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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Comparative studies of toothpastes and toothpaste ingredients in biological systems: 1. Can various toothpastes be differentiated by relative biological effectiveness in cell culture studies?].

The cytotoxicity of 15 commercial toothpastes was examined in human epithelial cell cultures. The following parameters were evaluated: protein concentration, DNA-synthesis, cell morphology and autoradiography. In comparison to the control cell culture, one toothpaste had no influence on the cell growth at all. The other pastes caused a more or less strong growth inhibition, which also depended on the concentration of the toothpaste suspension. The presented investigations showed that the cytotoxicity tests applied to toothpastes yielded a good validity.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1991

[Comparative studies of toothpastes and toothpaste ingredients in biological systems. 2. Study of toothpaste ingredients and their effects on cell growth].

The influence on cell growth by different ingredients of toothpastes was examined in cell culture. Following parameters were evaluated: protein concentration, MTT-test and cell morphology. Substantial inhibition of cell growth was caused by tensides. Preparations with Tego-Betain had a significantly less influence on cell growth than Texapon. Other ingredients as medical soap, fluoride and preservative showed a very low effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The effect of a commercially available triclosan-containing toothpaste compared to a sodium-fluoride-containing toothpaste and a chlorhexidine rinse on 4-day plaque regrowth.

Many compounds could be added to toothpaste to assist plaque inhibition, but ionic interactions can cause formulation difficulties. Moreover, the actual chemical action of a plaque inhibitory agent added to a toothpaste is difficult to assess when the product is used in the conventional manner, i.e., in addition to toothbrushing. The non-ionic antimicrobial triclosan has been incorporated in toothpastes and shown to have variable plaque inhibitory activity both alone and in conjunction with certain polymers or metal ions. Little is known of the efficacy of triclosan toothpastes compared to conventional fluoride toothpastes. The aim of this study was to compare a commercially available toothpaste containing 0.3% triclosan/co-polymer with a sodium fluoride toothpaste for chemical plaque inhibitory effects over a 4-day period. The study was designed to stratify the relative efficacy plaque inhibitory action of the products, comparisons were made with a positive control, chlorhexidine rinse and a negative control, saline. The study design was a randomised single blind crossover design balanced for first-order carryover. A total of 18 healthy, dentate volunteers participated in the study. On day 1 of each period the volunteers suspended toothcleaning and rinsed 2 x daily with the allocated mouthrinse or toothpaste slurry. On day 5, the plaque on the teeth was disclosed and scored by index and area. Increasing plaque scores were in the order chlorhexidine, triclosan toothpaste, fluoride toothpaste, and saline. Chlorhexidine was significantly more effective than all the other agents tested, and both toothpaste preparations were significantly better than the saline rinse. There was no significant difference between the two toothpaste rinses. Consistent with other studies the triclosan toothpaste offers only moderate plaque inhibitory properties when compared to a conventional toothpaste.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The improved remineralization and fluoride uptake in vivo of triclosan/copolymer/sodium fluoride toothpaste vs. sodium fluoride toothpaste.

