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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Dermatophyte isolation media: quantitative appraisal using skin scales infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum.

Various dermatophyte isolation media were quantitatively appraised by colony counts for their ability to support growth when suspensions of trypsin-treated infected-skin scales were used as inocula. Evaluation included guinea pig skin scales infected with a granular Trichophyton mentagrophyton mentagrophytes, and one trial was conducted using human skin scales infected with Trichophyton rubrum. No differences in the ability to support growth were observed among Taplin Dermatophyte Test medium, Dermatophyte Test Medium (Schering Diagnostics, Port Reading, N.J.),Sabouraud medium plus cycloheximide and chloramphenicol, Youssef medium for dermatophytes product no. 103S semisynthetic lots no. 106 and no. 107. With skin scales not grossly contaminated with bacteria, similar counts were obtained with Littman oxgall agar without antibiotics. Youssef medium for dermatophytes product no. 103N natural lot no. 109 was significantly different from the other media in that lower counts were obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Trichophytosis by double infection of Trichophyton schoenleinii and Trichophyton violaceum.

Chronic generalized trichophytosis in a 44-year-old female is reported. The disease began when she was 15 and gradually spread from the scalp. Surviving hairs on the scalp and eyebrows showed an endothrix invasion. Enlargement and fistulization of the cervical and axillary lymph nodes were also present. Trichophyton schoenleinii was cultured from the scalp while Trichophyton violaceum was isolated from the body skin, the nail and lymph nodes. Griseofulvin produced significant improvement with occasional relapses. The possible role of the basic cell-mediated immune defect, as revealed by the decreased number of the T and B cells, is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Serum-albumin agar used as slant for the differentiation between Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes: specific reg pigmentation of T. rubrum.

Trichophyton rubrum strains freshly isolated from clinical material exhibited red pigment formation within 7 days at 26 degrees C on slant serum-albumin agar, initial pH 7.0. In Trichophyton mentagrophytes strains this phenomenon could not be observed. Since in the case of T. rubrum, yellow pigmentation will appear at an initial pH of 5.0, the use of initial pH values of 7.0 and 5.0 is recommended for diagnostic application of slant serum-albumin agar.

Agar↗
PubMed1977

Trichophyton fischeri sp. nov.: a saprophyte resembling Trichophyton rubrum.

A new species Trichophyton fischeri was isolated as a contaminant on blood agar plates. This fungus is believed to be a saprophyte. It may be confused with T. rubrum. On peptone dextrose agar plate, the growth is white and velvety to cottony. It occasionally forms furrows. The underside of the mature colony is brownish red. Clavate microaleuriospores are common. Trichophyton-type macroaleuriospores are produced occasionally on blood agar and potato dextrose agar. Erythritol does not stimulate T. fischeri to produce a red color on casamino erythritol albumen agar. Closterospore-like projections may be produced on the main filaments on peptone dextrose and potato dextrose agar.

Trichophyton↗
PubMed1976

Studies of the antigenic structure of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporon canis, and Epidermophyton floccosum by crossed immuno-electrophoresis.

By means of crossed immuno-electrophoresis, 35 antigens of T. rubrum, 26 of T. mentagrophytes, 35 of M. canis, and 25 of E. floccosum have been demonstrated. Tandem crossed immuno-electrophoresis has revealed two antigens common to T. rubrum and the other species, which, however, differ within the species. No common antigens have been demonstrated between T. mentagrophytes, M. canis, and E. floccosum. The technique for preparation of extracts and production of immune serum is described, and the procedure for the electrophoresis is outlined.

Antigens, Fungal↗
PubMed2026

Emerging terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton indotineae between 2018 and 2023: a multinational genomic epidemiology study.

