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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Fine structure and role in behavior of sensilla on the terminalia of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae).

The terminalia of male and female Aedes aegypti (L.) bear numerous hairs of various shapes and lengths, all of which are mechanoreceptors. Each hair is innervated by one bipolar neuron which contains ciliary rootlets, two basal bodies, and a region assuming the structure of a non-motile cilium. At the distal tip of the dendrite is a tubular body, a characteristic of cuticular mechanoreceptors. Covering the outer dendritic segment is a cuticular sheath which ends proximally in a net-like felt-work and distally attaches to the hair base. Each hair sensillum has two sheath cells. Presumed efferent fibers are associated with the sheath cells. On the insula of the female terminalia are a few campaniform sensilla, the domes of which are raised into small pegs. The sensilla on the terminalia function in copulation and oviposition and probably in warning. A sequence of neurological events is traced for copulation an oviposition. Other cuticular structures, viz., scales, microtrichia, acanthae, and aedeagal spines, which occur on the terminalia are not innervated.

Aedes↗
PubMed1989

Sexually dimorphic neurons of the terminalia of Drosophila melanogaster: II. Sex-specific axonal arborizations in the central nervous system.

In order to understand how the peripheral nervous system in male and female flies differ, I have determined the projection pattern of sensory neurons that innervate the sex-specific adult terminalia, the genitalia and analia, of Drosophila melanogaster. In the adult male and female fly, mechanosensory bristles arranged on the external terminalia are innervated by sensory neurons that arborize in the abdominal ganglion. The distribution of axonal arbors differs between males and females. In males, sensory neurons terminate in a greater variety of patterns over a larger area of neuropil than those in females. Mutations in a sex-determining gene (transformer-2, tra-2,) which regulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics in somatic tissues, cause female flies to be transformed into phenotypic males. The sensory neurons of the terminalia are also transformed leading them to arborize appropriately for male neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Targeting EGFR in cancer using Terminalia arjuna: An integrated In Silico, molecular dynamics, experimental validation, and network pharmacology study.

The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) plays a pivotal role in 20-60% of cancer cases, including glioblastoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, as reported in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. The present study employed an integrated in silico and experimental workflow to evaluate EGFR-targeted compounds from Terminalia arjuna. Drug-likeness and ADMET screening were performed, followed by molecular docking and 1000 ns molecular dynamics simulations. In vitro validation was conducted using cancer cell-based assays and network pharmacology to explore the molecular mechanisms associated with the identified compound. Screening shortlisted eight compounds from T. arjuna. Molecular docking identified Arjunaside C (-8.2 kcal/mol), Arjunapthanoloside (-7.7 kcal/mol), and Beta-sitosterol (-7.4 kcal/mol) as potential EGFR inhibitors compared to Erlotinib (-6.6 kcal/mol). Arjunapthanoloside formed more H-bonds and exhibited most stable interactions with EGFR. MD simulations at 1000 ns revealed lower RMSD, RMSF, SASA, and Rg values for the Arjunapthanoloside-EGFR complex, indicating enhanced stability. Direct binding validation was limited by the unavailability of purified Arjunapthanoloside; therefore, Arjuna extract was evaluated, which demonstrated potent cytotoxicity with an IC₅₀ of 9 µg/mL in H357 oral cancer cells. Flow cytometry confirmed apoptosis-mediated cell death by increased early- and late-apoptotic cell populations. Network pharmacology analysis further identified additional targets (MMP3, MMP7, MMP9, and HRAS) that are directly involved in various cancers. Overall, the findings provide new insights into the therapeutic potential of Arjunapthanoloside as a stable compound that interacts with EGFR from T. arjuna, highlighting its significance in EGFR-targeted anticancer research.

ErbB Receptors↗
PubMed1991

Complexing of toxic hydrolysable tannins of yellow-wood (Terminalia oblongata) and harendong (Clidemia hirta) with reactive substances: an approach to preventing toxicity.