OBJECTIVE: It has been shown that the twice-daily use of the triclosan/copolymer/sodium fluoride toothpaste can significantly reduce caries formation. The objective of this report was to review human studies comparing a triclosan/copolymer/sodium fluoride toothpaste to a placebo toothpaste (no fluoride), and a sodium fluoride toothpaste (positive control) for their ability to enhance remineralization of tooth enamel and increase the retention of fluoride by dental plaque for extended periods (up to 12 hours) after treatment. METHODOLOGY: Two human plaque fluoride studies were conducted, measuring fluoride levels before brushing (baseline) and at two, six and twelve hours after brushing. An in situ enamel remineralization study, using microhardness measurements, was conducted as well. RESULTS: In the first study, the triclosan/copolymer/sodium fluoride toothpaste group was associated with a two-times increase of mean plaque fluoride as compared to the placebo control dentifrice. This increase was statistically significant at p < 0.05. In the second study, the triclosan/copolymer/sodium fluoride toothpaste group was associated with a 38% increase of mean plaque fluoride as compared to the sodium fluoride toothpaste group. This increase was statistically significant at p < 0.05. In the enamel remineralization study, the triclosan/copolymer/sodium fluoride toothpaste was significantly better (p < 0.05) than the sodium fluoride toothpaste (positive control) at promoting percent mineral recovery. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from the plaque fluoride studies and in situ remineralization study corroborated the findings of a recently completed two-year caries clinical study, which demonstrated that the triclosan/copolymer/sodium fluoride toothpaste provided superior cavity protection over the sodium fluoride toothpaste.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The clinical efficacy of Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste containing a special grade of silica and Colgate Total Fresh Stripe Toothpaste in the control of plaque and gingivitis: a six-month clinical study.

The objective of this six-month, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study, conducted in harmony with American Dental Association guidelines, was to provide an assessment of the effectiveness of a new dentifrice formulation of Colgate Total Toothpaste containing a special grade of silica (Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste), vs. Colgate Total Fresh Stripe Toothpaste as a control, and a placebo dentifrice without triclosan and the copolymer, for the control of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis. Adult male and female subjects from the state of New Jersey were entered into the study, and stratified into three treatment groups which were balanced for baseline Quigley-Hein Plaque Index scores and baseline Löe-Silness Gingival Index scores. Subjects received an oral prophylaxis, and were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice, using a soft-bristled toothbrush. Examinations for supragingival plaque and gingivitis were conducted after three-months' and again after six-months' participation in the study. One-hundred ten (110) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the entire six-month clinical study. At both the three- and six-month study examinations, the Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste group and the Colgate Total Fresh Stripe Toothpaste group exhibited statistically significantly less supragingival plaque and gingivitis than did the placebo toothpaste group. At the six-month examination, the magnitude of these differences exceeded 23.0% for all four parameters measured in the Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste group (29.9% for Plaque Index, 59.2% for Plaque Severity Index, 23.2% for Gingival Index, and 75.1% for Gingivitis Severity Index). Also, at the six-month examination, the magnitude of these differences exceeded 21.0% for each of the four parameters measured in the Colgate Total Fresh Stripe Toothpaste group (27.9% for Plaque Index, 54.9% for Plaque Severity Index, 21.4% for Gingival Index and 69.2% for Gingivitis Severity Index). The results of this six-month clinical study support the conclusion that Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste and Colgate Total Fresh Stripe Toothpaste provided a statistically significant, clinically relevant level of efficacy for the control of supragingival plaque and gingivitis, in accordance with the criteria provided by current American Dental Association guidelines.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The effect of a toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.3% Triclosan on bacterial viability and plaque growth in vivo compared to a toothpaste containing 0.3% Triclosan and 2% copolymer.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the antimicrobial efficacy and effect on plaque growth of a new silica-based fluoride toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate/ 0.3% Triclosan with a silica-based fluoride toothpaste containing 0.3% Triclosan/2% copolymer. METHODS: In Study 1, plaque was collected after one week's use of each toothpaste and assessed for bacterial viability, live/ dead ratio and microbial membrane integrity. In study 2, plaque was measured immediately and 18 hours after a single brushing with the specified toothpastes. RESULTS: The 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan formulation significantly reduced the total number of viable aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (p = 0.0223 and p = 0.0443 respectively) compared to the 0.3% Triclosan/2% copolymer formulation. Both toothpastes increased the bacterial membrane permeability significantly. However, the proportion of live bacteria for the 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan product was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Study 2 showed significantly less plaque growth 18 hours after using the 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan toothpaste compared to the 0.3% Triclosan/2% copolymer toothpaste (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Regular use of a fluoride toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.3% Triclosan, significantly reduced the viability of plaque bacteria compared to a fluoride toothpaste containing 0.3% Triclosan/ 2% copolymer 12 hours after brushing. In addition, a clinical plaque growth study confirmed that this anti-microbial efficacy leads to a significant reduction in plaque growth.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The choice of controls in toothpaste studies. The effect of a number of commercially available toothpastes compared to water on 4-day plaque regrowth.

