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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Treatment of invasive thymoma using low dose and extended-field irradiation including hemi-thorax or whole-thorax].

The records of 10 patients treated for invasive thymoma with low-dose and extended-field irradiation including hemi-thorax or whole-thorax are reviewed. Six patients were in stage III. They were treated with up to 15 Gy hemi-thorax irradiation which was followed by shrinkage of the radiation field after removal of tumor. Five of them have lived 4 to 10 years, while one remaining patient died of uncertain cause. Four patients had stage IVa thymoma. Two patients in an earlier stage were treated with irradiation alone; whole-thorax irradiation of up to 20 Gy followed by local irradiation. Those two patients, however, developed severe pulmonary infection secondary to irradiation pneumonitis. Furthermore, local relapse was observed in one patient who died of respiratory insufficiency after 6 years. In the remaining 2 patients in stage IVa, intensive chemotherapy was administered before whole-thorax irradiation of up to 15 Gy. One of these patients is alive with no evidence of recurrence for 5 years, while the other died of a disease not related to thymoma. These facts indicate that whole-thorax irradiation combined with chemotherapy may be of value in preventing local relapse with stage IVa thymoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Longitudinal data of physical growth of healthy children. IV. Shoulder breadth, thorax breadth, thorax depth, hand breadth, 2 pelvic and epicondylic breadths of children aged 2.5 to 15 years (author's transl)].

From 1968--1978 a longitudinal study was performed concerning development of shoulder and thorax breadths, thorax depth, breadths of hand, pelvis, humeral and femoral epicondylus in 709 boys and 711 girls aged 2.5 to 15 years. During time studied mean increases in boys amounted in shoulder breadth to 15.1 cm, in thorax breadth to 9.8 cm, in thorax depth to 6.6 cm, in hand breadth to 3.1 cm, in breadths of pelvis I to 10.9 cm, of pelvis II to 8.5 cm, in breadth of humeral epicondylus 2.5 cm and of femoral epicondylus 3.5 cm. The corresponding data in girls amounted to 14.0 cm, 8.0 cm 4.8 cm, 2.5 cm, 11.0 cm, 8.0 cm, 2.0 cm and 2.9 cm. The parameter measured developed both in boys and girls almost linearly until year 12. Beginning with year 13, development of breadths increased in boys are remained unchanged in girls. Development of breadth in boys was always increased compared with girls except pelvic breadth I.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of inhalation-to-perfusion ratio in anesthetized dogs with barrel-shaped thorax vs dogs with deep thorax.

Interregional, as well as intraregional (local), distributions of the inhalation-to-perfusion ratio were analyzed in the lungs of 20 prone anesthetized healthy dogs--10 dogs with barrel-shaped thorax (Beagles) and 10 dogs with deep thorax (Greyhound-type dogs)--using 99mTc inhalation-perfusion lung scintigraphy. Dorsoventral and lateral views were analyzed. In both types of dogs, the ratio between the mean inhalation and perfusion values (interregional mismatching factor gamma) decreased from craniad to caudad and the decrease was more sustained in the right than in the left lung. However, the total decrease was less in Greyhound-type dogs than in Beagles (cranial-to-caudal decrease of 14 and 27%, respectively, in the left lung, and 62 and 56%, respectively, in the right lung). The dorsal-to-ventral distribution of gamma was different in the 2 types of dogs. In Beagles, it increased from dorsal to ventral zones by about 50% of the initial dorsal zone value, whereas in Greyhound-type dogs, only a slight dorsal-to-ventral decrease was evident, with the exception of the more ventral zone. Differences in the intraregional mismatching factor (rho) indicated that the intraregional inhalation-to-perfusion inequalities were more pronounced within the caudal regions and within the ventral zones of the lungs in both types of dogs, and in the more cranial zones in the lungs of Beagles. However, the degree of intraregional mismatching was generally lower in Greyhound-type dogs. Thus, the gravitational force is not the dominating determinant of interregional or intraregional inhalation-to-perfusion ratio distributions in the lungs of anesthetized prone dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aerosols↗
PubMed1988

Growth of lung and thorax dimensions during the pubertal growth spurt.

In the follow-up study of adolescents residual volume (RV), vital capacity (VC), closing volume (CV), thorax height and thorax width were measured at six month intervals over a six year period; 149 girls and 477 boys, whose ages ranged between 11.5 and 18.5 yr during the follow-up, were investigated. In healthy subjects and in those with respiratory symptoms the rates of change of thoracic dimensions, as calculated by a robust linear regression technique, were moderately well correlated; the growth rates of RV and VC were only slightly correlated, and both were moderately well correlated with changes in thorax dimensions. Thorax height increased relative to thorax width in boys and girls during the follow-up. In boys, thorax height continued to grow, when standing height and thorax width had attained adult values in girls. Thus the thorax attains a more elongated shape. During the adolescent growth spurt the residual volume as a percentage of total lung capacity (RV%TLC) within subjects increased on average 0.6% per yr, and closing volume as a percentage of vital capacity (CV%VC) decreased on average 0.5% per yr. Both of these changes can be accounted for by decreased thorax compliance and increased outward chest recoil at low lung volumes.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thorax deformity and asthma bronchial.

