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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Surgical treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the left main bronchus and trachea by left pneumonectomy, resection of 7.5 cm of trachea, and direct reanastomosis of right lung.

A 23-year-old woman, who had suffered recurrent acute bronchitis, dyspnoea, and stridor, was found to have a tracheal stenosis and complete left main bronchus obstruction. Biopsy of the tumour showed an adenoid cystic carcinoma. After pneumonectomy the trachea was closed through tumour tissue. Two weeks later a right thoracotomy showed that a tumour had invaded the trachea from the carina up to 6 cm and the right stem bronchus for 1 cm. Under extracorporeal circulation 7.5 cm of the trachea and right bronchus were resected. A direct tracheal anastomosis was easy to perform. Spontaneous respiration with efficient coughing returned after five days. Unfortunately, one month later, high fever caused by a lung abscess developed, which provoked a massive haemoptysis with fatal outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Reconstruction of trachea, carina and bronchus for tumors of the trachea, carina and lung].

This paper reports on 70 patients with tumors of the trachea, bronchus and lung treated by reconstruction of the trachea, carina and the main bronchus (21 cases) and sleeve lobectomy (49 cases). Postoperatively, 2 patients died of tracheo-innominate artery fistula and 2 developed empyema which was healed. There was no mortality in the sleeve lobectomy patients. The 3- and 5-year survival rates of the cancer patients treated by reconstruction of trachea, carina and main bronchus were 54.5%(6/11) and 33.3%(3/9), respectively. The 3- and 5-year survival rates of lung cancer patients treated by sleeve lobectomy were 46.6% (14/30) and 33.3% (7/21), respectively.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1975

"Saber-Sheath" Trachea: A Clinical and Functional Study of Marked Coronal Narrowing of the Intrathoracic Trachea.

Data are presented from thirteen patients with marked coronal narrowing of the intrathoracic trachea associated with widening of the corresponding sagittal diameter. The term "saber-sheath" trachea describes this deformity which can simulate a mediastinal mass. The absence of mediastinal masses and the presence of obstructive pulmonary abnormalities in each patient, either as a clinical diagnosis (11 of 13), functional abnormality (10 of 11) or both (8 of 11), suggest that the "saber-sheath" trachea may be a useful sign of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Mechanism of endothelin-induced contraction in guinea-pig trachea: comparison with rat aorta.

1. Endothelin (1 nM-0.3 microM) produced a concentration-dependent contraction of guinea-pig epithelium-containing (intact) trachea (EC50 = 30.9 nM). Endothelin was a less potent agonist than leukotriene D4 (LTD4; EC50 = 0.77 nM), but was more potent than carbachol (EC50 = 0.15 microM) or substance P (EC50 = 1.4 microM). Endothelin was a more potent contractile agent in rat endothelium-denuded aorta (EC50 = 2.1 nM) than in guinea-pig trachea. 2. Endothelin-induced contraction in guinea-pig trachea was unaffected by mepyramine (10 microM), atropine (1 microM), SK&F 104353 (10 microM), a leukotriene receptor antagonist, or SQ 29,548 (1 microM), a thromboxane receptor antagonist. The contraction produced by 0.3 microM endothelin was potentiated by cyclo-oxygenase inhibition with 5 microM indomethacin. 3. Nicardipine (0.01 or 0.1 microM) or incubation in calcium-free medium +0.1 mM EGTA for 30 min had a relatively minor or no effect on endothelin concentration-response curves in guinea-pig intact trachea, but markedly inhibited responses produced by endothelin in endothelium-denuded aorta of the rat. Increasing the EGTA concentration in calcium-free medium to 1 mM abolished endothelin-induced contraction in guinea-pig trachea. 4. In guinea-pig trachea, ryanodine (10 microM) produced a 2.1 fold shift to the right of endothelin concentration-response curves and reduced the maximum response elicited by 0.3 microM endothelin. 5. Staurosporine (0.01 microM and 0.1 microM), a protein kinase C inhibitor, was without effect on endothelin- or carbachol-induced contraction in guinea-pig trachea, but markedly inhibited the response produced by endothelin in rat aorta. 6. Endothelin (3 nM-0.3 microM) produced a concentration-dependent stimulation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover in guinea-pig intact trachea, with an EC50 value of 45.9 nM. 7. Removal of the epithlium markedly potentiated endothelin-induced contraction in guinea-pig trachea, producing a 4.7 fold leftward shift in endothelin concentration-response curves and an increase in the contractile response elicited by 0.3 microM endothelin. 8. These data indicate that endothelin is a potent agonist in guinea-pig trachea whose response is markedly enhanced by removal of the airway epithelium. Endothelin-induced contraction is not mediated to a marked extent by calcium influx via dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels and does not involve the release of histamine, acetylcholine, leukotrienes or thromboxane. Rather, endothelin appears to produce contraction of guinea-pig trachea via a direct action which involves stimulation of PI turnover and utilization of calcium from intracellular stores and, also, calcium influx via a pathway that is not sensitive to dihydropyridine calcium channel inhibitors. Endothelin-induced contraction of rat aorta was more sensitive to the effects of incubation in Ca2 +-free medium, nicardipine or staurosporine, suggesting that differences exist in the relative mechanisms whereby endothelin produces contraction in different tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cooling-induced contraction of trachea isolated from normal and sensitized guinea-pigs.

