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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Treatment monitoring in syphilis using the autoanalyser.

Treatment monitoring in syphilis using the automated Reiter protein complement fixation test and the automated reagin test was investigated over a two-year period. Clearly defined response patterns were demonstrated in primary and secondary syphilis and, to a lesser extent, in latent syphilis, thus facilitating the assessment of treatment and the identification of treatment failures and reinfection. No obvious treatment failures were detected in those patients receiving penicillin, but two failures were noted in a group of patients with secondary syphilis treated with doxycyline. The combination of two automated tests overcame some of the disadvantages inherent in the use of a single reagin test.

Antibodies↗
PubMed2026

Longitudinal analysis of circulating tumor DNA and CA19-9 dynamics in predicting disease relapse and monitoring treatment response in stage I-III pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: An interim analysis of a prospective observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Postoperative recurrence is the leading cause of mortality in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), yet reliable tools for early relapse detection and treatment response assessment remain lacking. METHODS: In a prospective cohort of 136 patients with resected stage I-III PDAC receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, we evaluated circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and CA19-9 as longitudinal biomarkers across multiple postoperative time windows. RESULTS: ctDNA consistently outperformed CA19-9 as an independent prognostic factor; ctDNA positivity at on-treatment and surveillance assessments achieved a positive predictive value of 91.7%, while persistent negativity identified the lowest-risk patients. Integrating CA19-9 with ctDNA resolved the ctDNA-alone gap in distinguishing treatment clearance from conversion, improving discrimination of responders from non-responders (HR 3.72; P = .008). A time-weighted dynamic ctDNA risk score (MinerVa-dynamic) further stratified ctDNA-negative patients into clinically distinct prognostic subgroups, achieving an area under the curve of 0.87 and 0.82 for one- and two-year disease-free survival prediction, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support a dual-biomarker longitudinal monitoring framework as a practical, individualized approach to postoperative surveillance and early therapeutic decision-making in PDAC.

CA19-9↗
PubMed1975

Lymphocyte transformation in vitro in patients with immunodeficiency diseases: use in diagnosis, histocompatibility testing and monitoring treatment.

We have used lymphocyte stimulation in vitro to characterize the degree of cell-mediated immunodeficiency in different patients. The effect of treatment of patients with immunodeficiencies is illustrated by lymphocyte transformation in vitro before, during and after therapy (eg bone marrow transplantation of severe combined immunodeficiency and transfer factor treatment in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome). The mixed lymphocyte culture test has been used for selection of bone marrow transplant donor for a patient with CID when an HL-A identical sib was not available. The results of the transplantation in this patient with graft from a donor who differed from the patient in respect of both HL-A haplotypes (but MLC identical with the patient) is reported. The MLC data on another family with 2 children with Nezelof disease are reported. The data indicate that one of the patients could be a chimera after intrauterine grafting of maternal immunocompetent cells.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

National gonorrhea therapy monitoring study: treatment results.

To monitor the efficacy of the 1972 United States Public Health Service recommended treatment regimens for uncomplicated gonorrhea, we studied 9008 patients who were randomly assigned either to aqueous procaine penicillin G, 4.8 million units intramuscularly plus 1 g of oral probenecid, or to one of the three other recommended regimens. Among the 3871 patients re-examined within three to seven days after therapy, the penicillin-probenecid regimen was successful in 96.8 per cent, whereas the cure rates of the ampicillin-probenecid, tetracycline, and spectinomycin regimens were 92.8, 96.2, and 94.8 per cent, respectively. In clinics comparing the regimens, penicillin G-probenecid was as effective as tetracycline, but more effective than ampicillin-probenecid (P less than 0.05) and spectinomycin (P less than 0.01). However, in patients re-examined three to 14 days after treatment, only the ampicillin-probenecid regimen was significantly less effective than penicillin probenecid (P less than 0.01). Despite these differences in results, all four regimens recommended by the Public Health Service provided effective therapy for uncomplicated gonorrhea.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2026

Epigenetic Profiling for Early Detection and Treatment Response Monitoring in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Protocol for a Prospective Translational Biomarker Study.