In patients with bronchial asthma thorax deformity aggravates the respiratory function. The authors performed follow up examinations on 381 young adults who suffered from bronchial asthma in childhood. Thorax deformities were was found in 70 patients (28 pectus excavatum, 8 pectus carinatum, 19 thorax emphysematicus . 15 other and combined deformities). Comparing the recovered and non-recovered asthmatic patients, the state of the ill one was significantly worse with regards to thorax deformity. In the seriously ill patients thorax deformities occurred significantly more frequently than in the total number of patients. In the thorax deformity group asthma had an earlier onset and lasted longer in comparison with the whole of patients studied. Bronchial hyperreactivity and lung function values referring to chronic obstruction were significantly more frequent in patients with thorax deformity. Investigating physical exercise, the ratio of patients pursuing some sporting activity was similar, i.e. 50%, both in the total patient group and in the group of patients with pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum, while 90% of the patients belonging to the thorax emphysematicus group did not pursue any physical training.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Two methods of calculating thorax kinematics in children with myelomeningocele.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of model and cardan angle sequence for calculating thorax kinematics. BACKGROUND: Patients with myelomeningocele often show a significant lateral bending and large trunk rotation over the gait cycle. The temporal pattern and magnitudes of these rotations are important for clinical decision-making. Two common thorax models and two orders of rotation in calculating the thoracic kinematics are compared. METHODS: Thoracic kinematics in eight myelomeningocele patients were studied retrospectively. Four markers were placed on the trunk in addition to the lower limb markers. Each child walked at a self-selected speed over the walkway in bare feet. The spatial position and orientation of each segment were computed from the marker position at 2% of the gait cycle. Cardan angles for two thorax models were calculated using two different orders of rotation with respect to both the laboratory and the pelvic reference systems. RESULTS: The results showed that differences between models in the coronal and transverse planes were greater than in the sagittal plane. The changes in the modelling technique yielded the greatest differences when comparing between models. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical significant differences were found between changes in different thorax models and between the sequences of rotation for subjects with pathological thoracic motion. This clearly indicates that existing thorax models based on indirect marker placement may give misleading kinematic measurements. Different rotation sequences also lead to different results and an analysis of these suggests that the conventional sequence (flexion, lateral bending, axial rotation), is preferable for the thorax. RELEVANCE: Accurate measurement of thoracic motion will enhance our understanding of both the pathological and compensatory mechanism in the gait pattern of children with myelomeningocele. Furthermore, the current investigation on thorax kinematics will lead to calculation of the motion of the center of mass and future methodology to calculate thoracic kinetics.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Pelvis-thorax coordination in the transverse plane during walking in persons with nonspecific low back pain.

STUDY DESIGN: Transverse pelvis and thorax rotations were studied during walking in 39 patients with nonspecific low back pain and 19 healthy participants. OBJECTIVES: To gain insight into the consequences of low back pain for gait and to identify clinically useful measures for characterizing the quality of walking in patients with low back pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Gait studies in patients with low back pain have reported a decrease in walking velocity. In normal gait, in-phase pelvis-thorax coordination (synchronicity) evolves toward antiphase coordination (counterrotation) as walking velocity increases. This study examined the effect of walking velocity on pelvis and thorax rotations in patients with low back pain. METHODS: Amplitudes of pelvis and thorax rotations were calculated, and spectral analyses were performed. Pelvis-thorax coordination was characterized in terms of relative Fourier phase, and coupling strength was assessed by means of cross-spectral analysis. RESULTS: In comparison with healthy participants, relative Fourier phase was significantly smaller in low back pain patients for walking velocities of 3.8 km/h and higher, whereas coupling strength was significantly higher for velocities from 1.4 to 3.0 km/h. No significant group differences were found in amplitude or spectral content of individual pelvis and thorax rotations. CONCLUSION: In comparison with healthy participants, the gait of patients with low back pain was characterized by a more rigid, less flexible pelvis-thorax coordination in the absence of significant differences in the kinematics of the component rotations. This result suggests that coordination measures are more adequate in assessing quality of walking in patients with low back pain than are kinematic measures pertaining to the individual segment rotations, and that conservative therapy should use methods aimed at improving intersegmental coordination.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Genetic architecture of two fitness-related traits in Drosophila melanogaster: ovariole number and thorax length.