Fast (-7 degrees C/min) cooling of guinea-pig isolated trachea produced a rapidly developing, transient contraction followed by relaxation. Cooling-induced contraction was dependent on temperature (30, 20 or 10 degrees C) and responses in trachea obtained from actively sensitized guinea pigs were significantly greater (20 and 10 degrees C) than those observed in normal trachea. Cooling to 20 degrees C was selected for subsequent experiments. Pretreatment with sufficient concentrations of atropine, clemastine, cromoglycate, indomethacin, or nordihydroguaiaretic acid did not depress contraction to cooling in either normal or sensitized trachea. This indicates a direct effect of cooling. The contraction produced by cooling was resistant to verapamil (1 mumol/l) or dantrolene (0.3 mmol/l). Calmodulin antagonists (trifluoperazine, W-7 and calmidazolium; all of them at 10-100 mumol/l) inhibited contraction in sensitized and normal trachea. Activators of protein kinase C (phorbol 12,13-diacetate, 1 mumol/l) enhanced while inhibitors (H-7, 20 mumol/l; staurosporine, 10 mumol/l) depressed cooling-induced contraction in both normal and sensitized tissues. Incubation (20 min) in a Ca(2+)-free solution inhibited cooling-induced contraction in normal but not in sensitized trachea. Exposure to a low Na+ (25 mmol/l) or a K(+)-free medium abolished contraction to cooling in normal and sensitized trachea. Ouabain (0.1-10 mumol/l) and vanadate (0.01-5 mmol/l) inhibited cooling-induced contraction to a greater extent in normal than in sensitized trachea. Polymyxin B (0.5 mmol/l) selectively depressed responses to cooling in sensitized trachea. In a separate series of experiments, it was shown that sensitized trachea was hyperresponsive to ouabain and vanadate. Previous cooling to 20 degrees C abolished responses to ouabain but only attenuated those to vanadate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The cat lung strip as an in vitro preparation of peripheral airways: a comparison of beta-adrenoceptor agonists, autacoids and anaphylactic challenge on the lung strip and trachea.

