[Effects of an increased intake of various elements, trace elements and nitrate in farm-produced feed on the health and fertility of dairy cows].
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Animal Feed↗
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[Trace elements and trace element therapy update].
Starting from the importance of the trace elements in basic biochemical mechanisms from the human organism, the present role of trace elements therapy, as part of allopathic therapy, is discussed. The ideal properties of trace elements, the therapeutic concepts regarding trace elements, the main pharmaceutical forms that contain them, and their most important uses are presented.
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
[Research on trace elements IV. Trace elements in calcium salts in natural state].
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Calcium↗
Elemental and trace element distribution in medical samples: analysis by proton-induced X-ray emission.
The analysis of trace elements is performed by proton-induced X-ray emission. The process is most effective if the velocity of the exciting particles--protons--is similar to the velocity of the electron on its orbit in the simple atomic model of Bohr. For K-shell electrons of the elements with 15 less than or equal to z less than or equal to 40 this requires proton energies of a few MeV, available from electrostatic van de Graaf accelerator machines. After knocking out the K-shell electron, the empty place is filled up by electrons jumping from higher orbits with simultaneous emission of characteristic X-rays, which are registered with a cooled Si (Li) detector. By a set of electrodes the beam can be swept across the specimen surface. Therefore this method yields an excellent correlation of trace element distribution within the morphological structure of organic tissue. In the present study the sweep went along a line perpendicular to the arterial wall layers (aortic, renal artery and heart muscle) of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Along this line all elements and trace elements are recorded simultaneously. These are P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br and Sr. The trace element content of the aortic wall and the renal artery, of 22 spontaneously hypertensive and 11 normotensive rats and of human heart muscle was investigated. The results demonstrate that Zn was only detected in the muscle-containing layers of the arteries. There was no different distribution between hypertensive and normotensive rats. However, Ca2+ was mainly detected in the smooth muscle-containing tunica media of hypertensive rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
The skin barrier: analysis of physiologically important elements and trace elements.
Changes in the properties of the skin barrier should have correlates in the physiological status of the differentiating epidermal cells. However, the quantitative distributions of physiologically important elements and trace elements of the skin has been a neglected area of research for lack of tools to investigate this highly differentiated tissue. With the event of the particle probes, the electron microprobe and the scanning proton microprobe, it has become possible to investigate different aspects of normal skin physiology as well as pathophysiological processes. In addition penetration profiles of allergenic metals can be demonstrated with the trace element sensitive proton probe. Future approaches to the study of skin physiology in normal and pathological conditions should incorporate other techniques including immunological and biochemical tagging of particular cells to achieve a broad basis for interpretations of data.
Allergens↗
Developed determination method of ultra trace elements and ultra trace element levels in plasma of rat fed low magnesium diet.
BACKGROUND: Homeostatic mechanisms keep plasma mineral concentrations largely unchangeable, and are not always reflective of the nutritional status. For that reason, nutritional assessment is difficult and another biological index may be of value. Recently, improvement of measuring instruments has permitted more accurate measurement of trace and ultra trace elements. METHODS: A new determination method for trace and ultra trace elements in rat plasma, that uses an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS Elan-6000, Perkin Elmer, Co., USA) without pre-treatment has enabled study of basic data of ultra trace element concentrations for the first time. RESULTS: The effect of low magnesium (Mg) intake, as compared with the effect of a normal diet, status of 10 trace and ultra trace element status was studied in 12 young male Wistar rats (3-weeks-old), divided into two groups and fed a normal diet or low Mg diet for 4 weeks. The plasma was diluted with ultra pure water (TAMAPURE-AA: Tama Chemical Co., Japan). Ten trace and ultra trace element (As: 75, Se: 82, Rb: 85, Sr: 87, Mo: 95, Ba: 137, Ta: 181, Ir: 193, Au: 197, Pb: 208) concentrations in the plasma were measured with ICP-MS Elan 6000. As, Rb, Sr, Ta, Ir and Au concentrations were significantly high in the plasma of low Mg rats, compared to levels in rats fed normal diets. Essentiality for mammals has been certified for Se, Rb, Mo, As and Pb, but not yet for Sr, Ba, Au, Ir and Ta. CONCLUSIONS: These results prove that trace and ultra trace element concentrations in plasma are changeable by nutritional conditions, and suggest that new physiological functions may be found for these elements, and that they may be proved to be essential for mammals.
