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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Trigeminal depressor response during percutaneous microcompression of the trigeminal ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia.

Percutaneous microcompression of the trigeminal ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia was performed 23 times on 21 patients. Significant abrupt drops in heart rate and blood pressure (P less than 0.0002) occurred when the needle entered the foramen ovale or upon balloon advancement or inflation. In 16 of 23 (70%) procedures, the heart rate fell abruptly to 60 or less, by a mean of 38%. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased transiently by 31% during 12 of 23 (55%) procedures. Our findings of transient bradycardia and hypotension upon mechanical stimulation or compression of the mandibular nerve or trigeminal ganglion show for the first time the presence of a trigeminal depressor response in humans. We recommend that heart rate and arterial blood pressure be monitored continuously during percutaneous microcompression of the trigeminal ganglion. Intravenous atropine should be available for immediate use, and an external pacemaker should be fitted preoperatively.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal sensory nuclei.

Immunohistochemistry for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was performed on the rat trigeminal ganglion (TG). The immunoreactivity (IR) was detected in 46% of TG neurons. These neurons were mostly small- or medium-sized (range, 149.7-1246.3 microm2; mean +/- SD = 373.4 +/- 151.6 microm2). A double immunofluorescence method also revealed that 54% of BDNF-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were immunoreactive for calcitonin-gene-related peptide. In addition, 93% of BDNF-IR TG neurons contained vanilloid receptor subtype 1. However, the co-expression of BDNF and vanilloid receptor 1-like receptor was very rare (less than 1%). In the trigeminal sensory nuclei, laminae II of the medullary dorsal horn was abundant in presumed BDNF-IR axon terminals. Such profiles were also detected in the dorsolateral part of the subnucleus oralis. The retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical methods demonstrated that BDNF-IR was common among cutaneous TG neurons (47%) but not tooth pulp TG neurons (13%). The present study indicates that BDNF-IR TG neurons have unmyelinated axons and project to the superficial medullary dorsal horn. It is likely that BDNF-containing neurons in both the trigeminal and spinal sensory systems have similarities in morphology and function. However, the content of BDNF in TG neurons probably depends on their peripheral targets. BDNF seems to convey nociceptive cutaneous input to the trigeminal sensory nuclei.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Osteopontin-immunoreactivity in the rat trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal sensory nuclei.

Osteopontin-immunoreactivity (OPN-ir) was examined in the oro-facial tissues and trigeminal sensory nuclei (principal sensory nucleus and spinal trigeminal nucleus) to ascertain the peripheral ending and central projection of OPN-containing primary sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). No staining was observed using mouse monoclonal anti-OPN antibody preabsorbed with recombinant mature OPN. OPN-immunoreactive (ir) peripheral endings were classified into two types: encapsulated and unencapsulated types. Unencapsulated endings were subdivided into two types: simple and complex types. Simple endings were characterized by the thin neurite that was usually devoid of ramification. These endings were seen in the hard plate and gingiva. The complex type was characterized by the thick ramified neurite, and observed in the vibrissa, hard palate, and molar periodontal ligament. Encapsulated endings were found only in the hard palate. The trigeminal sensory nuclei contained OPN-ir cell bodies and neuropil. The neuropil was devoid of ir in laminae I and II of the medullary dorsal horn (MDH), and had various staining intensities in other regions of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Transection of the infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves caused an increase of OPN-ir intensity in ipsilateral TG neurons. The staining intensity of the neuropil also increased in the trigeminal sensory nuclei ipsilateral to the neurotomy excepting laminae I and II of the MDH. The present study indicates that OPN-ir primary sensory neurons in the TG innervate encapsulated and unencapsulated corpuscular endings. Such neurons probably project their central terminals to the trigeminal sensory nuclei except for the superficial laminae of the MDH.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Physiological and anatomical consequences of infraorbital nerve transection in the trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal spinal tract of the adult rat.