1 A new in vitro preparation, the isolated lung strip of the cat, is described for investigating the direct effect of drugs on the smooth muscle of the peripheral airways of the lung. The preparation comprises a thin strip of lung parenchyma which can be mounted in a conventional organ bath for isometric tension recording. Its pharmacological responses have been characterized and compared with the isolated tracheal preparation of the cat. 2 The lung strip exhibited an intrinsic tone which was relaxed by catecholamines, aminophylline and flufenamate. It was contracted strongly by histamine, prostaglandin F2alpha, acetylcholine, compound 48/80, potassium depolarizing solution and alternating current field stimulation. In contrast, the cat trachea was unresponsive to histamine and prostaglandin F2alpha and did not exhibit an intrinsic tone. 3 (-)-Isoprenaline and (-)-adrenaline were much more potent in relaxing the lung strip than the trachea. The potency order of relaxation responses to isoprenaline, adrenaline and (+/-)-noradrenaline in the lung strip was isoprenaline greater than adrenaline greater than noradrenaline but in the trachea was isoprenaline greater than noradrenaline greater than or equal to adrenaline. 4 beta2-Adrenoceptor selective agonists salbutamol and terbutaline were more potent in the lung strip than the trachea, suggesting beta2-adrenoceptors predominated in the lung strip. Propranolol was equipotent in inhibiting isoprenaline relexations of the lung strip and trachea, whereas practolol was much less effective in inhibiting lung strip than trachea, further supporting a predominance of beta2-adrenoceptors in lung strip and beta1-adrenoceptors in trachea. 5 Strong Schultz-Dale type contractions were elicited in both lung strips and trachea by Ascaris lumbricoides antigen in actively sensitized cats. The initial phase of the contractile response of the lung strip following challenge was shown to be due to histamine release and was absent in the trachea. The delayed phase of the contraction which took several minutes to develop in both the mepyramine-treated lung strip and trachea was not due to prostaglandins E1, F2alpha or bradykinin, the probable mediator being slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). 6 It is concluded that the isolated lung strip of the cat is useful as an in vitro model for investigating the effect of drugs on the smooth muscle of the peripheral airways of the lungs.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1991

Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide antagonists on cholinergic neurotransmission in dog and cat trachea.

1. The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) antagonists [AC-Tyr1, D-Phe2]-GRF(1-29)-NH2 and [4-Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17]-VIP on excitatory neuroeffector transmission in the dog and cat trachea were investigated by use of microelectrode, double sucrose-gap and tension recording methods. 2. In the dog trachea, repetitive stimuli at high frequency (20 Hz) markedly enhanced the amplitude of contraction, the amplitude of contractions evoked by 50 stimuli at 20 Hz relative to that evoked by 5 stimuli being 14.2 +/- 3.8 times (n = 7, +/- s.d.). In the cat, the summation was much less marked, the amplitude of contractions evoked by 50 stimuli relative to that evoked by 5 stimuli being only 2.1 +/- 0.6 times (n = 5, +/- s.d.). Neither VIP antagonist had any effect on the relationship between the number of stimuli at 20 Hz and the relative amplitude of contraction in the dog trachea, but did enhance the amplitude of contractions to 1.1-1.5 times control in the cat trachea. 3. VIP antagonists dose-dependently enhanced the amplitude of excitatory junction potentials (e.j.ps) evoked by a single stimulus in the cat trachea, without changing the resting membrane potential or input membrane resistance of the smooth muscle cells. However, neither antagonist had any effect on the amplitude of the e.j.p. in the dog trachea. 4. Neither VIP antagonist had any effect on the post-junctional response of smooth muscle cells to exogenously applied acetylcholine (ACh; 10(-9)-10(-5) M) in the dog or cat trachea.5. In the cat trachea, VIP (10-11 M) suppressed the ej.p. amplitude to 0.74 +/- 0.09 times the control value (n = 6). However, after pretreatment of the tissue with the VIP antagonists [Ac-Tyr', D-Phe2]-GRF(1-29)- H2 (10-8M) and [4-Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17]-VIP (10-8M), VIP (10-11 M) did not suppress the ej.p. amplitude, indicating that VIP antagonists block the presynaptic inhibitory action of exogenous VIP.6. In parallel with the enhancement of contraction, ej.ps showed marked summation when repetitive field stimulations were applied at high frequency (20 Hz) in the dog trachea. The relationship between the relative amplitude of the ej.p. and number of stimuli at 20 Hz was linear and the slope was 2.2 +/- 0.3 mV/stimulation. VIP antagonists did not affect this relationship. However, in the cat trachea, summation of ej.ps was not at all marked and a linear relationship was not observed with the double sucrose-gap method. Incubation of the cat tracheal tissue with either of the VIP antagonists (10-8 or 10-7M) markedly enhanced the summation of ej.ps evoked by repetitive field stimulation at 20 Hz, and after the treatment a linear relationship between the number of stimuli and the amplitude of ej.ps was observed, the slopes being 0.6 +/- 0.1 (n = 8) and 0.55 +/- 0.1 mV/stimulation (n = 5), respectively.7. These results indicate that both VIP antagonists, [Ac-Tyr', D-Phe2]-GRF(1-29)-NH2 and [4-Cl-DPhe6, Leu17]-VIP, have a prejunctional action accelerating the excitatory neuroeffector transmission, presumably by enhancing transmitter release from the vagus nerves in the cat, but not in the dog trachea.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of the effects of cromakalim in trachea isolated from normal and albumin-sensitive guinea-pigs.