Toothpastes have been shown to have an antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in vivo; this activity variably translates into a plaque inhibitory effect in vivo. Commercially available toothpastes have a complex chemical make-up and some contain additional chemicals for which improved effects against plaque have been claimed. The aim of this study was to assess the plaque inhibitory properties of 5 commercially available toothpastes compared to a rinse of water over 4 days. The study was a randomised, single-blind, cross-over design balanced for residual effects. Volunteers were rendered plaque-free at each baseline and rinsed for 1 min, under the supervision of an assistant, 2x a day with the allocated mouthrinse or toothpaste slurry. At the end of the 4-day test period, the plaque was disclosed and measured by plaque index and plaque area. The plaque measurements indicated a significant difference between the toothpastes. The order of efficacy was Colgate Total, Crest regular, Crest Tartar, Colgate regular, Colgate 0-6 gel and water. This confirms previously reported data confirming the plaque inhibitory properties of certain toothpastes compared to water. These data indicate that the choice of control toothpaste with which to compare toothpastes formulated for plaque control is important and could influence conclusions drawn from clinical trials of such products.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Plaque growth-inhibiting effects of an abrasive fluoride-chlorhexidine toothpaste and a fluoride toothpaste containing oxidative enzymes.

The aim of this 4 times cross-over double-blind clinical trial was to test the plaque-inhibiting effect of 2 fluoride-containing toothpastes. One toothpaste contained 0.8% chlorhexidine together with amine fluoride (0.1% F degrees) and a suitable abrasive agent. The other contained 1.7 U/g glucose oxidase and 8.0 U/g amyloglucosidase, added to an amine fluoride (0.1% F degrees) toothpaste. 1% Hibitane dental gel was used as a positive and a conventional fluoride toothpaste (Vademecum MFP Fluor) as a negative control. 9 dental students, in a randomized sequence, applied the 4 dentifrices twice daily from Monday afternoon to Friday morning with cap splints, designed to cover the teeth and about 2 mm of gingiva. No other oral hygiene measures were allowed during the 4 test periods. On Fridays, the teeth were cleaned professionally and good oral hygiene was maintained during the week-ends. At the beginning and at the end of each test period, per student plaque thickness was recorded using the plaque index, the visible plaque index, and plaque fresh weight as parameters, and the area of plaque as related to the area of the tooth surface was recorded planimetrically and according to the PLQ index. The best plaque growth-inhibiting effect was recorded for the positive control (CHX) with the test chlorhexidine toothpaste (TX) as next best. The enzyme-containing toothpaste (TE) did not differ significantly from the negative control (C). All the significant differences in anti-plaque effect between the 4 toothpastes were obtained by recordings of plaque thickness and none on the basis of area of plaque.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of the effect of toothpastes containing enzymes or antimicrobial compounds with a conventional fluoride toothpaste on the development of plaque and gingivitis.

Many toothpastes have been formulated over recent years to contain antimicrobial compounds with the aim of preventing or reducing plaque, calculus, gingival inflammation or dental caries. For many, if not all of these toothpastes, it has yet to be proven whether they are significantly better at reducing plaque and gingivitis than conventional toothpastes, for which no such therapeutic effects have been claimed. This 12-day, incomplete block designed, cross-over study compared the development of plaque and gingivitis following rinsing with toothpaste slurries containing the following active ingredients: (1) hexetidine/zinc citrate, (2) 0.2% triclosan, (3) amyloglucosidase/glucose oxidase, (4) sodium fluoride/sodium monofluorophosphate (NaF, MFP). By the 8th day of the study, a significant difference in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and GI was found between the groups. By day 12, however, no significant difference in plaque index and gingival inflammation was found between the 4 toothpastes, although plaque area was significantly reduced with the hexetidine/zinc citrate paste when compared to the conventional fluoride paste. It was concluded that the active ingredients added to the toothpastes evaluated in this study provided little or no more additional benefit to oral hygiene and gingival health than could be achieved with a conventional fluoride toothpaste.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The clinical efficacy of Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste containing a special grade of silica and Colgate Total Toothpaste for controlling breath odor twelve hours after toothbrushing: a single-use clinical study.