In Drosophila melanogaster, ovariole number and thorax length are morphological characters thought to be associated with fitness. Maximum daily egg production in females is positively correlated with ovariole number, while thorax length is correlated with male reproductive success and female fecundity. Though both traits are related to fitness, ovariole number is likely to be under stabilizing selection, while thorax length appears to be under directional selection. Current research has focused on examining the sources of variation for ovariole number in relation to fitness, with a view towards elucidating how segregating variation is maintained in natural populations. Here, we utilize a diallel design to explore the genetic architecture of ovariole number and thorax length in nine isogenic lines derived from a natural population. The full diallel design allows the estimation of general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and also describes variation due to reciprocal effects (RGCA and RSCA). Ovariole number and thorax length differed with respect to their genetic architecture, reflective of the independent selective forces acting on the traits. For ovariole number, GCA accounted for the majority (67.3%) of variation segregating between the lines, with no evidence of reciprocal effects or inbreeding depression; SCA accounted for a small percentage (3.9%) of the variance, suggesting dominance variation; no reciprocal effects were observed. In contrast, for thorax length, the majority of the non-error variance was accounted for by SCA (17.9%), with only one third as much variance (6.2%) due to GCA. Interestingly, RSCA (nuclear-extranuclear interactions) accounted for slightly more variation (7.5%) than GCA in these data. Thus, genetic variation for thorax length is largely in accord with predictions for a fitness trait under directional selection: little additive genetic variation and substantial dominance variation (including a suggestion of inbreeding depression); while the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of variation for ovariole number are more complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Unilateral hyperlucent thorax on plain chest radiographs after neck dissection: importance of atrophy of the trapezius muscle.

OBJECTIVE: A hyperlucent thorax on plain chest radiography indicates a decrease in the radiographic density of the thorax, which can be caused by intra- or extrapulmonary diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and mechanisms that may be responsible for unilateral hyperlucency of the thorax after neck dissection and to determine if atrophy of the trapezius due to the transection of the accessory nerve is a cause of hyperlucent thorax. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Differences in the radiographic density between the right and left lung were evaluated and correlated with transection of the accessory nerve in 21 patients who had had a radical or a modified neck dissection for a malignant tumor of the head and neck. Twenty-eight neck dissections were performed on these 21 patients (seven had a simultaneous bilateral neck dissection). In 14 of the 21 patients, the accessory nerve had been severed during the neck surgery. In six patients, mechanisms responsible for a hyperlucent thorax were investigated with follow-up thoracic CT scans. RESULTS: In the radiographs, eight patients had a hyperlucent thorax on the side of the neck dissection. In all of these cases, the accessory nerve on the side of this neck dissection had been severed during a radical or a modified neck dissection. Prior to surgery, no such hyperlucency was noted. CT scans showed atrophy of the denervated trapezius muscle. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that atrophy of the denervated trapezius muscle after neck dissection is a cause of unilateral hyperlucent thorax on plain chest radiographs. Therefore, this finding should be anticipated as a postoperative change in patients who have had this surgery.

Accessory Nerve↗
PubMed2006

[Contemporary approach to treatment of the posttraumatic empyema of the thorax].

INTRODUCTION: Empyema of the thorax is a serious morbidity and mortality causative factor in the postoperative period in severe blunt and penetrating thoracic injuries. The posttraumatic empyema of the thorax results, primarily, from secondary infections of the haemothorax. Current therapeutic management of the posttraumatic empyema of the thorax depends on the disease stage. AIM: A retrospektive analysis of the treatment procedures in patients with posttraumatic empyemas of the thorax. MATERIAL, METHODS, RESULTS: A study group included 118 patients with empyemas of the thorax, who were operated during the period from 1996 - June 2005. The commonest type of the empyema was a parapneumonic empyema, present in 86 (73%) subjects. 15 (13%) patients were operated for posttraumatic empyemas of the thorax. In 13 (11%) patients the empyema followed elective intrathoracic procedures (lung or oesophagus resection). In 4 (3%) cases the empyema resulted from intraabdominal inflammatory disorders. The cause of the posttraumatic empyema of the thorax was a secondary infection following repetitive drainages for the pneumothorax in three patients, infection of the retinated haemothorax in two patients and infection of the pleural exudate from a subphrenic absces following a stab injury of the abdomen in one patient. Another patient developed empyema as a complication of the oesophagus perforation by a foreign body. 8 injured patients with ventilation pneumonias developed parapneumonic empyemas. The patients were indicated for surgeries. Videothoracoscopic procedures (VTS, VATS) proved successful in 4 injured patients with empyemas, stage II. Thoracotomy with decortication was conducted in the remaining 11 injured patients (in 3 of them as a VTS conversion). The postoperative course following the decortication in the injured group with the posttraumatic empyema was complicated by a protracted air leak with a partial pneumothorax in two subjects and by a relaps of the pleural exudate in one operated subject. CONCLUSION: 1. Open thoracotomy with empyemectomy and decortication is a standard treatment method in the thoracic empyema, grade III. 2. The videothoracoscopic procedures (VTS, VATS) are indicated in early forms of the grade II of the disorder. 3. The quality and the result of the therapy depend on the following: the management of the focus of the infection, as well as a sufficient lung expansion while the residual pleural cavity is being minimized and also the management of the air leak from the lung.