BACKGROUND: Trichophyton species cause the greatest burden of dermatophytosis worldwide, with the Trichophyton mentagrophytes species complex being particularly associated with the emergence of new aggressive infections. One emerging species, Trichophyton indotineae is notable for its clinical resistance to terbinafine antifungal treatment and rapid global spread. In this study we aim to characterise the epidemiology of this emerging pathogen using genomics. METHODS: In this retrospective genomic epidemiology study, to better understand the epidemiology of this disease, we sourced isolates collected from patients with severe cases of dermatophytosis (identified either by internal transcribed spacer sequencing or phenotypic characterisation) in the UK, Ireland, France, Canada, and India for the period 2014-23, including the T indotineae type strain from Japan. We used whole-genome sequencing to confirm 90 isolates were T indotineae, and antifungal susceptibility testing to assess susceptibility to terbinafine. FINDINGS: 103 cases of severe dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton species collected between 2018 and 2023 in the UK, France, Canada, Ireland, and India were included in this study. Susceptibility testing indicated that 63 (70%) of 90 T indotineae isolates were resistant to terbinafine (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≥0·5 mg/L). Pairwise genetic distances showed very high identity with only 147 (range 1-414) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) separating isolates that were nested within a monophyletic phylogeny, supporting a single evolutionary origin of T indotineae. Genome-wide analyses identified multiple non-synonymous SNPs in SQLE (ERG1), the squalene epoxidase target of terbinafine, that were associated with terbinafine in vitro resistance of 0·5 mg/L or higher. However, six isolates exhibited high MIC values without SQLE mutations, suggesting the presence of alternative resistance mechanisms. INTERPRETATION: That no clear geographical clustering of isolates was observed confirms the rapid transcontinental spread of T indotineae from its likely centre of diversity in Asia. Our findings highlight the importance of better genomic surveillance to understand and manage this severe and rapidly emerging terbinafine-resistant dermatophyte. FUNDING: None.

Terbinafine↗
PubMed1978

[Current knowledge on imperfect and perfect forms of Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton species].

The taxonomic status of the members of the form genera: Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton is critically appraised. Two species of epidermophyton, 16 of Microsporum and 21 of Trichophyton are considered to be valid. Currently the perfect status of nine Microsporum and eight Trichophyton species have been described. They are respectively classified in the genera Nannizzia and Arthroderma. The value of the tester strains of the heterothallic perfect states in resolving taxonomic problems is discussed.

Epidermophyton↗
PubMed1976

Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in laboratory white mice.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection was studied in a breeding colony of 42 white mice. Symptoms were observed in only 3 out of the 12 animals shown to carry dermatophyte on their coats. Literature on Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection mice is reviewed. The use of the technique developed by Mariat & Tapia (16) to isolate dermatophytes on cultures, specially for epidemiological surveys, is postulated. Attention is called to the importance of healthy animals, directly or indirectly, as carriers of fungi and sources of infection to other animals and human beings.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Control of exocellular proteases in dermatophytes and especially Trichophyton rubrum.

The production of proteases was investigated during growth of dermatophytic fungi with special emphasis on Trichophyton rubrum. Exogenous glucose suppressed elastase production in all dermatophytes examined. The production of protease active guinea pig hair in keratin-salts broth by Microsporum gypseum. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum was also suppressed by glucose. Various carbohydrates added to keratin-salts broth curtailed protease production by T. rubrum as did individual amino acids but ammonium phosphate did not. Enzyme activities against guinea pig hair were compared in twenty-one diverse clinical isolates of T. rubrum cultured in keratin-salts broth. Activity also occurred towards casein, bovine serum albumin, keratin, collagen and elastin after keratin-growth. Studies concerning the properties of enzyme activities in culture filtrates of T. rubrum after keratin-growth suggested that multiple proteases occurred here. Hydrolysis of guinea pig hair and elastin were optimal at pH7 while keratinase was most active at alkaline pH. Divalent cations stimulated protease(s). Ferric ion and mercuric ion stimulated keratinase but were inhibitory to guinea pig hair hydrolysis and elastase. Chelating agents inhibited elastase and the hydrolysis of guinea pig hair more severely than keratinase and all of those effects were reversed by excess calcium. A serine-protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF), curtailed keratinase but was less inhibitory to elastase and guinea pig hair hydrolysis. Soybean trypsin inhibitor arrested each protease.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

First draft genome sequence of the emerging sexually transmitted dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes genotype VII.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes ITS-genotype VII (TMVII) is a globally emerging sexually transmitted dermatophyte causing severe skin infections characterised by painful, pustular lesions on the face, public area, genitalia, and trunk. To inform the prevention efforts, we present the first draft genomes of four TMVII isolates obtained from patients in the United Kingdom diagnosed between 2021 and 2025. We performed whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We analysed the genetic relatedness of four TMVII isolates collected from UK patients, two had travel links to Spain and the Middle East. Two further isolates, including T. mentagrophytes ITS-genotype I/II obtained from a canine infection in the United Kingdom in 2025 and Trichophyton indotineae were sequenced for contextual analysis. We confirm that the TMVII strains studied here represent a highly clonal population, distinct from both zoophilic T. mentagrophytes genotype I/II and anthropophilic T. indotineae.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

[Pigment Formation by Trichophyton rubrum: Differentiation between T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes on Serum Albumin Agar (author's transl)].