Animals↗
[The Chinese total diet study in 1992--macro elements and trace elements].
Ten macro elements and trace elements were directly determined in the 1992 total diet study conducted in four districts of China from north to south. The intake of these elements was evaluated. The levels of intake for seasonal variation and for different age groups were reported. The results showed that the intakes of Ca, P, K, Mg, Zn, Se and Cu were low in children. The intake of Ca, P and Zn was insufficient for adults. The intakes of other seven elements reached or approached their RDA levels, but there were big differences among the 4 districts. The relationships between intakes of Ca/P and Na/K as well as Fe and Cu and iron difficiency anemia were discussed.
Adolescent↗
Total-diet study: dietary intakes of macro elements and trace elements in Italy.
The present study provides the dietary intakes of macro elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, P) and trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Se) from the Italian total diet. The contribution of the most representative food groups of the total diet (cereals and cereal products, vegetables, fruit, milk and dairy products, meat and meat products, fish) to the daily intakes of these nutrients was also evaluated. The Italian total diet was formulated following the 'market-basket' approach. Cereals represented the primary sources of Cu (35 %), Fe (30 %) and Mg (27 %). About 89 % of the total daily intake of Fe was derived from plant foods. The vegetables food group was the main source of dietary K (27 %). Most of the Ca (59 %) and P (27 %) was derived from the milk-and-dairy food group. Of the dietary Zn, 41 % was provided by meat, which, together with the fish food group, was the primary source of Se (20 %). The adequacy of the Italian total diet with respect to nutritional elements was assessed by comparing the daily intakes with the average requirement values of the Italian recommended dietary allowances. The present findings indicated that the dietary patterns of the Italian total diet were generally consistent with current Italian dietary recommendations for both macro and trace elements. The major concern was for Ca, for which daily intake was 76 % of the average recommendation for the Italian population. It should not be ruled out that there could be a potential risk of inadequate Fe intake in some segments of the population.
Adolescent↗
[Levels of oligo-elements and trace elements in patients at the time of admission in intensive care units].
Routinely, the macronutrient contribution is thoroughly studied when a patient is included in a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) program. However, it must be kept in mind that along with macronutrients, micronutrients, oligoelements and vitamins are also administered, and these must be taken into account. At present, for instance, the importance of oligoelements has become evident, and clinical conditions of oligoelement deficiency have been described in many cases even when the minimum daily requirements had been met. This study centers on the importance of evaluating oligoelement and trace element levels when patients are admitted into the ICU and were included into a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) program. An assessment of the serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and transferrin (Tfe) levels was done on 55 septic patients who underwent abdominal surgery was done on admission to the ICU. Transferrin was measured of serve as an indicator of metabolic damage. A description of the methods used in analytical assessment, a presentation of normal values, the statistical management of each of the elements under study and the interpretation of the results obtained has been done. The discussion is based on the changes detected in the patients' serum levels on admission to the unit, showing low iron, transferrin, zinc and calcium values and normal magnesium, phosphorus and copper figures. The conclusion arrived at suggests that the daily parenteral supplements of these elements should be higher than those recommended by the American Medical Association (AMA) and by other authors.
Female↗
Effect of long-term trace element supplementation on blood trace element levels and absorption of (75Se), (54Mn) and (65Zn).
A vitamin and trace element supplement containing recommended dietary amounts or "safe and adequate" levels was given to ten healthy subjects for 12 to 35 weeks. Plasma levels of selenium and zinc, activity of glutathione peroxidase in plasma and platelets, whole blood manganese, activity of superoxide dismutase in hemolysate, activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum, iron status indices and urinary excretion of zinc and selenium were measured. A small but significant change in plasma selenium from 1.01 +/- 0.14 mumol/L to 1.08 +/- 0.10 mumol/L was observed after two weeks. However, at the end of the supplementation plasma selenium levels did not differ from the initial levels. Plasma glutathione peroxidase levels showed a similar trend and changes in glutathione peroxidase activity in platelets were also transient. A small increase in serum zinc values was observed after 30 weeks of supplementation. No significant changes were observed in the other blood and urine parameters studied. In seven of the subjects absorption of zinc, manganese and selenium was measured after 30-31 weeks of supplementation by a radionuclide technique. The absorption of selenium and manganese after long term supplementation was 30-50% lower than observed previously in non-supplemented subjects. In conclusion, present available indices of trace element status are only to a limited extent affected by 30 weeks of a doubling of the normal dietary intake.