Empyema, Pleural↗
PubMed2004

Saccadic head and thorax movements in freely walking blowflies.

Visual information processing is adapted to the statistics of natural visual stimuli, and these statistics depend to a large extent on the movements of an animal itself. To investigate such movements in freely walking blowflies, we measured the orientation and position of their head and thorax, with high spatial and temporal accuracy. Experiments were performed on Calliphora vicina, Lucilia cuprina and L. caesar. We found that thorax and head orientation of walking flies is typically different from the direction of walking, with differences of 45 degrees common. During walking, the head and the thorax turn abruptly, with a frequency of 5-10 Hz and angular velocities in the order of 1,000 degrees /s. These saccades are stereotyped: head and thorax start simultaneously, with the head turning faster, and finishing its turn before the thorax. The changes in position during walking are saccade-like as well, occurring synchronously, but on average slightly after the orientation saccades. Between orientation saccades the angular velocities are low and the head is held more stable than the thorax. We argue that the strategy of turning by saccades improves the performance of the visual system of blowflies.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Dynamic characteristics of the thorax connected with the heart action.

We determined the indices of local vibrations (resonance frequency, damping coefficient, stiffness constant, extinction time) and transfer function H(s) . 10(-6) for three somatotypes and three respiratory positions on 88 points of the thorax. The examinees were males (age 21 years). We found the resonance frequencies of 36.86--54.75 cps, damping coefficient (delta) 0.121--0.217. This means the damping is less than critical (delta = 1). We applied shocks (a force of 2 N) with a reflex hammer on 88 points of the thorax. The force diminished from the exciting place (say ictus) to the recording place (accelerometer on the sternum) from 2 to 0.2 N. The athletic type has the highest resonance frequency and stiffness constant; the leptosomic type has the highest damping; the longest extinction time belongs to the pyknic type. The pyknic type has also the highest value of the transfer function. The respiratory position (quiet respiration, Valsalva and Müller experiment) influences the values of the indices of local vibrations and of the transfer function. The influence is evident especially on the intercostal points: the transfer of the oscillations is alleviated at a higher stiffness of the thorax (Valsalva; the value of H(S) . 10(-6) rises from 7.00 to 9.39 sec2), it deteriorates at a small stiffness of the thorax (in Müller's experiment falls to 2.78 sec2). With the fall in the intrathoracic pressure the damping in the intercostal points decreases. On the basis of experiments the conclusion was made that a short testing of the thorax of an examinee will give the dynamic characteristics of the thorax (indices of local vibrations and transfer functions) of the individual. This procedure will alleviate the quantitative use of noninvasive mechanical methods in the assessment of the cardiovascular function.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Thorax closure in Drosophila: involvement of Fos and the JNK pathway.

Dorsal closure, a morphogenetic movement during Drosophila embryogenesis, is controlled by the Drosophila JNK pathway, D-Fos and the phosphatase Puckered (Puc). To identify principles of epithelial closure processes, we studied another cell sheet movement that we term thorax closure, the joining of the parts of the wing imaginal discs which give rise to the adult thorax during metamorphosis. In thorax closure a special row of margin cells express puc and accumulate prominent actin fibres during midline attachment. Genetic data indicate a requirement of D-Fos and the JNK pathway for thorax closure, and a negative regulatory role of Puc. Furthermore, puc expression co-localises with elevated levels of D-Fos, is reduced in a JNK or D-Fos loss-of-function background and is ectopically induced after JNK activation. This suggests that Puc acts downstream of the JNK pathway and D-Fos to mediate a negative feed-back loop. Therefore, the molecular circuitry required for thorax closure is very similar to the one directing dorsal closure in the embryo, even though the tissues are not related. This finding supports the hypothesis that the mechanism controlling dorsal closure has been co-opted for thorax closure in the evolution of insect metamorphosis and may represent a more widely used functional module for tissue closure in other species as well.

Animals↗