On serum albumin agar (bovine albumin) with initial pH-values of 5.0-6.0, Trichophyton rubrum showed a yellow pigmentation, and on the same medium with an initial pH-value of 7.0, a red pigmentation. Strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes have never shown pigmentation until now, The scarce growth (submerged) of T. rubrum on serum albumin agar is associated with a pigment formation that may be used for diagnostic purposes. It could be read within 3-7 days. Serum albumin agar with the initial pH-value of 5.0 was introduced in 1964 for the detection of the strain-specific proteolytic activity of Candida albicans.

Agar↗
PubMed1978

[Dermatomycosis of the nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) caused by the dermatophyte trichophyton mentagrophytes].

The authors described a dermal lesion in seven antelopes of the species Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas 1776), kept in a zoo-park. Mycological examination revealed the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Robin) Blanchard 1896 as the causative agent of the lesion. The clinical picture of the dermatophytosis was manifested by a non-inflammatory desquamation of the epidermis with focal hair shedding. The lesions, mostly localized on the heads of the animals affected, were successfully treated with local antimycotics and by oral administration of griseofulvin. The authors present a list of the species of Artiodactyla in which Trichophyton mentagrophytes has been found until the present time. They draw attention to the fact that in wild animals the dermatophyte mostly causes symptomless disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Topically applied antifungal agents. Percutaneous penetration and prophylactic activity against trichophyton mentagrophytes infection.

Penetration and prophylactic activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection of topically applied antifungal agents were studied in human volunteers. The concentration and persistence of drug in the stratum corneum was determined after different treatment schedules and from different vehicles. Measurable levels of griseofulvin, clotrimazole, miconazole nitrate, and thiabendazole remained in the skin four days after discontinuation of topical applications. Griseofulvin, miconazole, and clotrimazole exhibited prophylactic activity against infection by T mentagrophytes spores in a standardized test. Griseofulvin was a significantly better prophylactic agent than either miconazole or clotrimazole.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1977

Submicroscopic morphology of Trichophyton mentagrophytes grown at different temperatures.

Several modifications were observed in Trichophyton mentagrophytes cultivated at 19 degrees and 37 degrees C, i.e. nine degrees below and above the optimum of 28 degrees C. The phenomena included inhibition of the growth rate, changes in the gross aspects of the cultures as well as of the microscopic and submicroscopic morphology of the hyphal cells. At the ultrastructural level, in particular, it was shown that, at the suboptimal temperature, although the organelle structure in both young and aged hyphal cells remained nearly unchanged, unusual bodies of probable storage significance and plasmalemmasomes were formed. At the supraoptimal temperature, the youngest cells showed a normal organization but were richer in glycogen clusters and enveloped by a cell wall thicker than the ones at the optimal condition. In the cells far from the apex, the endomembrane integrity was lost and consequently an autolytic activity occurred. Degradation phenomena were detectable also at cell wall level. The cytological changes observed were tentatively correlated with a possible different sensitivity of the membrane system at the experimented temperature conditions.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed1977

Effect of undecanoic acid on germination of microconidia of wild and undecanoic acid resistance mutant of Trichophyton rubrum.

Effects of undecanoic acid (UDA) on germination of microconidia and elongation of germ tubes in UDA sensitive (udas) wild type Trichophyton rubrum and UDA resistant (udar) mutant derived from it, were studied. UDA inhibited conidial germination of udas and udar strains at 30 microgram/ml and 120 microgram/ml respectively which were minimum inhibitory concentrations of UDA for these two strains. When spores from both udas and udar were germinated in presence of subinhibitory concentration of UDA, germ tube growth was short. The elongation of germ tubes of spores pregerminated in absence of UDA was also inhibited by dose of UDA not sufficient to inhitib germination.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1979

[Influence of temperature, pH and glucidic substrates on the growth and conidiogenesis of Arthroderma (trichophyton) simii Stockdale].

Growth and conidiogenesis of the (+) IMI 101 693 and (-) IMI 101 695 strains of Trichophyton simii were compared at several temperatures (20 to 40 degrees C) and various pH (pH 4 to 9) and were correlated with the concentration of glucose (20 to 100 g/l) or other glucidic substrates (10 g/l). Although the development of both strains was optimal between 25 to 33 degrees C at pH 6 and with 10 g/l of glucose, the (-) strain always growed less than the (+) strain. Conidiogenesis was inhibited by sucrose in the (-) strain and by lactose in the (+) strain.

Carbohydrates↗