Bone metabolism associated with tooth eruption and orthodontic tooth movement.
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The number of deciduous teeth in a sample of rural Ladino Guatemalan children was counted every 3 months through 24 months of age, and at 6-month intervals from 24 to 36 months. Nutritional status at birth, whether expressed as full-term birth weight or as maternal caloric supplementation during pregnancy, influences the timing of deciduous tooth eruption. Furthermore, the timing of deciduous tooth eruption seems more closely associated with postnatal weight than with birth weight. Although indices of nutritional deficiencies are associated with retarded tooth eruption, the use of mean number of deciduous teeth erupted as an estimate of mean chronological age in populations living under conditions of mild-to-moderate malnutrition is relatively accurate because errors of age estimation based on mean values for the present sample only vary between 1 and 2 months.
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A survey was carried out on the timing of deciduous tooth eruption based upon 3600 Caucasian children in three heterogeneous samples from Birmingham, Sheffield and Gloucester and a small more or less homogeneous sample from Biddulph (North Staffordshire). These data were compared with the eruption times derived from a sample of 600 British Negro children. Generally, the deciduous teeth of Negroes erupted before those of Caucasians, although the actual eruption times in each sample exhibited a greater degree of variability than is appreciated by most dental workers.
The grey lethal mouse is an osteopetrotic mutant in which there is diffuse sclerosis of the entire skeleton and the teeth remain trapped in the jaws. The condition was treated with daily subcutaneous injections of PTE beginning at birth. PTE induced molar tooth eruption in some mutants and improved root formation (without eruption) in others. However, the zone of predentine in the crown of the tooth remained abnormally wide and dentinogenesis remained irregular. Resorption of alveolar bone was adequate to permit complete tooth eruption in some animals and increased root formation in others.
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations and cellular distribution were studied in dental and periodontal tissues during tooth eruption in kittens. Although the mean levels of cAMP around developing teeth were similar in all the tissue samples, there were marked differences in cAMP stainability of tissues apical and occlusal to the erupting teeth.
The osteopetrotic (ia) rat was examined as an experimental model for studying the dependence of tooth eruption on bone resorption. In ia rats eruption of incisors and first molars was rare and eruption of second and third molars was reduced and delayed. Autoradiographic studies of 3H-proline incorporation showed that delayed eruption was not due to reduced tooth formation. Microscopic study revealed distortion and failure of posterior growth of the apical ends of incisors, unresorbed bone blocking the eruption pathway for molars, and ankylosis of incisors and first molars to alveolar bone. A reduction in bone resorption, known to be the primary cause of the disease in ia rats, is presumed to be the cause of the delayed or unerupted dentition. The effectiveness of attempts to increase bone resorption in ia rats at an early age by injection of vitamin A and/or parathyroid extract or by parabiotic union with a normal littermate was determined by measuring their effect on the relative size of the tibial marrow cavity. Only parabiosis had a beneficial effect on bone resorption but surgical union could not be performed in animals young enough to affect eruption of incisors and first molars in ia parabionts. These results suggest that parabiotic union of neonatal rats should allow resorption to begin early enough to test the presumed dependence of tooth eruption on bone resorption.
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