BACKGROUND: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and continues to have poor survival outcomes, with most patients diagnosed at advanced stages of disease. In New Zealand, NSCLC contributes substantially to cancer inequities, with Māori communities experiencing disproportionately high incidence and mortality rates. Although low-dose computed tomography screening can improve early detection, major limitations remain, including false-positive findings, overdiagnosis, high infrastructure costs, and limited accessibility for rural and underserved populations. Liquid biopsy approaches using circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), particularly DNA methylation profiling, have emerged as promising, minimally invasive strategies for improving cancer detection, treatment monitoring, and precision oncology. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to establish integrated genomic and epigenomic predictive and prognostic biomarkers using ctDNA, tumor tissue, and transcriptomic profiling to improve early detection, risk stratification, treatment selection and response prediction, and longitudinal monitoring, with particular emphasis on identifying molecular mechanisms associated with treatment resistance and disease progression. METHODS: This prospective observational translational biomarker study is being conducted through the University of Otago and associated respiratory and oncology services in New Zealand. The study will recruit participants with NSCLC (including squamous and nonsquamous subtypes), individuals referred to fast-track lung nodule assessment clinics, and nonmalignant respiratory controls. Serial peripheral blood sampling will be performed in selected participants at predefined clinical follow-up time points to evaluate treatment response and disease progression. The availability of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival tissues will be recorded, but will not be mandatory for enrollment. Genome-scale DNA methylation profiling will be performed using cell-free reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (cfRRBS), while targeted genomic profiling and transcriptomic analyses will be conducted using targeted sequencing panels and RNA sequencing. Integrative bioinformatic analyses will be used to identify molecular biomarkers associated with early-stage disease, advanced disease, treatment response, and therapeutic resistance. RESULTS: Ethics approval for the study has been obtained from the New Zealand Health and Disability Ethics Committee (2022 EXP 12566). This study commenced in 2022, and recruitment and biospecimen collection are ongoing. The study aims to recruit approximately 450 participants, including patients with NSCLC, individuals referred through respiratory diagnostic pathways, and nonmalignant controls. As of July 31, 2026, 205 participants have been recruited, with recruitment continuing until the target sample size is reached. Molecular and data analyses are ongoing, with additional publications expected as the cohort matures. CONCLUSIONS: This study will generate one of the first integrated genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic liquid biopsy datasets for NSCLC in New Zealand. The findings are expected to support the development of sensitive, accessible, and equitable blood-based biomarkers for NSCLC detection and treatment monitoring while also contributing to improved precision oncology approaches and reducing NSCLC inequities among Māori populations.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The value of continuous ECG monitoring during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. A computer study.

