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PubMed2025

Tm-1 back in business: an allele from Solanum pennellii accessions plays a major role in ToBRFV resistance.

The Tm-1 allele from Solanum pennellii accessions together with an additional, likely recessive, locus are required for complete ToBRFV resistance. The Tobamovirus Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (ToBRFV) poses a significant threat to global tomato production. ToBRFV is a mechanically transmitted virus containing a single-stranded positive sense RNA genome. Disease symptoms include brown, rough patches on fruit surfaces, leaf mosaicism and shape abnormalities, and, in advanced stages, total collapse of infected plants. ToBRFV was first detected in the Middle East in 2014 and has rapidly spread to multiple countries across Asia, Europe, and America. In recent years, numerous studies have focused on the identification of ToBRFV resistance traits that are suitable for tomato breeding programs. In this study, we identified five ToBRFV-resistant accessions of Solanum pennellii, a wild relative of cultivated tomato. We confirmed that the major gene controlling this resistance trait is the S. pennellii allele of Tm-1. Tm-1 was previously identified in S. habrochaites as a semidominant Tomato Mosaic Virus (ToMV) resistance gene. Our results show that full resistance to ToBRFV disease requires an additional undescribed locus. These results show the potential of S. pennellii as a novel source of resistance against ToBRFV.

Disease Resistance↗
PubMed2026

The durable resistance gene Tm-22 remains partially resistant to tomato brown rugose fruit virus.

The tomato Tm-22 gene is a highly effective, and durable resistance gene in agriculture that has protected tomato production against viruses of the Tobamovirus genus, such as tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) for over 60 years. This dominant R gene, originally sourced from wild tomato species (Solanum peruvianum), acts by recognizing the viral movement protein (MP) and triggering an immune response, often resulting in extreme resistance (ER). However, this durable protection is challenged by a recently emerged new tobamovirus named tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV, Tobamovirus fructirugosum). ToBRFV-encoded MP is responsible for ER breakdown. Here, we present evidence that while ToBRFV can evade Tm-22-mediated ER, Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato plants carrying Tm-22 still remain partially resistant to ToBRFV. We show that ToBRFV MP is recognized by and interacts with Tm-22 to trigger an attenuated hypersensitive response. Moreover, we discover that overexpression of Tm-22 can enhance resistance to ToBRFV. These findings demonstrate the practical value of Tm-22 in ongoing resistance breeding programs and open a potential avenue to restore Tm-22 immunity through upregulation of Tm-22 expression.

Solanum lycopersicum↗
PubMed2026

Tobamoviruses: Advances in Molecular Biology, Host Interactions and Integrated Disease Management.

Tobamoviruses (viruses in the genus Tobamovirus, family Virgaviridae) lead to major yield losses in economically important crops around the world. In this review, we go beyond the canonical gene expression framework by integrating recent discoveries of reverse open reading frames (rORFs) on the negative-strand RNA. These rORFs have only been experimentally validated in cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), with predicted sequence-conserved homologs across a subset of the genus, including TMV, ToBRFV, and PMMoV. However, they are not universally present in all tobamoviruses. We systematically dissect the infection cycle-from disassembly and replication to cell-to-cell and systemic movement-with an emphasis on the host factors hijacked at each stage. We synthesize current understanding of plant antiviral immunity, focusing on RNA silencing and NLR receptor-mediated resistance as two pillars of defense, along with the transcription factors and microRNAs that orchestrate these responses. We critically evaluate the experimental evidence for both plant defenses and viral counter-strategies, noting that many mechanistic models derive from limited model systems. We further characterize host genetic resistance and susceptibility factors applicable to crop breeding. These resources include dominant NLR and non-NLR resistance, as well as recessive resistance derived from modified host susceptibility genes. We address how viral mutations, recombination and fitness trade-offs undermine resistance durability. We then evaluate their practical deployment through conventional breeding, the exploitation of quantitative resistance, and genome editing, and outline associated agronomic drawbacks and regulatory constraints. Using ToBRFV as a case study, we analyze its epidemiological traits and assess the current arsenal of surveillance tools, from field diagnostics to remote sensing. Finally, we survey management strategies across a spectrum of maturity. Some approaches, including sanitation protocols and conventionally bred resistant cultivars, have proven effective under field conditions. The first dsRNA-based biopesticide has recently been registered in China, while other biological control agents and low-risk chemical approaches remain largely at the experimental stage. We also discuss the bottlenecks that impede lab-to-field transition and highlight promising solutions such as precision breeding and evolution-oriented cultivar deployment. By bridging molecular virology, epidemiology, and integrated disease management, this review provides a critical, bench-to-field framework for the sustainable control of tobamoviruses.

TMV↗