Single-unit recording and retrograde tracing techniques were used to assess the receptive field properties, topography, and projections of rat trigeminal primary afferent neurons subsequent to transection of the infraorbital (IO) nerve in adulthood. Four hundred and fifty-eight units were recorded in the trigeminal ganglion ipsilateral to nerve section. Of these, 66.6% had IO receptive fields. Thirty percent responded to innocuous stimulation of vibrissae, 39.1% to guard hair deflection, 8.2% to gentle indentation or stretch of the skin, and 22.3% to noxious stimuli (compared to 77.2% vibrissa, 12.0% guard hair, 4.5% skin, and 6.3% noxious in normal animals). An additional 15 units were driven by a stimulating electrode placed on the IO nerve proximal to the site of the lesion but had no receptive field. Of the cells with vibrissa receptive fields, 33.3% were slowly adapting type I (SAI), 6.6% were slowly adapting type II (SAII), 32.2% were low velocity rapidly adapting (RA-LV), 20.0% were high velocity rapidly adapting (RA-HV), and 7.7% were nociceptive (NX, in normal animals 43.8% were SAI, 10.3% SAII, 27.6% RA-LV, 16.8% RA-HV, and 1.5% NX). A number of cells had receptive field properties not seen in normal animals. The single-unit recordings indicated that the topography of mandibular and ophthalmic representations in the ganglion were essentially normal, while the organization of the maxillary region of the ganglion was slightly abnormal. The ganglion physiology experiments were augmented by records from primary afferents in the trigeminal spinal tract (TrV). Eighty-one (72.2%) of the 112 fibers recorded in the TrV of normal rats had IO receptive fields. Of these, 73.2% responded to innocuous vibrissal stimulation, 14.6% to guard hair deflection, 8.5% to gentle indentation of the skin, and 2.5% to noxious stimuli. Of the 61 vibrissa units, 37.8% were SAI, 19.7% SAII, 37.8% RA-LV, 3.3% RA-HV, and 1.6% NX. In adult-lesioned animals, 81 (61.3%) of the recorded fibers had IO receptive fields. Of this number, 38.2% responded to vibrissae, 29.6% to guard hairs, 16.0% to skin, and 19.7% to noxious simuli. Of the vibrissa-sensitive units, 16.1% were SAI, 3.2% were SAII, 45.2% were RA-LV, 35.5% were RA-HV, and 3.2% NX. As in the ganglion recording studies, a number of abnormal receptive fields were documented.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Percutaneous microcompression of the trigeminal ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia.

Fifty patients were treated for trigeminal neuralgia by percutaneous microcompression of the trigeminal ganglion. A No. 4 Fogarty balloon catheter was inserted under brief general anesthesia, using biplane fluoroscopy. This procedure is essentially a percutaneous simplication of the older Taarnhøj-Sheldon-Pudenz operation. The follow-up period ranged from 0.5 to 4.5 years. Pain recurred in 12% of cases during that time, and it is anticipated that within 5 years the recurrence rate will reach 20%, which is approximately the same rate as for the alternative established procedures. The advantages of this technique are freedom from discomfort on the part of the patient, a remarkable ease of performance on the part of the operator, absence of associated mortality, and a minimal morbidity rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The distribution of binding by isolectin I-B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia in the trigeminal ganglion and brainstem trigeminal nuclei in the rat.

The distribution of binding by the isolectin I-B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia in the rat trigeminal system has been investigated. This lectin binds to a sub-population of small-diameter trigeminal ganglion neurons. Double-labelling studies revealed that this lectin bound to all the trigeminal ganglion neurons containing somatostatin, whereas it bound to less than 25% of those containing calcitonin gene-related peptide or substance P. In the brainstem this lectin gave terminal-like staining in only the sub-nucleus caudalis of the trigeminal nuclei. In this nucleus, staining was most dense in the inner part of lamina II. Morphometric studies suggest that this lectin and that from the soybean recognize the same population of cells. The relationship of this data to those obtained in other studies using markers binding to glycoconjugates with a terminal alpha-galactose is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Percutaneous trigeminal ganglion compression for trigeminal neuralgia. Experience in 22 patients and review of the literature.

Between 1983 and 1988, a percutaneous trigeminal ganglion compression (PTGC) procedure for trigeminal neuralgia was performed on 22 patients. All patients were initially relieved of their pain. There were three recurrences (14%); two of these patients underwent a second PTGC procedure and one a partial trigeminal nerve root section. Follow-up examination 3 to 53 months after the procedure showed that all patients were free of pain. Morbidity included persistent minor hypesthesia in five patients, persistent minor dysesthesias in three, persistent minor weakness in three, aseptic meningitis in one, transient sixth nerve palsy in one, and transient otalgia in three. None of the patients had either anesthesia dolorosa or an absent corneal reflex.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Attenuation of pain-related behavior in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain by viral-driven enkephalin overproduction in trigeminal ganglion neurons.