The objective of this double-blind clinical study, conducted in harmony with American Dental Association guidelines, was to compare a new dentifrice formulation variant of Colgate Total Toothpaste containing a special grade of silica (Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste) to the commercially available, ADA-Accepted and clinically proven Colgate Total Toothpaste for controlling breath odor twelve hours after brushing the teeth. Breath odor was evaluated by a panel of three examiners using a nine-point hedonic scale. Following a baseline evaluation of breath odor, prospective study subjects who scored above the threshold value for unpleasant breath odor were stratified by score and randomized into two treatment groups. Subjects were provided with a soft-bristled toothbrush, and brushed their teeth thoroughly in their regular and customary manner with their assigned dentifrice. Subjects refrained from dental hygiene, breath mints or mounthrinses for the next twelve hours, after which they were again evaluated for breath odor. Eighty-three (83) adult male and female subjects from the Mississauga, Ontario, Canada area participated in the study. At twelve hours after brushing their teeth, subjects in both dentifrice treatment groups presented mean breath odor scores which were statistically significantly lower than the mean scores observed at baseline. Importantly, there was no statistical difference between the two dentifrices of the mean twelve-hour breath odor scores. The mean twelve-hour breath scores for the Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste group and the Colgate Total Toothpaste group were 4.89 and 4.67, respectively, which are within the range of values corresponding to pleasant breath odor. Thus, the results of this double-blind clinical study, conducted according to a protocol which had been approved by the Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Dental Association, support the conclusion that Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste and Colgate Total Toothpaste provide effective control of breath odor at twelve hours after toothbrushing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The effect of a SCN-/H2O2 toothpaste compared to a commercially available triclosan-containing toothpaste on oral hygiene and gingival health -- a 6-month home-use study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to compare the gingival health benefits of a thiocyanate/carbamide peroxide toothpaste to that of a triclosan toothpaste in home use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a two-centre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial, and consisted of a 2-week pre-experimental phase, followed by an experimental period of 6 months. A total of 140 healthy male and female volunteers (70 per group) who had at least 20 natural teeth with no probing depths greater than 5 mm and a mean gingival index (GI) of 1 or more at screening were admitted to the study. The two products were the test toothpaste (RCP) containing 0.5% SCN- (rhodanide), carbamide peroxide (equivalent 0.1% H2O2), and 1450 p.p.m. fluoride, and a control toothpaste (Colgate Total) containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% polyvinyl methyl ether maleic acid (PVM/MA), and 1450 p.p.m. fluoride (Triclosan). In the pre-experimental phase, all subjects used a fluoride toothpaste. Plaque (Turesky et al. 1970) and gingivitis (Löe & Silness 1963) were scored prior to beginning the pre-experimental phase, at baseline, and after 6 weeks and 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: In both the RCP and the Triclosan group, gingival health improved significantly between baseline and the following examinations. Plaque scores decreased significantly between baseline and 6 months in both groups. There were, however, no significant differences between the groups for either gingival index or plaque index. CONCLUSION: To conclude, this study seems to verify that in normal home use, a toothpaste containing a combination of thiocyanate and carbamide peroxide is as effective in reducing gingival inflammation and supragingival plaque formation as a benchmark control product.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of an herbal toothpaste with a fluoride toothpaste on plaque and gingivitis.