In order to confirm or refute the previously held view that electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are frequent in diabetic ketoacidosis, we have undertaken continuous ECG monitoring for 24 h, with subsequent computer analysis, in 14 diabetic patients admitted with severe ketoacidosis. There was a steady fall in heart rate during the 24-h except in 3 severely dehydrated patients. Depression of the ST-segment was minimal and ST-segment height correlated significantly with heart rate, whereas no consistent relationship was found between T-wave amplitude and either heart rate or plasma potassium. Two patients developed short periods of supraventricular ectopic beats. Although ECG monitoring has been claimed to be a useful aid in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis, this study clearly demonstrates that significant ECG changes are rare and ECG monitoring thereafter adds little to careful clinical observation and regular biochemical assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of pediatric Behçet's disease: Systematic literature review informing the ISSAID/PRES recommendations.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric-onset Behçet's disease (BD) accounts for up to 20% of cases and represents a distinct clinical entity characterized by evolving phenotypes and age-specific patterns of organ involvement. This systematic literature review synthesizes current evidence on pediatric BD, informing forthcoming recommendations by the International Society of Systemic Auto-Inflammatory Diseases (ISSAID) and the Pediatric Rheumatology European Society (PReS). METHODS: A systematic search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Observational studies reporting clinical features, diagnostic criteria, management strategies, and outcomes in BD patients diagnosed before the age of 16 years were included. Proportional meta-analysis was performed to give pooled estimates for organ system involvement. RESULTS: Fifty-two studies, encompassing 2929 patients, met inclusion criteria. Sex distribution was balanced, with a 1:1 male-to-female ratio. The age of onset differed, with 1 year old being the lowest median age of onset and 2 years the lowest median age of diagnosis. The pooled random-effects estimate demonstrated that 50% of patients were HLA-B51 positive (95% CI, 0.5-0.6). Mucocutaneous manifestations were nearly universal (97.8%) and frequently represented the initial feature (80.9%). Musculoskeletal (36%), ocular (35%), neurological (17.9%), gastrointestinal (20%), vascular (15.4%) manifestations showed substantial variability in prevalence. Therapeutic approaches varied widely and were extrapolated from adult practice, with treatment guided by organ involvement and severity. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric BD encompasses a heterogeneous spectrum of phenotypes requiring harmonized diagnostic frameworks, structured phenotypic stratification, and standardized monitoring to improve long-term outcomes. The relative burden and combination of organ manifestations varied across cohorts, reflecting both biological heterogeneity and differences in study design.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

The potential uses of the medication monitor in the treatment of leprosy.

A medication monitor has been developed that utilizes radioactive material and photographic film to record the intervals at which patients take medication. In the author's opinion, this equipment represents the most efficient means that has so far become available for determining how regularly outpatients take medication. A monitor for the tuberculosis regimen of isoniazid and thiacetazone has been made at a sufficiently low cost that it is practical to use it in routine treatment programs. An inexpensive system for immediate development of the film that can be used in the most remote locations is also available. Undoubtedly, with appropriate engineering work, a monitor for leprosy regimens could be made. The device has been used with tuberculosis patients and revealed that many patients were grossly irregular in taking their medication. It has been used to oversee medication use by tuberculosis patients and to select those who require either extra attention to improve medication ingestion or completely supervised, directly administered programs. In the treatment of leprosy, it could be used to study new drug regimens, the causes of noncompliance, and for the routine supervision of patients.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

Exome-wide association study reveals 7 functional variants associated with ex-vivo drug response in acute myeloid leukemia patients.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive blood cancer characterized by poor survival outcomes. Further, due to the extreme molecular heterogeneity of the disease, drug treatment response varies from patient to patient. The variability of drug response can cause unnecessary treatment in more than half of the patients with no or partial therapy responses leading to severe side effects, monetary as well as time loss. Understanding the genetic risk factors underlying the drug response in AML can help with improved prediction of treatment responses and identification of biomarkers in addition to mechanistic insights to monitor treatment response. Here, we report the results of the first Exome-Wide Association Study (EWAS) of ex-vivo drug response performed to date with 175 AML cases and 47 drugs. We used information from 55,423 germline exonic SNPs to perform the analysis. We identified exome-wide significant (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;9.02&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10-&#x2009;7) associations for rs113985677 in CCIN with tamoxifen response, rs115400838 in TRMT5 with idelalisib response, rs11878277 in HDGFL2 with entinostat, and rs2229092 in LTA associated with vorinostat response. Further, using multivariate genome-wide association analysis, we identified the association of rs11556165 in ATRAID, and rs11236938 in TSKU with the combined response of all 47 drugs and 29 nonchemotherapy drugs at the genome-wide significance level (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;5&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10-&#x2009;8). Additionally, a significant association of rs35704242 in NIBAN1 was associated with the combined response for nonchemotherapy medicines (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;2.51&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10-&#x2009;8), and BI.2536, gefitinib, and belinostat were identified as the central traits. Our study represents the first EWAS to date on ex-vivo drug response in AML and reports 7 new associated loci that help to understand the anticancer drug response in AML patients.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

