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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of tolonium chloride in sheep.

The pharmacokinetic disposition, urinary excretion and toxicity of tolonium chloride were determined after i.v. administration to sheep. Pretreatment with sodium nitrite significantly decreased the volume of the central compartment, apparent volume of distribution, area under the concentration-time curve, and total body clearance of tolonium chloride. Urinary excretion of tolonium chloride and its metabolite, leucotolonium chloride, together accounted for less than 15% of the administered dose in sheep receiving sodium nitrite and less than 10% of the administered dose in control sheep. The LD50 of tolonium chloride was 10 mg/kg with a 95% confidence interval of 7.35-13.60 mg/kg. Comparison with previously published data describing the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of a related compound, methylene blue, indicated that tolonium chloride has a higher volume of distribution and a narrower therapeutic index.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Use of tolonium chloride in the diagnosis of malignant gastric ulcers.

Peroral staining with tolonium chloride (toluidine blue) was performed in 45 patients with suspected gastric ulcer disease. During endoscopy, 19 of 21 malignant ulcers and one of 15 benign ulcers were stained. Following surgery, 18 of 21 malignant ulcers found in the surgical specimens were stained. Eleven patients with benign ulcers underwent surgery and none of these ulcers were found to be stained in the surgical specimens. Normal gastric mucosa and areas of gastritis appeared unchanged. The data suggest that tolonium chloride staining prior to endoscopy or surgery seems to be helful in differentiating between minute benign and malignant gastric ulcers.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Photosensitizing effects of the tricyclic heteroaromatic cationic dyes pyronin Y and toluidine blue O (tolonium chloride).

Pyronin Y [3,6-bis(dimethylamino)xanthylium chloride; PY] and toluidine blue O [tolonium chloride; 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl phenothiazin-5-ium chloride; TB] are cationic dyes commonly used in cytochemistry that have affinity to nucleic acids, predominantly to RNA. In live cells these dyes accumulate in mitochondria and sensitize the cells to light. The photosensitizing effects of PY and TB were compared with those of another mitochondrial cationic dye, rhodamine 123, and a noncationic dye, merocyanine 540, which binds to the cell membrane. Ninety % reduction of clonogenicity of human epidermoid carcinoma (A-253) cells pretreated with 3.3 microM PY, 0.67 microM TB, 13 microM rhodamine 123, or 18 microM merocyanine 540 was achieved by cell exposure to 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, or 1.5 J/cm2 doses of white light, respectively. The above concentrations of PY, TB, or merocyanine 540 represent the maximal ones at which the effect of each of these dyes alone, in the dark, in reducing cell clonogenicity was less than 12%. Exposure of A-253 cells to light at doses reducing clonogenicity by 50% caused a transient (24 h) arrest of the surviving cell population in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In contrast to A-253 cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells were highly resistant to the photosensitizing effects of each of the four dyes. Also, the normal human lung fibroblasts (WI-38) were highly resistant to photosensitization by PY, whereas the simian virus 40-transformed WI-38 cells and another carcinoma line (OV-3) were sensitive. The data suggest that PY and TB, like other mitochondrial dyes, may have a selective antitumor photosensitizing activity.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed1989

Use of meta-analysis to evaluate tolonium chloride in oral cancer screening.

This study used meta-analysis, an analytical technique that uses raw data from previous researchers, to estimate the efficacy of screening for oral cancer with tolonium chloride (TCl). TCl, a vital blue dye, selectively stains acid tissue components such as DNA and RNA and has been used for more than 20 years by surgeons to identify suspected cancerous lesions. It has not been routinely used by dentists to screen either general or high-risk populations. Sensitivity and specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values for the TCl test, were calculated. Sensitivity of TCl ranged from 97.8% to 93.5%, and specificity ranged from 92.9% to 73.3%. It was determined that if TCl is used to screen high-risk populations, the likelihood of a false negative finding is extremely low, whereas false positive results will be relatively numerous. However, given the high sensitivity of the test, the absolute number of false positive tests will be small. Further analysis is needed to evaluate the economic costs of false positives and false negatives, versus the value of identifying true positives at an early stage.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1981

Tolonium (toluidine blue) rinse--a screening method for recognition of squamous carcinoma. Continuing study of oral cancer IV.

Tolonium chloride (toluidine blue) application is useful for identifying malignant changes in squamous mucosa. However, early asymptomatic mucosal changes may remain undetected by tolonium application. A study was carried out to determine the feasibility of using a tolonium mouth rinse as a routine procedure after thorough clinical examination, to discover undetected cancers. A proved, effective tolonium application method was compared with a rinse sequence. One hundred five asymptomatic oral lesions (51 carcinomas and 54 nonmalignant lesions) that persisted for ten to 14 days were evaluated with application and rinse modalities and biopsies. There were 2% false-negatives (1/51) with the application as opposed to 5.9% (3/51) with the rinse and 9.3% false-positives (5/54) with the application as compared to 7.4% (4/54) with the rinse. Four inapparent, second primary cancers, unobserved for application, were delineated by the rinse (three oral, one pharyngeal). Tolonium blue rinse may be used to detect unobserved, asymptomatic oral mucosal cancers after clinical examination. After a positive rinse stain, a subsequent positive application stain ten to 14 days later mandates a biopsy of the lesion.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1998

Intravenous injection of India ink with suicidal intent.