The effects of the K(+)-channel activator, cromakalim, on spontaneous tone and constrictor responses to vagal stimulation or acetylcholine were compared in trachea isolated from groups of guinea-pigs that were: untreated; sensitized and chronically exposed to inhaled albumin; or sham sensitized. Responses were assessed as changes in intraluminal pressure in the isolated, Krebs-filled trachea, increases and decreases in intraluminal pressure directly reflecting constriction and dilatation, respectively. Cromakalim reduced resting intraluminal pressure in normal trachea but in sensitized trachea mixed effects occurred, many preparations exhibiting increases in intraluminal pressure, particularly at lower concentrations of cromakalim. Cromakalim attenuated the frequency-dependent increases in intraluminal pressure evoked by stimulation of the vagus nerve in a concentration-dependent manner and to a similar degree in trachea from each of the three groups tested. The degree of attenuation was similar in the absence and presence of the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor flurbiprofen. In untreated trachea, responses to a range of concentrations of applied acetylcholine were attenuated by cromakalim. In sensitized trachea the response to the lowest concentration of applied acetylcholine was attenuated by cromakalim but responses to higher concentrations of were unaffected. The results indicate that the direct relaxant effect of cromakalim is altered in sensitized trachea, which may indicate abnormal K(+)-channel behaviour in the smooth muscle cell membrane. Attenuation by cromakalim of vagal responses occurs in both normal and sensitized trachea, due chiefly to a pre-junctional effect on cholinergic neurotransmission which is independent of the generation of cyclo-oxygenase products.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1991

Receptors mediating tachykinin-induced contractile responses in guinea-pig trachea.

1. The classification of tachykinin receptors in the guinea-pig trachea has been investigated. This was of interest because, from previous studies, it was not clear whether the guinea-pig trachea contains either a mixture of NK1 and NK2 receptors or, alternatively, a single type of novel tachykinin receptor. 2. In the present study, the guinea-pig trachea was contracted by tachykinin agonists selective for NK1 receptors (substance P methylester (SPOMe) and GR73632) or NK2 receptors (GR64349) but not NK3 receptors (senktide). 3. Against SPOMe and GR73632, the NK1 antagonist, GR71251, behaved as a reversible competitive antagonist having apparent affinity (pKB 7.05 vs SPOMe) consistent with action at NK1 receptors. GR71251 (3 microM) did not antagonize responses to GR64349. 4. The NK2 antagonists L-659,877 and Ac-Leu-Asp-Gln-Trp-Phe-Gly-NH2 (R396) antagonized GR64349 although only R396 appeared to behave competitively (pKB 5.73). Neither L-659,877 (30 microM) nor R396 (30 microM) blocked responses to SPOMe. 5. For L-659,877 and R396, comparison was made between activity in guinea-pig trachea and in preparations known to contain tachykinin receptors predominantly of the NK2 type. In the rabbit trachea, both L-659,877 and R396 had effects similar to those in guinea-pig trachea. In contrast, in the rat colon muscularis mucosae, both L-659,877 and R396 appeared to behave competitively with pKB values against GR64349 of 7.83 and 6.90 respectively. 6. It is concluded that in guinea-pig trachea, contractile responses can be induced by activation of both NK1 and NK2 receptors. The present data are discussed with reference to the proposed existence of subtypes of the NK2 receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Particle deposition in the trachea: in vivo and in hollow casts.