HPV circulating tumor DNA as a potential prognostic and predictive biomarker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Human papillomavirus circulating tumor DNA (HPVctDNA) has emerged as a promising prognostic biomarker in HPV-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This systematic review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of HPVctDNA in HNSCC management. MATERIAL/METHODS: We systematically reviewed a PubMed-indexed database of studies published between January 2012 and September 2025. Eligible studies were assessed for design, primary tumor site and stage, treatment modality, HPVctDNA detection method, diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity), and reported clinical endpoints. Descriptive syntheses were performed; sensitivity and specificity were standardized to proportions and summarized as median values per group. RESULTS: A total of 60 studies, including 8,234 patients were analyzed, of which 41 (68.3%) focused exclusively on oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and 17 (28.3%) included mixed HPV-related HNSCC subsites and HPV-positive cancers of unknown primary. The median follow-up across the included studies was 23&#xa0;months. Among the included studies, 19 were retrospective (31.7%) and 33 were prospective (55.0%), with a small proportion of cross-sectional and randomized clinical trials. Overall, 40 (66.7%) evaluated the role of HPVctDNA in a curative setting. Plasma was the most common sample type, analyzed in 55 studies (91.7%), while 5 studies also included saliva. Detection methods varied: 40 employed droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), 16 used quantitative PCR (qPCR) and 4 applied NGS-based assays. Most of these studies (38, 63.3%) evaluated the prognostic utility of HPVctDNA, while only 4 (6.7%) assessed HPVctDNA in a screening or diagnostic setting. Regarding diagnostic accuracy, the median sensitivity across evaluable studies was 91.1%, while the median specificity was 99.4%. In OPSCC-only cohorts, the median sensitivity and specificity were 89.4% and 99.4%, respectively. Dynamic changes in HPVctDNA levels during or after treatment were consistently associated with outcomes: clearance or sustained negativity correlated with higher response rates, improved progression-free survival and overall survival, while persistent positivity or increasing levels predicted disease progression and recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: HPVctDNA demonstrates high diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in HPV-related HNSCC, especially OPSCC, supporting its use for prognosis, treatment monitoring and early detection of recurrence. However, prospective interventional studies are still required to demonstrate that HPVctDNA-guided treatment decisions improve clinical outcomes before routine implementation.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Treatment with gentamicin monitored by serum antibiotic assay.

Gentamicin is very widely accepted as the most effective antibiotic for treatment of a number of serious Gram-negative infections, but one disadvantage associated with its use is the risk of toxicity particularly affecting the eighth nerve. An account is given of eight years' experience with this antibiotic in which obvious ototoxicity was avoided in hospitalized patients in whom gentamicin treatment was monitored by assay of the residual amounts of antibiotic present in the serum. The relationship between accumulation of gentamicin in patients with renal impairment and ototoxicity is discussed. Attention is drawn also to the presence of an increased risk of ototoxicity in patients, particularly the elderly, in whom mild-to-moderate degrees of renal impairment may be overlooked. In such patients modification of the frequency of the dose of gentamicin is necessary and a schedule of treatment based on the results of assay of residual serum levels of gentamicin is given.