Ruminants consuming either tannic acid or hydrolysable tannins from the Australian yellow-wood tree (Terminalia oblongata) and the Indonesian shrub Clidemia hirta are intoxicated by simple phenolics liberated in the gut. The affinity of these tannins and of the simple phenolic gallic acid for the two proteins casein and pepsin, polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP), activated charcoal and Ca(OH)2 was examined in vitro. The studies were undertaken to predict the effect of these phenolics on digestion and to identify substances that would act as antidotes by precipitating phenolics. Tannins but not gallic acid were precipitated as stable complexes with both pepsin and casein at pH 3-5. Optimal complexing of tannin with protein occurred at a weight ratio of 1:1. Ionic strength and temperature did not affect the amount of tannin precipitated from solution with protein. The precipitation of tannins with PVP and Ca(OH)2 was unaffected by pH within the range 2-8 while maximum binding with activated charcoal occurred between pH 3 and 7. In contrast to protein, the other substances complexed with gallic acid; only gallic acid-PVP complexes were affected by pH. Calcium hydroxide bound more tannin and gallic acid on a weight basis than PVP and charcoal. Both Ca(OH)2 and activated charcoal should complex with phenolics in the forestomach, abomasum and intestines. The reaction of hydrolysable tannins and proteins at the pH found in the abomasum suggests that hydrolysable tannins would interfere with enzyme function and protein digestion post-ruminally rather than in the forestomach.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic principles in Terminalia oblongata.

A study was conducted to identify and characterise the toxic principle in Terminalia oblongata, commonly known as yellow-wood. Crude aqueous extracts of yellow-wood leaf were found to produce the same liver lesion in mice as has been reported in ruminants. The hepatotoxic fraction was isolated and identified as a hydrolysable vegetable tannin called punicalagin. When given orally, the dose required to produce toxicity was at least 20 times greater than when given intraperitoneally. Following a given dose of punicalagin, the onset and severity of liver necrosis was found to be related to the time interval after dosing. In addition to punicalagin, an unidentified nephrotoxic substance was found which was capable of producing avascular renal necrosis without liver necrosis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

On the ethnomedical significance of the Arjun tree, Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arnot.

Terminalia arjuna is an important cardiotonic plant described in the Ayurveda, the ancient Indian medical science. It is also believed to have the ability to cure hepatic, urogenital, venereal and viral diseases. An attempt is made here to analyse the available drug recipes using this plant from Sanskrit literature in the light of modern scientific knowledge. The chemistry and pharmacology of T. arjuna are also discussed, and areas of future investigations are identified.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2026

Antibacterial and preventive effects of Terminalia chebula Retz. aqueous extract and methyl gallate in American shad Alosa sapidissima (Wilson, 1981) against Aeromonas hydrophila YML1.

American shad, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson, 1981), is an economically important emerging species in recirculating aquaculture systems and photovoltaic aquaculture. However, Aeromonas hydrophila poses a threat to the healthy development of its aquaculture industry. This study investigated the effects of 95.5 mg·L-1 aqueous extract from Terminalia chebula Retz. and 318.3 mg·L-1 methyl gallate (Experiment I) and methyl gallate at 31.8-127.3 mg·L-1 (Experiment II) together with A. hydrophila YML1 challage groups (1.0 × 107 and 1.58 × 105 CFU·mL-1 in Experiments I and II) on liver morphology, hepatic enzyme profiles, and transcriptional responses in American shad. Results for Experiment I showed after high-dose pathogen infection, vacuolar degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed. In addition, caspase-3, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased significantly, and the steroid biosynthesis pathway was significantly enriched via the transcriptional analysis. However, inflammation and apoptosis remained evident after high-dose A. hydrophila YML1 infection. After treatment with 95.5 mg·L-1 T. chebula Retz. extract, triphosphopyridine nucleotide (NADPH), Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP), and phospho fructo kinase 1 (PFK) levels decreased significantly. After treatment with 318.3 mg·L-1 methyl gallate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), NADPH, PFK, caspase-3, TNF-α, and MDA contents decreased significantly. For Experiment II, caspase-3 and TNF-α also decreased in the 31.8 mg·L-1 group at 24-96 h and in the 127.3 mg·L-1 group at 96 h. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway and fatty acid metabolism were also significantly enriched after methyl gallate treatment.Different expression genes (DEGs) in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway showed a time- and dose-dependent pattern. At 48 h, the MAPK signaling pathway and apoptosis were enriched in the 95.5 mg·L-1 group, whereas at 96 h the PPAR-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway was enriched, with downregulation of fabp7b, soat2, cpt1ab2, and pparg. These changes were associated with inflammatory cell infiltration and increased MDA contents. Enhanced fatty acid degradation, possibly via cpt2, together with reduced fatty acid transporter transcription, may have alleviated liver injury in shad.

