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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention.

Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis inevitably arises from inadequate or inappropriate drug taking or drug prescribing, effectively resulting in monotherapy. This may occur in the patient being treated (acquired resistance) or in a patient who has been infected by another patient with drug resistant tuberculosis (primary resistance). There is some evidence that multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, ie, resistance to both isoniazid and rifampin, is increasing in the United States and in other countries where unsupervised treatment with rifampin has been common. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), although not causing drug-resistant tuberculosis, have certainly magnified the problem, especially in New York City. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis must be based on results of drug susceptibility studies. Patients with isolated isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis respond well to modified short-course therapy with rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Multidrug-resistant disease is more difficult to treat, although most patients will respond to regimens of second-line drugs if the infecting organisms are susceptible to these agents. Drug-resistant tuberculosis can be prevented by accurate identification of patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis who may be at increased risk of primary drug resistance, the administration of an appropriate treatment regimen to all newly diagnosed patients, the application of fully supervised therapy during at least the initial phase of treatment, the use of combination preparations of drugs, and the proper management of failure and relapse cases.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1998

The meanings of tuberculosis for Mexican migrant farmworkers in the United States.

The timely diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis is an important public health problem in both developed and developing nations. In the United States, migrant farmworkers are estimated to be about six times more likely than other employed adults to develop tuberculosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate explanatory models of tuberculosis among Mexican migrant farmworkers working in western New York state. In-depth interviews were conducted with 26 farmworkers using an open-ended question format. All interviews were conducted in migrant camps and were audio-taped, translated and transcribed by the researcher. Data analysis was performed using Glaser and Strauss' grounded theory method of analysis which involves continuous and simultaneous data collection, coding, and analysis. Study participants included 21 males and 5 females ranging in age from 18 to 65. Respondents had worked as migrant farmworkers an average of 10 years and had an average of five years of schooling. Two-thirds of the participants had previously attended a tuberculosis education program, and four had received treatment for tuberculosis infection in the past. Farmworkers' explanations of tuberculosis etiology, severity, symptoms, prevention, treatment, and social significance are described as well as their beliefs about tuberculosis skin testing and the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Migrant farmworkers' explanatory models were similar in many aspects to the medical model of tuberculosis, although farmworkers had numerous misconceptions about BCG vaccination. Health care workers should be aware that Mexican migrant farmworkers may have beliefs about tuberculosis that are very compatible with participation in testing and treatment programs if such programs are made accessible to them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Primary tuberculosis of the parotid gland.

A very unusual presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the parotid gland substance is described to suggest reexamination of the place of tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of a parotid mass. In this patient, diagnosis was made postoperatively only by histologic examination of the excised specimen. When M. tuberculosis etiology is suspected, either clinically or at operation, culture confirmation should be tried, and a Mantoux test should be performed to complete the investigation.

Child↗
PubMed1991

[The immunological diagnosis of tuberculosis].

On the basis of literature review the article makes an appreciation of various methods for tuberculosis serological diagnostics. The authors mark a high information level of immunofermental analysis (IFA). 126 tuberculosis patients, 122 patients with non-tuberculosis etiology and 410 donors were examined with the aid of IFA (phosphide antigen). The min. diagnostic titer in pulmonary tuberculosis is 1:320, in nonpulmonary--1:160. The max. antigen titers in IFA (optical density unit of measurement) were in the cases of disseminated tuberculosis 1.32 0.12; the min.--in uterine tube tuberculosis--0.92 0.08. The titers of donors were 0.20 0.03, and of patients with non-tuberculosis diseases--0.25 0.04. IFA is recommended for practical application in tuberculosis and infectious clinics.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1989

[A specific retropharyngeal abscess in an older patient].

In regard to more frequent incidence of tuberculosis in our population, when difficulties in pharyngeal area exist, it is necessary to think about eventual tuberculosis etiology in the differentiative diagnosis of retropharyngeal abscess.

Abscess↗
PubMed1977

[Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in single and repeated administration to patients with inflammatory processes in the lungs of nontuberculotic etiology].

Rifampicin is a broad spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic of the group of rifampicins. It is active against both grampositive and gramnegative organisms and mycobacteria. The studies on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin showed that the drug was well absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. After a single administration of rifampicin in a dose of 150 mg its maximum concentration in the blood was registered in an hour. This concentration was preserved at the therapeutic level for 5 hours. Practically no accumulation of rifampicin was observed in its use in a dose of 150 mg 4 times a day for 5 days. Perspectivity of rifampicin use in the treatment of patients with inflammatory processes in the lungs of non-tuberculosis etiology was shown.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

[The composition of the cerebrospinal fluid in children with tuberculous meningitis with different patterns of the mycobacterial population].

Composition of the liquor with regard of mycobacterial population was investigated in 113 children with tuberculosis meningitis. The changes in the liquor were most pronounced in bacterial variant of the causative agent and were minimal in the absence of both bacterial and L-forms of M. tuberculosis. This, however, does not mean that tuberculosis etiology of meningitis is ruled out.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Health seeking and perceived causes of tuberculosis among patients in Manila, Philippines.

Inefficient case finding is an important stumbling block to successful control of tuberculosis (TB). Multiple health seeking may account for delayed case finding. Health-seeking behaviour, health seeking delay, perceived causes, and perceived quality of care related to TB were studied in interviews with 319 sputum smear-positive TB patients. The patients were treated in 22 governmental health centres of Malabon, a municipality of Metro Manila, Philippines. Only 29% of the respondents had gone first to a health centre after onset of TB-related symptoms, and more than half (53%) had initially consulted a private doctor. A chest X-ray was obtained for nearly everyone (97%). Two thirds of the patients (66%) had received a prescription for drugs, and 29% had purchased and taken anti-TB drugs for at least three weeks before they came to a governmental health centre. Concerning community interactions, 36% said they knew at least one person who had been treated for TB without success. The health seeking delay after symptom onset was relatively short - 64% of the respondents said they went to a health facility within 1 month. Case studies illustrate the rationale for health seeking and explain delayed initiation of appropriate treatment for many patients. Findings underscore the need for and indicate approaches to health communication for improved control of TB. Our findings from interview narratives also suggest that improved interpersonal skills of health centre staff and co-ordination between the private doctors and the health centres may substantially improve services for TB patients.

Adult↗