We describe the case of a 33-year-old man who injected 4 ml of India ink into one of the median cubital veins with suicidal intent. He was hospitalized in good general condition 10 h after the injection. Abnormal laboratory test results were a leukocytosis, an oximetrically determined methemoglobin level of 36.9% (normal range: 1.5%) and a free hemoglobin level of 74 mumol/L (normal range: < 25 mumol/L). Toxicological examination showed the presence of nitrobenzene in blood and urine. Intravenous administration of vitamin C and tolonium chloride plus forced diuresis led to an improvement in cyanosis and a fall in the methemoglobin concentration. Repeated increase in the concentration of aminobenzene were successfully treated by hemodialysis with a high-flux dialyzer.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Hypothermia inhibits pentylenetetrazol kindling and prevents kindling-induced deficit in shuttle-box avoidance.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of hypothermic exposure on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling and the resulting deficit of shuttle-box avoidance learning in rats. Additionally, to acknowledge neuronal cell loss, we estimated the number of toluidine blue-positive cells in different brain regions after PTZ kindling and hypothermia exposure in comparison to different normothermic and hypothermic controls. To obtain hypothermic conditions over a period of up to about 3 h, 30 min after PTZ application the animals were treated with 5 mg/kg chlorpromazine (CP) and 25 min later exposed to 15 degrees C cold water for 5 min. Under these conditions the rectal and the striatal temperature were reduced up to a maximum of 5 degrees C. The additional injection of CP did not influence the development of PTZ kindling. Animals treated with PTZ/CP and exposed to hypothermia did not reach the criterion for kindling. Furthermore, this group of animals did not demonstrate any learning deficit. Forty-eight hours after the last kindling application the number of toluidine blue-stained cells was decreased in the investigated brain regions (hippocampal CA1 and CA3 sector, hilus, and cingular cortex) of kindled rats. Hypothermia protected from cell damage in the hippocampal CA3 sector and in the hilus. Results suggest that the inhibiting effect of hypothermia on the development of kindling and the following learning deficit possibly resulted from the suppression of cell damage in distinct brain structures on PTZ-kindled rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Biopsy technics in oral oncology: excisional or incisional biopsy? A critical review of the literature and the authors' personal contribution].

The authors review the literature regarding bioptic techniques which are used in oral oncology, particularly referring to the dispute about incisional and excisional biopsy in cases of neoplastic or suspected lesions. As a matter of fact, though incisional biopsy at the oral cavity level is an easily executed technique, some clinicians found that an incision of a neoplasia could help its spreading or could help its spreading or could even increase its malignancy. Nevertheless, analyzing the literature, it can't be found, at present, the existence of data based on real clinical survey, which could prove a worse prognosis subsequent to a certain bioptic approach, even if some experimental studies on animal models, pointed out the potential danger caused by a neoplasia's incision. But, according to the authors, the oncological risk of metastasis' formation or of a local insemination is irrelevant if the operator follows the general rules of oncological surgery. To conclude, the authors present their diagnostic operative protocol, based on the principle that the diagnosis must always precede the treatment of the pathology. Therefore, when the size and site of the lesions allow it, incisional biopsy (simple or multiple) must always be chosen and, if necessary, must be preceded by the tolonium chloride stain.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1998

Morphologic effects of glycerol on the mental nerve.

OBJECTIVES: In recent years, injection of pure glycerol has been used successfully for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. However, the mode of action of this therapy remains unclear. The present experiment was undertaken to examine histologically the morphologic changes produced by extraneural injections of pure glycerol into the dog mental nerve. STUDY DESIGN: Under direct vision, glycerol was injected extraneurally into the mental foramen on one side of the lower jaw of each of nine dogs. Physiologic saline solution was the control on the contralateral side of each animal. Animals were killed at 1, 3, and 7 days after the application of glycerol, and the mental nerve specimens were examined by light microscopy. RESULTS: Results showed that extraneural application of pure glycerol in the vicinity of the dog mental nerve is not associated with structural changes. No signs of nerve degeneration or other morphologic changes were observed for any of the experimental and control specimens in any of the time intervals studied. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that despite the encouraging clinical results related to extraneural application of pure glycerol for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, glycerol produces its effect without inducing any morphologic or destructive changes in the peripheral nerve. A probable explanation of the temporary clinical effectiveness of glycerol in relieving trigeminal neuralgia is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Human cutaneous mast cells--a study of fixative and staining reactions in normal skin.

Routinely used formal saline fixation reduces the number of demonstrable mast cells in human skin by up to 30% compared with paired specimens fixed in Carnoys medium. Using metachromatic (toluidene blue), orthochromatic (alcian blue/safranin), enzymatic (chloroacetate esterase reaction) and immunofluorescence (berberine and fluorescein conjugated avidin) staining techniques, mast cells were demonstrated and quantified. Alcian blue/safranin and fluorescein-conjugated avidin were both superior to the other staining methods used. We recommend the use of Carnoys medium fixed tissue stained with either alcian blue/safranin or conjugated avidin for optimal visualization and assessment of mast cells in human skin.

Acetates↗