American shad↗
PubMed1991

Embryonic head involution and rotation of male terminalia require the Drosophila locus head involution defective.

We have characterized the head involution defective (hid) locus which is located within the chromosomal region 75B8-C1,2. During the morphogenetic reorganization of the embryonic head region, hid+ function is necessary for the movement of the dorsal fold across the procephalon and clypeolabrum, a process that forms the frontal sac. The absence of the frontal sac in the hid mutant embryos affects the formation of the dorsal bridge and disrupts the development of the larval cephalopharyngeal skeleton. In addition to its embryonic role, this same hid function is also required during pupal development for the 360 degrees rotation of the male terminalia about the anterior-posterior body axis, and for a late step of wing blade morphogenesis. Although the abnormal wing phenotype caused by the Wrinkled (W) mutation is quite different from the one resulting from the loss-of-function hid mutations, the characterization of EMS-induced W revertants reveals that W is actually an antimorphic allele of hid.

Alleles↗
PubMed1989

Sexually dimorphic neurons in the terminalia of Drosophila melanogaster: I. Development of sensory neurons in the genital disc during metamorphosis.

The adult terminalia of Drosophila melanogaster males and females are sexually dimorphic. The sensory neurons that innervate the sex-specific bristles of the analia and genitalia arise within the genital disc during metamorphosis. Using antibodies that recognize peripheral neurons, I have followed the development of neurons in the female genital, the male genital and the shared anal primordium. Neurons form only in the expressed genital and anal primordium at the onset of the white prepupal stage. Two basic types of neurons differentiate in the genital disc; exteroreceptors that innervate the external bristles and enteroreceptors that innervate the internal reproductive organs. Within the genital disc, each structure has a sex-specific time during pupation when its neurons differentiate even when neurons are derived from homologous primordia. The data suggest that the sexually dimorphic arrangement of sensory neurons is a product of sex-specific neurogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Antimutagenic activity of Terminalia chebula (myroblan) in Salmonella typhimurium.

Antimutagenicity of water and chloroform extracts of dried myroblan Terminalia chebula was determined against two direct acting mutagens, sodium azide and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) in strains TA100 and TA1535, and TA97a and TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium respectively and S9-dependent mutagen 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) in TA97a, TA98 and TA100 strains. Water extract reduced NPD as well as 2-AF induced his+ revertants significantly but did not have any perceptible effect against sodium azide included his+ revertants in TA100 and TA1535 strains of S. typhimurium. The pre-incubation studies, where the extract was incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min with the said mutagen prior to plating, enhanced the inhibitory effect. Autoclaving the water extract reduced the inhibitory effect but the reduction in the effect was not significant. No inhibitory effect was observed in any of the strains and against any of the test mutagens with chloroform extract.

Chloroform↗
PubMed1990

Biometrical variations in haematophagous arthropods. II. DV/D ratio of male terminalia of wild Culex quinquefasciatus SAY (Diptera: Culicidae) in India.