An herbal/bicarbonate toothpaste has received some attention from the public and profession following a number of studies which have reported beneficial effects of the paste on both plaque and gingivitis. The present study, one of several ongoing clinical trials, evaluated the toothpaste in mouthrinse form using a 19-day, no oral hygiene, triple-crossover design in which it was compared with a commercial fluoride toothpaste rinse and the antiplaque mouthrinse chlorhexidine. Over the three periods of the study an increase in plaque and gingivitis was seen for all three products. However, while significant reductions in both parameters were seen with chlorhexidine compared to the toothpastes, there were no significant differences between the herbal and fluoride toothpaste. From these findings it can be concluded that in the long term, the herbal/bicarbonate toothpaste may not exert significant therapeutic effects on plaque and gingivitis beyond that of a conventional commercial paste. Nevertheless, where there is a demand for a natural product, the herbal/bicarbonate paste may be a worthwhile alternative.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Clinical study to compare the effectiveness of a test whitening toothpaste with a commercial whitening toothpaste at inhibiting dental stain.

AIMS: A single centre, randomised single-blind, three-way crossover study was performed, to compare the effect of an experimental test toothpaste with a commercially available whitening toothpaste and water control at inhibiting extrinsic stain promoted by repeated chlorhexidine/tea rinses. METHODS: This study used 23 subjects. During the week before the study the subjects received a prophylaxis to remove all staining, plaque and calculus deposits. On the Monday of the following week subjects returned to the clinic to receive their rinses and to check their dentition was stain free. Under direct supervision at both 09:00 and 13:00 hours they rinsed with either a toothpaste slurry or water control that was repeated daily up to and including the following Thursday. Additionally from the Monday to the Thursday each subject rinsed with a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse, immediately followed by a rinse with a warm black tea solution. This cycle was repeated hourly eight times throughout the day and on the following days until the Friday. Throughout this period volunteers omitted all other forms of oral hygiene except rinsing with the chlorhexidine mouthwash. On the Friday the level of stain on the teeth and dorsum of tongue was assessed using the Lobene stain index for both stain area and intensity. At the end of each trial period each subject received a thorough prophylaxis to remove all plaque, calculus and staining before starting the second and third period of the study. RESULTS: As expected appreciable amounts of extrinsic stain accumulated on the teeth over each study period. The amount of stain following use of the toothpastes and water control was least with the experimental toothpaste, followed by water control and lastly the commercial whitening paste. For all sites combined there was evidence that the experimental paste was significantly superior to both the commercial paste and water control at reducing stain area (p<0.001), a product of stain area and intensity (p<0.001 and 0.05, respectively) but not stain intensity (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this stain-prevention model the use of an experimental paste showed a significant reduction in stain accumulation on the teeth compared with a (placebo) negative water control and a commercially available whitening paste. As such the experimental paste would be expected to be of benefit in controlling extrinsic dental staining.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Comparative effects of toothpaste brushing and toothpaste rinsing on salivary bacterial counts.