Trigeminal neuropathic pain represents a real challenge to therapy because commonly used drugs are devoid of real beneficial effect or patients frequently become intolerant or refractory to some of these compounds. In a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain, which shares numerous similarities with human trigeminal neuralgia and trigeminal neuropathic pain, we used a genomic herpes simplex virus-derived vector (HSVLatEnk) to examine the possible effect of a local overproduction of proenkephalin A (PA) targeted to the trigeminal primary sensory neurons. Unilateral peripheral inoculation of recombinant vectors on the vibrissal pad territory resulted in an about ninefold increase in proenkephalin A mRNA levels in trigeminal ganglion ipsilateral to the infected side. Transgene-derived met-enkephalin accumulated in numerous nerve cell bodies of trigeminal ganglion and was transported through the sensory nerve fibers located in the infraorbital nerve. Bilateral mechanical hyperresponsiveness, which developed 2 weeks after chronic constrictive injury of the left infraorbital nerve, was significantly attenuated in animals overproducing PA in the trigeminal ganglion ipsilateral to the lesioned infraorbital nerve. This antiallodynic effect was reversed by both the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and the peripherally acting antagonist naloxone methiodide. Our data demonstrate that the local overproduction of PA-derived peptides in trigeminal ganglion sensory neurons evoked a potent antiallodynic effect through the stimulation of mainly peripherally located opioid receptors and suggest that targeted delivery of endogenous opioids may be of interest for the treatment of some severe forms of neuropathic pain.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Distribution of NADPH diaphorase-exhibiting primary afferent neurons in the trigeminal ganglion and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus of the rabbit.

1. Nitric oxide (NO) is highly reactive gaseous molecule to which many physiological and pathological functions have been attributed in the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous system. The present investigation was undertaken to map the distribution pattern of the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of NO, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and especially its neuronal isoform (nNOS) in the population of primary afferent neurons of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) of the rabbit. 2. In order to identify neuronal structures expressing nNOS we applied histochemistry to its specific histochemical marker nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd). 3. We found noticeable amount of NADPHd-exhibiting primary afferent neurons in TG of the rabbit under physiological conditions. The intensity of the histochemical reaction was highly variable reaching the maximum in the subpopulation of small-to-medium-sized neurons. The large-sized neurons were only weakly stained or actually did not posses any NADPHd-activity. In addition, NADPHd-positive nerve fibers were detected between clusters of the ganglionic cells and in the peripheral branches of the trigeminal nerve (TN). NADPHd-exhibiting MTN neurons were noticed in the whole rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus even though some differences were found concerning the ratio of NADPHd-positive versus NADPHd-negative cell bodies. Similarly, we observed striking diversity in the intensity of NADPHd histochemical reaction in the subpopulations of small-, medium-, and large-sized MTN neurons. 4. The predominant localization of NADPHd in the subpopulation of small-to-medium-sized TG neurons which are generally considered to be nociceptive suggests that NO probably takes part in the modulation of nociceptive inputs from the head and face. Furthermore, we tentatively assume that NADPHd-exhibiting MTN neurons probably participate in transmission and modulation of the proprioceptive impulses from muscle spindles of the masticatory muscles and mechanoreceptors of the periodontal ligaments and thus provide sensory feedback of the masticatory reflex arc.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase and nitric oxide synthase in the trigeminal ganglion and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus of the cat. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study.

The trigeminal ganglion (TrG) and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) neurons are involved in the transmission of orofacial sensory information. The presence of nitric oxide (NO), a putative neurotransmitter substance in the nervous system, was examined in the cat TrG and MTN using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry. In the TrG, where the majority of the trigeminal primary afferent perikarya are located, most of the intensely NADPH-d/ NOS-stained cells were small in size and distributed randomly throughout the ganglion. The medium-sized neurons were moderately stained. A plexus of pericellular varicose arborizations around large unstained ganglion cells and densely stained fibers in-between could also be observed. In the caudal part of the MTN, both NADPH-d activity and NOS immunoreactivity was present in MTN neurons. In addition, a few scattered NADPH-d/NOS-containing neurons were found in the mesencephalic-pontine junction part of the nucleus. In contrast, only nerve fibers and their terminals were present at a more rostral level in the mid- and rostral MTN. MTN neuronal perikarya were enveloped in fine basket-like NADPH-d/ NOS-positive networks. Differential expression patterns of NOS and its marker NADPH-d suggest that trigeminal sensory information processing in the cat MTN is controlled by nitrergic input through different mechanisms. We introduce the concept that NO can act as a neurotransmitter in mediating nociceptive and proprioceptive information from periodontal mechanoreceptors but may also participate in modulating the activity of jaw-closing muscle afferent MTN neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide- and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the trigeminal ganglion and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus of the cat.

The distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity (LI) in the cat trigeminal ganglion (TrG) and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) was studied by the indirect immunofluorescent technique and unlabelled peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. A positive reaction for both CGRP and NPY was found only in the TrG primary afferent neurons. Between 40% and 50% of the perikarya displayed CGRP-LI whereas few of the trigeminal principal neurons (approximately 1%) showed NPY-LI. Most of the CGRP-immunoreactive cells were small to medium-sized (20-40 microns in diameter) and were distributed throughout the ganglion. NPY appeared specifically in medium-sized to large-sized trigeminal neurons (up to 60 microns). CGRP and NPY also occurred in varicose nerve fibres running among the cell bodies and in pericellular baskets around a small number of large unstained ganglion cells. In contrast, CGRP- and NPY-LI were present only in the nerve fibres and terminals of the cat MTN. The immunoreactive varicosities travelled towards the negative MTN neurons and formed basket-like arborizations around their cell bodies. Synaptic contact between the immunolabelled axonal profiles and perikarya of trigeminal primary afferent neurons could not be seen in the TrG and MTN of the cat. The results provide further evidence for the interrelation between sensory and autonomic systems.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Neuronal body size correlates with the number of nucleoli and Cajal bodies, and with the organization of the splicing machinery in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons.

Trigeminal ganglion neurons comprise three main cell body-size types. This cell size heterogeneity provides an excellent neuronal model to study the cell size-dependent organization and dynamics of the nucleoli, Cajal (coiled) bodies (CBs), and nuclear speckles of pre-mRNA splicing factors, nuclear structures that play a key role in the normal neuronal physiology. We have analyzed the number of nucleoli and CBs and the structural and molecular organization of CBs and nuclear speckles in the three neuronal types by using immunofluorescence with antibodies that recognize nucleoli (fibrillarin), CBs (coilin), and nuclear speckles (snRNPs), confocal microscopy, and electron microscopy. Whereas the mean number of nucleoli per neuron decreases as a function of cell size, the number of CBs per cell significantly increases in large neurons in comparison with the small ones. In addition, large neurons have a higher proportion of CBs associated with the nucleolus. In all neuronal types, CBs concentrate coilin, fibrillarin, snRNPs, and the survival motor neuron protein (SMN). Immunostaining for snRNPs shows small speckle domains and extensive areas of diffuse nucleoplasmic signal in large neurons, in contrast with the large nuclear speckles found in small neurons. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis shows that all neurons are in the range of diploid cells. These findings indicate that the fusion behavior of nucleoli, the formation of CBs and their relationships with the nucleolus, as well as the compartmentalization of the pre-mRNA splicing machinery, is related to cell body size in the trigeminal ganglion neurons. Because transcriptional activity is a basic determinant mechanism of cell size in diploid cells, we suggest that our findings reflect a distinct transcription-dependent organization of the nucleolus and splicing machinery in the three cell types of trigeminal ganglion neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Comparative analysis of the chemical neuroanatomy of the mammalian trigeminal ganglion and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus.