The DV/D ratio of male terminalia is considered as most reliable morphometric feature to distinguish Culex pipiens from Cx. quinquefasciatus. In India although only Cx. quinquefasciatus is known both in the filariasis (Bancroftian) endemic and non-endemic areas, there has been no study on the amounts of morphometric variation among wild strains of this species. This paper reports variation in the DV/D ratio of Cx. quinquefasciatus collected from 7 localities of Delhi (D), Lucknow (L), Patna (P), Varanasi (V), Rajahmundry (R), Jabua (J) and Alleppey (A) between June and October 1986. The mean value of DV/D ratio in all the strains varied from 0.78 to 0.99 with overall mean of 0.89. The range of the ratios was 0.30 to 1.88. There were 1.28 per cent specimens (9 out of 700) with ratio below 0.50 and the rest 98.72 per cent with ratio 0.50 and above. The DV/D ratio of 0.50 should therefore be accepted as lower limit for Cx. quinquefasciatus instead of the earlier established value of 0.40. The coefficient of variation (CV) among the 7 strains indicates the following progression of variability in the DV/D ratio from most stable to most variable strain: L greater than V greater than R greater than A greater than J greater than P greater than D. The range of mean CV values in different strains was very close with most stable L strain 19.19 and most variable D strain 25.92. The amounts of variation, as estimated by coefficient of variation, were found to be significantly different between the following strains: Delhi and Lucknow (P less than 0.01 at 198 df), Lucknow and Patna (P less than 0.05 at 198 df), and Delhi and Varanasi (P less than 0.05 at 198 df).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Screening of in vitro antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebula, Eclapta alba and Ocimum sanctum.

Study of in vitro antibacterial activity of extracts from the plants T. chebula, E. alba and O. sanctum was carried out by the disk diffusion technique. All showed such activity against human pathogenic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The activity against Salmonella organisms was shown only by T. chebula; against Shigella organisms by T. chebula and E. alha; but not by O. sanctum. The widest spectrum of antibacterial activity was shown by T. chebula. It was also most potent. The antibacterial spectrum of E. alba was in between that of T. chebula and O. sanctum. The narrowest spectrum of antibacterial activity was also most potent. The antibacterial spectrum of E. alba was in between that of T. chebula and O. sanctum. The narrowest spectrum of antibacterial activity was observed in O. sanctum.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1988

The Ayurvedic medicines Haritaki, Amala and Bahira reduce cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits.

Four groups of 25 rabbits each, were studied to determine the effect of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), Amla (Emblica officinalis) and Bahira (Terminalia belerica) on cholesterol-induced hypercholesteolaemia and atherosclerosis. The control group was fed with cholesterol alone; the Haritaki group received Haritaki and cholesterol; the Bahira group received Bahira and cholesterol; and the Amla group received Amla and cholesterol for 16 weeks. Cholesterolaemia was significantly less (P less than 0.001) in the Haritaki group (166 mg/dl), the Bahira group (240 mg/dl) and the Amla group (205 mg/dl) than in the control group (630 mg/dl). The Haritaki group had significantly less cholesterolaemia (P less than 0.001) as compared to the Bahira and Amla groups. Aortic sudanophilia was significantly less (P less than 0.001) in the Haritaki group (6%), the Bahira group (16%), and the Amla group (12%) than in the control group (38%). The cholesterol contents of the liver and aorta, respectively, were significantly less in the Haritaki group (46 mg/100 g, 28 mg/100 g), the Bahira group (78 mg/100 g, 72 mg/100 g) and the Amla group (46 mg/100 g, 42 mg/100 g), than in the control group (604 mg/100 g, 116 mg/100 g). Among the drug-fed groups, the Haritaki group had significantly lower degrees of sudanophilia and cholesterol content of aorta and liver (P less than 0.001) as compared to the Bahira and Amla groups. Although all three drugs reduced serum cholesterol, aortic sudanophilia and cholesterol contents of liver and aorta, their effects were in ascending order of magnitude. The drugs did not influence serum triglyceride levels, euglobulin clot lysis time or platelet adhesiveness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