Absorption↗
A study of seasonal trace element intakes and hair trace element concentrations in selected households from the Wosera, Papua New Guinea.
The trace element status of nine households from the Wosera subdistrict of Papua New Guinea was assessed. Individual weighed three-day dietary intakes were carried out in April during the hungry season when yams were not eaten and in July when yams were available. Representative staple food items analyzed 'as eaten' for energy, protein, Ca, Mn, Cu and Zn and mean daily energy and nutrient intakes calculated. Hair samples were also collected in July, washed, and analyzed for Zn, Cu and Mn by INAA. Seasonal differences in energy, protein, Ca, Fe and Mn intakes were related to changes in yam consumption. The Zn status of the male (M) and female (F) adults and children (Ch) was sub-optimal based on low median hair Zn levels (microgram/g): -F = 78, n = 8; M = 108, n = 8; Ch2-4yrs = 79, n = 8; Ch5-10yrs = 94, n = 7 and inadequate intakes of readily available Zn (mean + SD): - April M + F = 7.0 + 1.6 mg/day; July M + F = 8.2 + 1.5 mg/day; less than three percent Zn from animal products. In contrast their Mn status, as indicated by elevated median hair Mn levels (microgram/g) (F = 25.1; M = 26.3; Ch2-4yrs = 21.5; Ch5-10yrs = 15.2) was high, attributed to elevated Mn intakes (April M + F = 11.0 + 2.2 mg/day; July M + F = 7.5 + 1.4 mg/day). Median hair Cu levels (microgram/g) (F = 7.6; M = 7.5; Ch2-4yrs = 8.6; Ch5-10yrs = 7.8) and mean Cu intakes (April M + F = 2.2 + 0.4 mg/day; July M + F = 3.0 + 0.6 mg/day) were within the range noted for persons consuming predominantly plant-based diets.
Adult↗
Recent developments in trace element metabolism and function: trace elements, disease resistance and immune responsiveness in ruminants.
Evidence for the influence of trace elements on disease resistance in ruminants is reviewed with emphasis on susceptibility to infection in vivo during the more common deficiencies (copper, selenium and cobalt). Copper deficiency associated with increases in pasture molybdenum increased the susceptibility of lambs to microbial infections. Under experimental conditions, dietary molybdenum decreased the establishment of abomasal and intestinal nematodes but not their pathogenicity to lambs. Molybdenum may enhance inflammatory responses leading to parasite rejection by the host. Decreased incidence of metritis in selenium-treated dairy cows provides a rare example of an association between selenium deficiency and decreased disease resistance. Improved antibody responses following selenium administration have also been found in sheep. Cobalt deficiency has reduced lamb survival and increased susceptibility to parasitic infection transiently in cattle and lastingly in sheep. In copper-, selenium- or cobalt-deficient sheep and cattle, there are many reports of impaired leucocyte and lymphocyte responses to in vitro challenges, but their relevance to disease resistance in vivo is unproven. Disease resistance may have priority for limited micronutrient supplies, leaving other processes vulnerable.
Animals↗
Human placenta as a 'dual' biomarker for monitoring fetal and maternal environment with special reference to potentially toxic trace elements. Part 3: toxic trace elements in placenta and placenta as a biomarker for these elements.
