reports the findings from a clinical study that examined the impact of health education and counseling on the decision of a patient infected with tuberculosis (TB) to complete a regimen of isoniazid (INH) chemoprophylaxis for 6 months to prevent TB. Forty patients were divided into two groups; both groups were administered a questionnaire to collect demographic data and medical history. One group received additional health education and counseling independent of clinic staff, and the other group only received health education and counseling from clinic staff. The proportion of patients in the first group who completed INH for 6 months (63.6%) was significantly greater than the proportion of patients in the second group (11.1%). These findings suggest that health education and counseling did make an impact on the decision of a patient infected with TB to conform with a rational choice when provided with information and a supportive relationship about the consequences of TB infection.

Adult↗