The pattern of deposition within the respiratory tract of potentially harmful particulates is a major factor in assessing any risk from individual and community exposures. Although the trachea is the most easily observed of the conductive airways, very little information concerning its particle collection characteristics is available, information which is essential for a complete and realistic description of particle deposition patterns within the entire respiratory tract. Data on tracheal deposition are also needed for development of accurate predictive models for particle deposition. The pattern of particle deposition in the trachea, and its relation to air flow, was studied in a hollow cast of the human larynx-tracheobronchial tree. Results were compared with data obtained in humans in vivo and from previous studies in hollow casts. In addition, the relevance of tracheal deposition in the hollow cast test system to deposition in vivo was examined by a direct comparison of deposition in a cast prepared from the lungs of donkeys previously studied in a series of in vivo tests. The disturbance of the air flow within the trachea caused by the larynx promoted the deposition of suspended particulates throughout the length of the trachea, and especially in proximal regions. This proximal deposition was due both to direct impaction from the air jet coming from the glottis and to effects of the tubulent flow. Turbulence produced inhomogenous deposition patterns within the trachea for particles of all sizes, although its effect was more pronounced as size decreased. Tracheal deposition in the human cast was within the range of normal in vivo tracheal depostion only when a larynx was used during cast test exposures; this emphasizes the need for the use of realistic experimental test systems for the study of particle deposition patterns. The relative patterns of deposition in casts of the donkey trachea and in the same tracheas in vivo were similar.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of drug-induced responses of rabbit trachea and bronchus.

The effect of various smooth muscle stimulants and relaxants was examined on isolated rabbit trachea and bronchus. Trachea contracted maximally in response to carbachol, slightly to KCl, and there was no response to serotonin or PGF2alpha. Relaxation of carbachol-contracted trachea was elicited by papaverine, aminophylline, isoproterenol, bradykinin, or PGE2. Histamine also relaxed the rabbit trachea. However, bronchi from the same animal contracted to this amine. As was the case with trachea, the bronchi contracted maximally to carbachol and slightly to KCl; serotonin and PGF2alpha were inactive. Unlike trachea, only papaverine or aminophylline completely relaxed the rabbit bronchus. The other relaxants tested produced smaller responses. Contractions induced by carbachol were blocked by atropine. Bronchial contractions caused by histamine were antagonized by pyrilamine. In contrast, relaxation of trachea caused by histamine was neither affected by pyrilamine nor burimamide, metiamide, or propranolol. We conclude that a lack of pharmacological uniformity exists in at least two smooth muscle subdivisions of a mammalian airway and that this must be taken into consideration when determining the action of drugs on the respiratory system.

Aminophylline↗
PubMed1977

[The cialit-conserved trachea homograft (author's transl)].

After all techniques for reconstruction of tracheal segments with trachea-homografts, known from the literature, have failed to show satisfactory functional results, we have carried out further experiments concerning this subject. Our main interest was focused on the following topics: 1. the regeneration pattern of the respiratory epithelium in the trachea, 2. possibilities of the conservation of trachea-transplants, 3. the behaviour of the receptor area against trachea homografts. We found, that in correspondence with clinical observations, even large circumferencial defected epithelial areas in the mucous layer of the trachea have been regenerated in a form of new mucous membrane which showed no morphological difference from normal structure. Segments of trachea can be preserved in Cialit solution. Prefixation in formaldehydsaline fixative improves the preservation of the tissue structure. Homografts obtained in the above described technique could almost always be made to heal, either directly in the trachea or in the subcutaneous tissue of the recipient-animals. The behaviour of the cartilage and the epithelium is demonstrated by histological methods as well as by scanning electronmicroscopy.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Stimulatory effect of cigarette smoke on the metabolism and covalent binding of benzo(a)pyrene in the trachea of the rat.

The activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (substrate: benzo(a)pyrene) was increased in the tracheas of rats exposed to cigarette smoke for 1 h daily for either 1 or 10 days. However the degree of increase in activity was lower in the trachea than in the lung. After a single exposure, activity in the trachea was at its highest level 12 h following exposure (3.2-fold compared to the control), but had returned to the control level within 24 h. Also, the amounts of covalently bound metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene were increased (2-fold) in nucleic acid and protein fractions of the trachea, when the rats were killed 12 h after a single cirgarette smoke exposure. No significant changes in activity of epoxide hydratase (substrate: styrene oxide) could be detected in the trachea. After repeated exposures the activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (substrate: methylumbelliferone) was increased (1.7-fold) in the trachea.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Studies of desensitization and cross-desensitization to immunologic and nonimmunologic stimuli that evoke contraction and histamine release in superfused guinea pig trachea.

This study examined the possibility that there is cross-desensitization between immunologic and nonimmunologic stimuli that evoke contraction and histamine release (HR) in the isolated guinea pig trachea. Compound 48/80 and D-tubocurarine were found to cause homologous and heterologous desensitization for both contraction and HR from superfused trachea. Specific antigen challenge of trachea obtained from animals sensitized with either IgG1 (ovalbumin [OA]) or IgE (oxazalone-human serum albumin [OX-HSA]) also resulted in homologous desensitization for both contraction and HR. However, in experiments with animals sensitized with both IgG1 and IgE antibodies, prechallenge with OA resulted in cross-desensitization to OX-HSA, whereas the reverse sequence was ineffective in eliciting this phenomenon. This may be related to the type of desensitization produced by each antigen (specific versus nonspecific) or to heterogeneity of mast cells in the tissue. Prechallenge of the trachea with compound 48/80 or D-tubocurarine failed to alter subsequent effects of antigen after active sensitization with OA or passive sensitization with either IgG1 or IgE antibodies. Small but statistically significant decreases in tracheal responses to D-tubocurarine were observed after antigen prechallenge to active both IgG1 and IgE antibodies. This is the first study to demonstrate a cross-desensitization between compound 48/80 and D-tubocurarine and the first to examine cross-desensitization with IgG1 and IgE antibodies in the guinea pig trachea. The overall conclusion is that there is no major overlap in the desensitization mechanisms between immunologic and nonimmunologic stimuli in the guinea pig trachea.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Sources of gram-negative bacilli colonizing the tracheae of intubated patients.

Twenty acutely ill patients requiring prolonged orotracheal intubation were studied to determine the source and progression of gram-negative bacilli colonizing the trachea. Organisms recovered from daily tracheal, hypopharyngeal, and rectal cultures were typed and speciated to identify identical strains at the three sites. All patients acquired gram-negative bacilli in the trachea by day 3 after intubation. Thirty organisms that were not recovered from the tracheal aspirate immediately following intubation were isolated for at least two days some time thereafter. Nine of the 30 colonizing bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae, and all were found in another culture site, usually the hypopharynx, before isolation from the trachea. In contrast, only four of the 21 non-Enterobacteriaceae that colonized the trachea were recovered previously from either the hypopharynx or rectum, a finding which represents a significant difference (P = 0.0002). Quantitation of isolates from the hypopharynx was of no value in predicting subsequent acquisition in the trachea, and the numbers of bacteria recovered from the first positive tracheal specimen were not predictive of subsequent persistence in the trachea.

Acinetobacter↗