The human placenta as a body component is exposed to several harmful substances, depending upon the environmental conditions encountered. In the case of toxic metals, placental tissue can be regarded as a dual biomarker to assess maternal and fetal health. The average range of concentrations for toxic trace elements in placenta based on wet weight are found to be: cadmium 1-6 ng/g; total mercury 2-13 ng/g; methyl mercury 1-14 microg/g; and lead 5-60 ng/g. The placenta appears to be at least a partial barrier for Cadmium. Cadmium transport includes a broad variety of mechanisms. Once in circulation, it mainly interferes with Ca and Zn transportation. On the other hand, placenta appears to be a weaker harrier for Pb than for Cd. In the case of Hg, predominantly the organic form is absorbed and readily crosses the placenta. In fetal blood, the organic mercury content is equal or even greater than in maternal blood, raising questions on normal fetal development. Placenta as a biomarker could be taken as an alternative to repeated maternal blood sampling for assessing lead exposure in utero. Placenta samples are usually obtained at the time of parturition, a one-time event. Hence, each pregnancy has to be looked upon as an RTM (real time monitoring) process since the affected species is exposed to the placental source of pollutants only during the course of that particular pregnancy.
Adult↗
[Review of present knowledge on the evaluation of the nutritional status of mineral elements. II. Trace elements].
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Chromium↗
Element and trace element content of baby foods including effect of ageing.
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Food Handling↗
Multi-element analysis of trace element levels in human autopsy tissues by using inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry technique (ICP-AES).
Autopsy tissue samples from the brain front lobe, cerebellum, heart, kidney (cortex and medulla), liver, pancreas, spleen and ovary were analysed for AL, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr and Zn in 30 (17 women and 13 men) subjects ranging in age from 17 to 96 years at Haukeland University Hospital in Norway. The tissues were selected from macroscopically normal organs and samples were handled according to guidelines recommended to avoid contamination in the pre-analytical phase. Concentration of the trace elements were determined by the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry technique (ICP-AES). In most tissues the concentrations of the essential trace elements followed the order Fe> Zn> Cu> Mn> Se> Cr> Co except in the ovary where Se was higher than Mn. The liver was the major site of deposition for Co, Cu and Mn as well as the spleen for Co, brain front lobe for Cu and pancreas for Mn. Ba, Sr and Ni built up in the ovary foLLowed by the kidney. Older subjects accumulated Ba and Sr in most tissues, whereas Al accumulated in the kidney cortex and Cd in the brain cerebellum. Generally males had higher concentrations of trace elements in the different tissue sampLes than females with the exception of Mn in the brain front lobe and heart and Sr in the liver. ICP-AES is a useful method to assess the concentration and the profiLe of trace elements in human autopsy tissues.
Adolescent↗
The variation of trace element concentration in human hair: the trace element profile in human long hair by sectional analysis using neutron activation analysis.
Neutron activation analysis was used to determine the distribution of trace elements in human hair. Hair samples were obtained from five infants (two to seven years of age) with hair length ranging from 15 to 40 cm. The hairs were divided into segments, each of 2.5 cm, starting from the scalp end and trace elements were analysed in each segment. Concentrations of I, Mg, Ca and Cu increased from the scalp end to the tip. Concentrations of Cl and Br decreased inversely. Different profiles of the concentrations of Hg, Se, Ca and Mn were seen in each sample. These results were discussed with reference to the indication of environmental pollution.
Adult↗
Trace elements in end-stage renal disease. 2. Clinical implication of trace elements.
For human beings trace elements are essential nutrients with a gamut of functions. They are for instance indispensable components of many enzymes, so they have some regulatory functions and they may affect immune reactions and free radical generation. Abnormalities of trace elements are primarily the result of uremia, and they may be further modified and sometimes greatly exacerbated by the dialysis procedure. The role of trace elements in hemodialysis (HD) patients has not yet been fully characterized. To prevent some complications in chronic HD patients, it is very important to regulate the levels of trace elements by adequate water treatment. Reverse osmosis is able to prevent the accumulation of the majority of trace elements in the patients. Zinc supplementation may be recommended for patients with proven zinc deficiency, but for all chronic renal failure patients it is questionable. Selenium deficiency is to be suspected in dialyzed patients and selenium supplementation may be beneficial (increasing glutathione peroxidase activity, cardioprotective effect, immunostimulatory properties) for chronic renal failure patients. Supplementation with a trace element may be indicated when its depletion was unequivocally documented and when there is evidence of the positive effects of this element on the quality of life of the dialyzed patients.
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical↗