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PubMed2025

The Annotated Blueprint: Integrated Functional Genomic Resources for a model Tetraploid Wheat Triticum turgidum cv. Kronos.

Triticum turgidum cv. Kronos is a tetraploid wheat cultivar that underpins one of the richest community platforms for functional genomics. Over the past decade, about 3,000 exome- and promoter-capture datasets, linked to mutagenized seed stocks, and transcriptomic and phenotypic resources have accumulated, yet the absence of a reference genome has constrained their impact. Here, we present a chromosome-scale reference genome of Kronos with high-confidence annotations, including manual curation of over 1,000 disease resistance (NLR) genes. This reference revealed previously hidden NLR diversity and clarified their genomic organization at chromosomal ends. Re-analysis of exome- and promoter-capture datasets enabled high-resolution mutation discovery in genes and regulatory regions that were previously inaccessible, uncovering the full standing variation present in Kronos mutant lines. We further re-curated transcriptomic and small RNA datasets, generating improved, genome-wide maps of microRNAs and phasiRNAs important for wheat development. Collectively, these resources elevate Kronos to reference quality and establish it as a versatile platform for functional and translational wheat research.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2026

Physiological sub-typing of cold and freezing injury in Triticum turgidum subspecies with bioinformatic and expression characterization of glutathione reductase.

BACKGROUND: This study examined how different subspecies of Triticum turgidum (T. durum, T. polonicum, T. turanicum) respond to cold and freezing, assessing their water status, stress responses, and antioxidant system, with particular focus on the structure and function of glutathione reductase (TtGR). METHODS: TtGR genes were first identified from the T. turgidum genome using publicly available genomic resources such as Ensembl Plants. Promoter regions (~2 kb upstream) were analyzed to identify cis-regulatory elements using PlantCARE. Gene classification was performed based on predicted subcellular localization and conserved domain features. Plants were subjected to cold acclimation and freezing treatments, and physiological, biochemical, and enzymatic parameters were measured. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analyses identified four TtGR genes in the T. turgidum genome. The genes in two groups: cytosolic (Class I) and chloroplastic (Class II). Gene structure analysis showed a conserved exon-intron organization, while motif analysis confirmed the presence of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH)-binding and redox-active domains across all TtGR proteins. Several regulatory sequences in the promoters are involved in cold (DRE), abscisic acid (ABRE), and stress (STRE) responses, indicating that TtGR genes are dynamically regulated in response to environmental changes. Physiological analyses showed that freezing treatment reduces leaf water content in all genotypes, leading to turgor loss, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, and increased malondealdehyte (MDA) levels. However, tolerance mechanisms addressing water stress and membrane damage differ among genotypes. At the biochemical level, activation of the antioxidant defense system occurs in all genotypes. T. turanicum displays strong defense by significantly increasing enzyme activities, ensuring that the ascorbate-glutathione cycle continues under stress. By contrast, T. polonicum, although showing increased overall enzyme activities, experiences a dramatic drop in glutathione reductase (GR) activity at freezing temperatures, which restricts reduced glutathione (GSH) regeneration and creates a functional bottleneck in the antioxidant cycle. T. durum fails to sustain enzyme activities over the stress period, leading to an intermediate-sensitive response. Thus, whereas T. turanicum effectively maintains antioxidant function during freezing, T. polonicum and T. durum exhibit less efficient stress responses, either through enzymatic bottlenecks or a lack of sustained defense. CONCLUSIONS: One of the most striking findings of this study is the observed dissociation between TtGR gene expression levels and enzyme activities. Low temperature limits the link between transcription and enzyme function. The primary determinant of low-temperature tolerance in T. turgidum subspecies is the sustainability of GR enzyme activity and GSH regeneration under freezing conditions.

Triticum↗

PubMed2025

Phylogeny, chromosomal mapping and expression analyses of wheat CLAVATA pathway components suggest differential selection on receptor-like kinases, CLEs and T3 WOXes.

Ensuring continuous global food security is a major challenge of the 21st century. Wheat contributes approximately 20% of the total calories consumed by humans, and an estimated 60% increase in production will be required by 2050 to meet forecast global demand. In cereals like wheat, inflorescence (ear) size and branching patterns determine the number of flowers (florets) and grains produced, and these aspects of plant architecture are regulated by the activity of stem cells in the growing shoot tips. CLAVATA peptide and receptor-like kinase signalling regulates angiosperm stem cell activity, and as changes in CLAVATA function can improve crop yields, CLAVATA is a key target for reverse engineering. Here, we identify components of the wheat CLAVATA pathway using genome searches against Triticum aestivum and its wild relatives Triticum turgidum ssp. durum, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, Triticum urartu and Aegilops tauschii. Using phylogenetic and synteny analysis, we determine the relationship between homoeologues and infer patterns of gene family evolution. Whilst CLAVATA1, BARELY ANY MERISTEM, RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN KINASE 2, CORYNE and CLAVATA2 receptor-like kinase homologues are mainly present as single genome copies as in other grasses, CLAVATA3-like but not TRACHEARY ELEMENT DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR (TDIF)-like peptide encoding genes and WUSCHEL-LIKE HOMEOBOX (WOX) genes have expanded copy numbers with many gene gains and losses during evolution. Our results highlight wheat CLAVATA pathway components for reverse genetic analysis and indicate potential differential selection on wheat receptor-like kinases, their peptide ligands and WOXes.

Triticum↗

PubMed2026

Grain protein and yield stability study in rainfed durum wheat RILs.

Developing durum wheat cultivars with stable grain yield across diverse environments remains a key breeding objective. This study evaluated 118 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the drought-adapted cultivar 'Zardak' (Triticum durum) and the landrace 'Iran-249' (T. turanicum) with desirable seed characteristics, across four heterogeneous rainfed environments in Italy and Iran. The assessment focused on grain yield (GY) and grain protein content (GPC) stability. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant (p < 0.01) effects for genotype, environment, and their interaction for both traits. Line ZD-050 showed the highest GY (3.91 t ha⁻¹), while ZD-032 had the highest GPC (14.27%). Stability analysis using parametric and non-parametric methods, along with AMMI and GGE biplot modeling, identified ZD-050 as among the most promising genotypes according to yield-integrating and dynamic-stability approaches. This line showed high grain yield in methods such as the Superiority Index and Kang's rank-sum, although stability rankings differed across the used methods. This line maintained superior yield, demonstrated broad adaptability across environments, and had moderate protein levels, identifying it as an optimal candidate for breeding programs targeting yield stability and wide adaptation under rainfed conditions.

Triticum↗

PubMed2026

Subtle but Significant: Intraspecific Genome Size Variation in Durum Wheat Landraces and Cultivars.

Genome size is a significant trait connected to the evolutionary history of plants and frequently linked to speciation events. In the current study, we evaluated intraspecific variation in 2C-values across a durum wheat collection comprising landraces and cultivars of diverse origins, preserved in the Cypriot gene bank. Forty-seven accessions were analysed by Propidium Iodide (PI) staining/flow cytometry (FCM), and subtle differences were noted. 2C content varied from 25.04 pg for Kyperounta landrace to 26.78 pg for ARI00068. In general, 2C value overlap was observed across the collection, although some accessions were distinguished. Comparison among landraces and modern varieties indicated that landraces exhibit a broader range of 2C content than cultivars, but a clear clustering based on geographic origin was not observed. The genome size data provided here could offer an additional layer of information for germplasm collections and serve as a stepping stone for further omics analyses.

Cypriot landraces↗