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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Role of intrathecal tetanus antitoxin (equine) in tetanus neonatorum.

The present study includes 50 cases of tetanus neonatorum who were given 200 IU of tetanus antitoxin (equine) intrathecally once only and 500 IU intravenously daily for 3 consecutive days. Nutrition was provided with intravenous drip containing dextrose and other electrolytes. The overall mortality was 78%. It appears that the course of the disease remains unaltered with intrathecal tetanus antitoxin in tetanus neonatorum.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Duration of maternally derived immunity to tetanus and response in newborn foals given tetanus antitoxin.

Serum tetanus antitoxin (TAT) concentrations were measured in a group of 30 foals from birth to 4 months of age. Five of 30 foals (16.6%) had serum titers less than 0.01 IU of TAT/ml by 1 month of age. At 2 months of age, 17 of 28 foals (60.7%) had titers less than 0.01 IU/ml. By 3 months of age, 22 of 29 (75.5%) foals tested had titers of less than 0.01 IU/ml. At the age of 4 months, 24 of 29 foals (82.1%) had titers of less than 0.01 IU/ml. The TAT given to foals at birth resulted in an immediate increase in titer when circulating antitoxin was absent or minimal. Titers considered protective against tetanus resulting from an IM injection of exogenous TAT at birth were maintained for at least 3 months after the injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Tetanus antitoxin binds to intracellular tetanus toxin in permeabilized chromaffin cells without restoring Ca2(+)-induced exocytosis.

Tetanus toxin blocks Ca2(+)-evoked catecholamine release from permeabilized bovine adrenal chromaffin cells preloaded with gangliosides. Tetanus toxin preincubated with its specific antibodies F(ab')2 is without any effect on exocytosis. Specific antitetanus F(ab')2 presented to chromaffin cells which are pretreated with tetanus toxin and permeabilized by digitonin cannot restore exocytosis. Under the same conditions, however, 125I-labeled F(ab')2 accumulates in chromaffin cells. The accumulation depends on the presence and concentration of tetanus toxin and can be prevented by an excess of unlabeled F(ab')2. Once tetanus toxin has initiated block of exocytosis, it cannot be neutralized by binding to its specific antibody.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Biological properties of immunochemically pure tetanus antitoxin].

Immunochemically pure tetanus antitoxin obtained from enzyme-treated horse serum is less reactogenic and anaphylactogenic and possesses higher therapeutic properties than antitoxin purified by nonspecific physico-chemical methods and containing ballast antigens. Due to its increased persistence in the recipient's body, the immunochemically pure antitoxin induces passive immunity in considerably lower doses than the preparations purified by the method "Diaferm-3".

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1980

Treatment of tetanus by lumbar intrathecal tetanus-antitoxin.

The use of human tetanus antitoxin by lumbar intrathecal injection for the treatment of tetanus in five consecutive cases is reported. The intrathecal administration of human tetanus antitoxin as part of treatment appears to be the most effective treatment of tetanus and should be given as soon as the diagnosis of tetanus is established. The dose of antitoxin does not relate with the rapid improvement of muscle spasm.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1970

Replacement of the international standard for tetanus antitoxin and the use of the standard in the flocculation test.

Since 1935 the International Unit for Tetanus Antitoxin has been defined as the activity contained in a certain weight of the first International Standard for Tetanus Antitoxin. As stocks of this standard had become depleted, 11 laboratories in 8 countries were requested to participate in a collaborative assay of a preparation proposed as a replacement.The assay results were analysed and presented to the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in 1969 which established the preparation studied as the second International Standard for Tetanus Antitoxin and defined the International Unit for Tetanus Antitoxin as the activity contained in 0.03384 mg of the second International Standard for Tetanus Antitoxin. This definition would ensure the continuity of the size of this international unit.The analysis of the collaborative studies also showed that the second International Standard for Tetanus Antitoxin has suitable properties for use in the flocculation test for the determination of the antigen content of tetanus toxoids in Lf values. The designation Lf-equivalent is described and the problems relating to the use of this term for the expression of results of in vitro assays are analysed in relation to the use of international units for expressing results of in vivo assays. As the second International Standard for Tetanus Antitoxin has an in vivo/in vitro ratio of 1.4, the Lf-equivalent of this antitoxin is 1.4 times less than its unitage.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin levels in Thai children.

Determination of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin levels by an indirect haemagglutination method were conducted in 101 nonimmunized schoolchildren, 155 pediatric patients and 102 blood donors. Diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin levels were found mostly adequate among immunized children. Diphtheria antitoxin levels were found adequate in 68.3% of the non-immunized schoolchildren. Tetanus antitoxin levels were found inadequate for protection in the non-immunized children and adults. Immunization of children and adults with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid are highly recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Several properties of low-molecular weight tetanus antitoxin].

Following intravenous injection of tetanus antitoxin, obtained by tryptic digestion of the horse immunoglobulin "Diaferm-3", purification and concentration of active fragments, the antitoxin was eliminated from the rabbit organism three times more rapidly than after the injection of the original "Diaferm-3" antitoxin. After injection of the split antitoxin its urinary excretion lasted up to 6 days, whereas following injection of the "Diaferm-3" antitoxin it was excreted for up to 19 days; in the first case considerably less antitoxin was excreted than in the second one (2 and 3.5%, respectively). In both cases in the antitoxin excreted with urine represented monovalent. Fab'-fragments, producing a delay in precipitation in the cross reaction in agar gel between the tetanus toxoid and the tetanus antiserum. Fab'-fragment obtained by the mentioned method possessed anaphylactogenic properties.

Animals↗