The persistence of antimicrobial action of compounds and formulations in the mouth can be demonstrated by recording the magnitude and duration of the reduction of salivary bacterial counts following a single application. Such measures of substantivity appear to correlate with the plaque inhibitory properties of antimicrobial agents. For toothpastes, studies on the short-term inhibition of plaque formation use a number of delivery methods to measure the direct effect of the preparation divorced from toothbrushing. Such methods include paste slurries, paste in trays or cap splints. This study determined whether toothbrushing with a toothpaste produced the same effects on salivary bacterial counts compared to rinsing with a slurry. A group of 24 volunteers brushed or rinsed with a slurry of a commercial toothpaste. Each regimen was repeated twice on 4 separate days by all volunteers and salivary bacterial counts recorded at baseline and time periods to 7 hours. There were no significant differences between brushing or slurry rinsing on salivary bacterial counts and each method produced reproducible effects. This supports the use of the slurry method where the direct plaque inhibitory action of an antimicrobial toothpaste is to be assessed; and indicates that both methods equally make available and activate the relevant ingredients in formulations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Systematic review of studies comparing the anti-caries efficacy of children's toothpaste containing 600 ppm of fluoride or less with high fluoride toothpastes of 1,000 ppm or above.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical effectiveness of low fluoride (F) toothpastes, containing 600 ppm or less, with toothpaste containing 1,000 ppm or more fluoride in preventing dental caries. DESIGN: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials comparing low fluoride toothpastes containing 600 ppm F or less with toothpastes containing 1,000 ppm or more in children or adults. RESULTS: Seven randomised controlled trials were included. These were categorised into two groups depending on the fluoride concentration in the low fluoride group (250 and 500 ppm) and analysed separately. 250 PPM: Results of the meta-analysis were statistically significant (p = 0.002 and 0.0005) and in favour of the control group (1,000 ppm). DFS increments in the 250-ppm group were 0.6-0.7 greater than the 1,000-ppm group. 500 PPM: Only two studies were in this category, and one of them failed to present the baseline caries levels, so a meta-analysis was not carried out. CONCLUSION: 250 ppm fluoride dentifrice was not as effective in caries prevention in permanent dentition as dentifrice containing 1,000 ppm F or more. More studies have to be carried out to test the anticaries efficacy of 500 against 1,000 ppm and above.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Dentine hypersensitivity: a clinical trial to compare 2 strontium densensitizing toothpastes with a conventional fluoride toothpaste.

A considerable number of varied agents are apparently effective in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. In particular, the literature supports the efficacy of fluoride and strontium containing formulations. Despite this, comparisons between strontium products are relatively few in number and surprisingly there are almost no evaluations of these products against "bench mark," conventional commercial fluoride toothpastes. This study was a double-blind parallel group comparison of two strontium-based desensitizing toothpaste products and a conventional fluoride product in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. A total of 119 patients completed the 12-week study and from them, sensitivity gradings were obtained at baseline, 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Sensitivity was scored in response to cold air, a thermal probe at 0 degree C, and scratching with a dental probe. Patients also graded their overall sensitivity at each visit, using a visual analogue scale and the effects of treatment on completion. Plaque and gingivitis indices were recorded at each visit. There was an overall and progressive reduction in all sensitivity parameters in the 3 groups with no significant differences between the treatments. Plaque and gingivitis scores were already relatively low in this patient group at baseline but improved further as the study continued. The improvements, however, were comparable in the 3 groups. Under the conditions of this clinical trial the 2 desensitizing toothpastes showed similar reductions, but no greater than that observed in the conventional fluoride toothpaste. There is perhaps the need for further evaluations of desensitizing formulations using conventional fluoride products as controls rather than minus active or placebo formulations.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The benefits of toothpaste--real or imagined? The effectiveness of toothpaste in the control of plaque, gingivitis, periodontitis, calculus and oral malodour.

Toothbrushing with toothpaste is the most widely used method of home dental care for the populations of the Western world. The traditional role of toothpaste is primarily cosmetic, in aiding the cleaning of teeth and producing fresh breath. Today, however, formulations contain ingredients which may also help oral health by way of reducing dental plaque and improving gingival/periodontal health. This article provides a short review on the usefulness of these chemicals when used primarily in toothpastes.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1981

Toothpaste abrasive requirements to control naturally stained pellicle. The relation of cleaning power to toothpaste abrasivity.

Toothpaste abrasivity should be sufficiently high to give effective cleaning without causing mechanical damage to tooth tissue. A clinical trial carried out to measure the cleaning power of calcium carbonate toothpastes of different abrasivity is described; cleaning power is then related to in vitro dentine abrasivity measurements. These findings are used to derive an expression specifying the toothpaste cleaning power which ensures that a chosen low and cosmetically acceptable level of stain is not exceeded providing a consistent daily brushing routine is adhered to.

Calcium Carbonate↗