Aged↗
PubMed2026

Prognostic value of circulating tumor DNA and copy-number alterations in patients receiving tandem [225Ac]Ac-/[177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeted radioligand therapy (PSMA-RLT) demonstrates clinical efficacy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), yet robust biomarkers for dynamic treatment monitoring and resistance remain lacking. We investigated circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)-derived tumor fraction (TFx) and genome-wide copy-number alterations (CNAs) as non-invasive biomarkers of treatment response and resistance biology. METHODS: Seventy-eight patients with advanced mCRPC receiving tandem [225Ac]Ac-/[177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 were prospectively enrolled. Plasma samples collected longitudinally (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;172) underwent ultra-low-pass whole-genome sequencing. TFx was estimated using ichorCNA, and recurrent CNAs were identified using GISTIC2.0. Associations with progression and overall survival (OS) were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models, including time-dependent analyses. RESULTS: Baseline TFx differed across metastatic disease stages (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.027) and dynamic TFx changes paralleled PSA kinetics during early treatment. Modelled as a time-dependent variable, TFx was associated with a significantly increased risk of progression (HR 4.9, 95% CI 1.2-20.1, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.026). Unsupervised clustering identified distinct high- and low-CNA burden groups strongly correlated with TFx (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;8.09&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10&#x207b;8). High CNA burden was associated with shorter median OS (8.3 vs 13.8&#xa0;months). Multivariable analysis identified baseline logPSA and logALP as independent predictors of OS. Recurrent CNAs affected key tumor suppressors (PTEN, RB1, BRCA2, ATM) and were enriched in pathways related to TP53 signalling, homologous recombination repair, and oncogenic signaling. Longitudinal analyses demonstrated persistence and expansion of specific amplifications at progression. CONCLUSIONS: ctDNA-derived TFx represents a dynamic biomarker of treatment response and progression risk, while CNA profiling provides insight into resistance mechanisms in mCRPC treated with PSMA-RLT. These findings support the integration of ctDNA-based biomarkers into clinical stratification and real-time monitoring strategies.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plasma level monitoring of antipsychotic drugs.

Psychotic patients treated with identical doses of antipsychotic drugs have been shown to have great interindividual differences in their steady state plasma concentration. Therefore, monitoring treatment by dosage adjustment alone is of little value. If antipsychotic blood levels can be related to clinical response then their routine measurement may well result in well defined guidelines to individualised optimal dosage. Despite the considerable effort expended in this field and the many interesting testable hypotheses generated, little substantive evidence for an acceptable plasma level monitoring guide has been reported to date. Work on metabolite level profiles, intra- and extracellular drug concentration differences, more detailed clinical rating scales, and improved experimental design, all show great promise for the future. Investigation of the pharmacokinetics and the elucidation of the often complex metabolic pathways of individual antipsychotic drugs are generating the data base required for the rational pharmacotherapy of these most severely ill patients. Until more data are available, routine monitoring of antipsychotic drug plasma levels remains of research interest.

Antacids↗
PubMed1979

Gonococcal urethritis--diagnosis and treatment.

For men with urethral discharge, a simple gram stained smear is 98% sensitive and over 99% specific in detecting gonococcal infection when compared to a single Thayer-Martin culture. The smear is less than 50% sensitive in asymptomatic urethritis. Neither Fluorescent antibody nor various serologic tests offer any diagnostic advantages over smears and/or cultures and they are not cost-effective. Treatment of gonococcal urethritis may be successfully accomplished with a variety of antibiotic regimens. Tetracycline hydrochloride (500 mg four times a day for 5 days) is highly effective, inexpensive, and is active against Chlamydia trachomatis; post gonococcal urethritis (PGU) is therefore uncommon. Aqueous Procaine Penicillin G (4.8 million units IM with 1 g of probenecid) has become the standard in the United States but suffers from higher cost, the need for refrigeration, occasional alarming toxic procaine reactions, and a high incidence of PGU. Spectinomycin 2 g IM remains expensive but is the regimen of choice for treatment failures and for Neisseria gonorrhoeae that produce penicillinase (PPNG). Other antibiotics active against PPNG are cotrimoxozole, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime. PNNG have now been reported from 27 countries throughout the world, but have attained significant prevalence in only a few areas of East Asia and West Africa. Because gonococcal patterns of antibiotic resistance are constantly changing, each region of the world needs to monitor treatment results and maintain some surveillance over sensitivity to antibiotics.

Gonorrhea↗