A characteristic peculiarity of the trigeminal sensory system is the presence of two distinct populations of primary afferent neurons. Most of their cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) but part of them lie in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN). This review compares the neurochemical content of central versus peripheral trigeminal primary afferent neurons. In the TG, two subpopulations of primary sensory neurons, containing immunoreactive (IR) material, are identified: a number of glutamate (Glu)-, substance P (SP)-, neurokinin A (NKA)-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, cholecystokinin (CCK)-, somatostatin (SOM)-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and galanin (GAL)-IR ganglion cells with small and medium-sized somata, and relatively less numerous larger-sized neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and peptide 19 (PEP 19)-IR trigeminal neurons. In addition, many nitric oxide synthase (NOS)- and parvalbumin (PV)-IR cells of all sizes as well as fewer, mostly large, calbindin D-28k (CB)-containing neurons are seen. The majority of the large ganglion cells are surrounded by SP-, CGRP-, SOM-, CCK-, VIP-, NOS- and serotonin (SER)-IR perisomatic networks. In the MTN, the main subpopulation of large-sized neurons display Glu-immunoreactivity. Additionally, numerous large MTN neurons exhibit PV- and CB-immunostaining. On the other hand, certain small MTN neurons, most likely interneurons, are found to be GABAergic. Furthermore, NOS-containing neurons can be detected in the caudal and the mesencephalic-pontine junction portions of the nucleus. Conversely, no immunoreactivity to any of the examined neuropeptides is observed in the cell bodies of MTN neurons but these are encircled by peptidergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic and nitrergic perineuronal arborizations in a basket-like manner. Such a discrepancy in the neurochemical features suggests that the differently fated embryonic migration, synaptogenesis, and peripheral and central target field innervation can possibly affect the individual neurochemical phenotypes of trigeminal primary afferent neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Calcitonin gene-related peptide and nitric oxide in the trigeminal ganglion: cerebral vasodilatation from trigeminal nerve stimulation involves mainly calcitonin gene-related peptide.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a novel neurotransmitter candidate to which a large number of physiological roles has been ascribed. In the present study, immunocytochemistry was used to demonstrate NO synthase (NOS) and to investigate possible co-localization with other neurotransmitters. In the trigeminal ganglion of the cat, a moderate number of NOS immunoreactive nerve cell bodies was seen, of which the major part also expressed calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The nerve cell bodies expressing NOS in the trigeminal ganglion were predominantly of small to medium size; while numerous cell bodies of varying size contained CGRP. With in situ hybridization using oligonucleotide probes, CGRP mRNA was demonstrated in almost all trigeminal neurons of the cat. Stimulation of the nasociliary nerve resulted in a frequency-dependent increase in ipsilateral local cortical blood flow by 30 +/- 6%. Administration of the NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine-methylester (L-NAME) did not significantly alter this response when applied intravenously or on the cortical surface. Local cortical administration of the CGRP blocker h-CGRP (8-37) did not alter the cerebral vasodilator response to hypercapnia or resting flow. However, the nasociliary nerve response was reduced by 50% after h-CGRP (8-37), with a general shift to the right of the frequency-response curve. These data suggest that although NOS is seen in several trigeminal ganglion cells and coexists with CGRP in a subpopulation of the sensory neurons, its role in trigeminally mediated vasodilatation was not significant.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A method for intraoperative microneurographic recording of unitary activity in the trigeminal ganglion of patients with trigeminal neuralgia.

The etiology of trigeminal neuralgia appears to be vascular compression of the nerve at the root entry zone. However, the physiologic mechanism of trigeminal neuralgia remains uncertain. To gain insight into the pathophysiology of the disorder, we developed a method for intraoperative microneurographic recordings from the trigeminal ganglion of patients with trigeminal neuralgia. The recordings are performed immediately prior to standard percutaneous trigeminal gangliolysis for pain relief. Spontaneous or evoked single- and multi-unit action potential activity can be recorded and the location of receptive fields determined. The method should facilitate the testing of hypotheses concerning the origin of this unique pain disorder.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1997

Trigeminal ganglion elicited increases in nucleus trigeminal caudalis blood flow: a novel migraine model.

We developed an assay which predicts the antimigraine efficacy of sumatriptan. Our assay is based on two assumptions: (1) electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion mimics the neurogenic inflammatory process and (2) stimulation-induced increases in n. trigeminal caudalis blood flow reflect activation of a large population of neurons. Briefly, the trigeminal ganglion was electrically stimulated for 30 s periods at 1 and 10 Hz before and after administration of saline or the antimigraine compound sumatriptan in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Sumatriptan blunted the increase in blood flow following stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion. These data suggest that the n. trigeminal caudalis blood flow model may be useful in identifying antimigraine compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

An ultrastructural study of the binding of an alpha-D-galactose specific lectin from Griffonia simplicifolia to trigeminal ganglion neurons and the trigeminal nucleus caudalis in the rat.

The pattern of binding by the isolectin I-B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia to trigeminal ganglion neurons and the trigeminal nucleus caudalis has been investigated at the ultrastructural level in the rat. This lectin bound to small ganglion neurons with two different binding patterns. The majority of the ganglion cells labelled had reaction product throughout their cytoplasm and this was associated with the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. In a second group of small ganglion neurons the binding was only found on the surface plasma membrane of the cells. In the trigeminal tract the cytoplasm of many unmyelinated axons and a few small myelinated axons was found to bind this lectin. A very thin band of staining was also found on the inner and outer edges of the myelin sheaths of other myelinated axons. Staining of synapses was found throughout laminae I and II with the highest frequency in the inner part of laminae II. These synapses made both simple and complex connections with one or more dendrites, contained clear round vesicles and had asymmetric synaptic densities. Some of the glomerular synapses stained were observed to receive presynaptic synapses containing small clear flattened vesicles. Synapses containing both clear round and large dense core vesicles were unstained. Some staining was also found in dendrites. In weakly fixed tissue, staining was also found around some glial cells and on the luminal membranes of capillary endothelial cells. This lectin is a valuable tool for studies of the "non-peptide" group of C-fibre primary afferents.

Animals↗