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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Temperate Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 3T: chromosomal attachment site and comparison with temperate bacteriophages phi 105 and SPO2.

The temperate Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 3T contains within its genome a locus, designated thyP3, that encodes for a protein with thymidylate synthetase activity. Bacteriophage phi 3T is different from the two previously characterized temperate phages, phi 105 and SPO2, in: heteroimmunity, response to bacteriophage antisera, endonuclease digestion pattern, induction in the presence of 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil, and effect on the lytic cycle of bacteriophage phi 1. The mean burst size of phi 3T is 56. The dose response curve with bacteriophage phi 3T DNA is linear for transfection and transformation to the Thy+ phenotype. The inserted prophage has been mapped by PBS1 transduction; it is between chromosomal markers ilvA8 and gltA in the terminus of the chromosome. Thus thyP3 maps at a site separate from, but between, the bacterial markers thyA and thyB when thyP3 is in the prophage state.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1987

A family study of patients with temper outbursts.

To evaluate the heritability of a personality trait, "having temper outbursts," and of associated diagnoses, we obtained histories of first degree relatives on two groups: (1) patients with temper outbursts (N = 33), and (2) diverse psychiatric patients without temper outbursts (N = 12). Family interviews were conducted blind to patient (temper or not) status, using a modified version of the Family History RDC. Though Ns are relatively small, and results therefore require confirmation, the data indicate familial transmission of temper problems; an average of 18.2% of Group 1 relatives had temper problems, compared to 4.3% for Group 2. The trait of having temper outbursts was more strongly transmitted than were specific diagnoses (e.g. Intermittent Explosive Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder or Residual Attention Deficit Disorder) associated with temper outbursts. Patients with neurological conditions apparently related to their temper outbursts were less likely to have positive family histories.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Heat and cold shock protein synthesis in arctic and temperate strains of rhizobia.

We compared heat shock proteins (HSPs) and cold shock proteins (CSPs) produced by different species of Rhizobium having different growth temperature ranges. Several HSPs and CSPs were induced when cells of three arctic (psychrotrophic) and three temperate (mesophilic) strains of rhizobia were shifted from their optimal growth temperatures (arctic, 25 degrees C; temperate, 30 degrees C) to shock temperatures outside their growth temperature ranges. At heat shock temperatures, three major HSPs of high molecular weight (106,900, 83,100, and 59,500) were present in all strains for all shock treatments (29, 32, 36.4, 38.4, 40.7, 41.4, and 46.4 degrees C), with the exception of temperate strains exposed to 46.4 degrees C, in which no protein synthesis was detected. Cell survival of arctic and temperate strains decreased markedly with the increase of shock temperature and was only 1% at 46.4 degrees C. Under cold shock conditions, five proteins (52.0, 38.0, 23.4, 22.7, and 11.1 kDa) were always present for all treatments (-2, -5, and -10 degrees C) in arctic strains. Among temperate strains, five CSPs (56.1, 37.1, 34.4, 17.3, and 11.1 kDa) were present at temperatures down to 0 degrees C. The 34.4- and the 11.1-kDa components were present in all temperate strains at -5 degrees C and in one strain at -10 degrees C. Survival of all strains decreased with cold shock temperatures but was always higher than 50%. These results show that rhizobia can synthesize proteins at temperatures not permissive for growth. In all shock treatments, no correspondence between the number of HSPs or CSPs produced and rhizobial survival was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1991

Influence of initial flaw size on crack growth in air-tempered porcelain.

Tempering of dental porcelain by forced convective cooling in air has been shown previously to inhibit the sizes of cracks induced in porcelain surfaces. However, the depth of compressive stress that is produced by tempering of feldspathic porcelain has not been determined. It can be assumed that the potential of tempered specimens to inhibit crack formation is reduced as the flaw size exceeds some critical value, since the compressive stress decreases with distance from the surface. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the effectiveness of tempering stress in porcelain decreases with the increasing size of initial surface flaws. Body porcelain discs, 16 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness, were tempered (T) by forced convective cooling in air from an initial temperature of 982 degrees C at a pressure of 0.34 MPa for 90 s. Nontempered control discs (NT) were slowly cooled by termination of power to the furnace. The half crack-lengths (c) of surface cracks induced by a Vickers microhardness indenter at loads ranging from 2.0 to 39.2 N were determined initially and over a period of 24 h. The initial half crack-lengths, co, for the tempered specimens were significantly smaller (p less than 0.05) than the corresponding values for the slow-cooled specimens. The mean value of the stress corrosion susceptibility coefficient (n), which is inversely related to the slope of log crack size vs. log time, was only slightly smaller for the NT specimen groups (15.3), compared with the mean value for the T groups (17.1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Air↗
PubMed1977

Responses to temperate, cold, and hot environments and the effect of physical training.

Ten young men underwent several tests before and after a training program: a bicycle ergometer test and 60 min of moderate exercise performed at a temperate 24 degrees C; the same work load performed in heat (40.0 degrees C DB, 30.4 degrees C WB) for 3 h; and cold (10 degrees C) exposure for 60 min. Training consisted of 13 1-h sessions of hard, strenuous, and exhaustive work performed in temperate conditions four times a week. Training resulted in substantial decreases in heart rate and rectal temperature responses to exercise in temperate, minor increases in hot, and no significant changes in cold conditions. Subjects who showed good responses to heat, also showed good responses at 24 degrees C, and poor compensatory responses to cold, which were indicated by relatively low heat production and rectal temperature values, and relatively high body heat loss and extremities temperature values. Subjects who showed poor heat tolerance also showed poor responses in temperate and good compensatory responses in cold conditions. Positive correlation coefficients were found between rectal temperatures in the three environments, and between heart rate and sweat rate responses in temperate and hot conditions. The results indicated that moderately severe training causes minor tolerance improvements in heat and no changes in cold, and that responses in temperate, cold, and hot environments are interdependent.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1989

Influence of tempering and contraction mismatch on crack development in ceramic surfaces.

Tempering of glass produces a state of compressive stress in surface regions which can enhance the resistance to crack initiation and growth. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of tempering on the sizes of surface cracks induced within the tempered surfaces of opaque porcelain-body porcelain discs, with contraction coefficient differences (alpha O-alpha B) of +3.2, +0.7, 0.0, -0.9, and -1.5 ppm/degrees C. We fired the discs to the maturing temperature (982 degrees C) of body porcelain and then subjected them to three cooling procedures: slow cooling in a furnace (SC), fast cooling in air (FC), and tempering (T) by blasting the body porcelain surface with compressed air for 90 s. We used body porcelain discs as the thermally compatible (delta alpha = 0) control specimens. We measured the diameters of cracks induced by a microhardness indenter at an applied load of 4.9 N at 80 points along diametral lines within the surface of body porcelain. The mean values of the crack diameters varied from 75.9 microns (delta alpha = -1.5 ppm/degrees C) to 103.3 microns (delta alpha = +3.2 ppm/degrees C). The results of ANOVA indicate that significant differences in crack dimensions were controlled by cooling rate, contraction mismatch, and their combined effect (p less than 0.0001). Multiple contrast analysis (Tukey's HSD Test) revealed significantly lower (p less than 0.05) crack sizes for tempered specimens compared with those of fast-cooled and slow-cooled specimens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Strengthening of porcelain by ion exchange subsequent to thermal tempering.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that high-leucite content feldspathic porcelain can be strengthened best by thermal tempering followed by ion exchange, compared with either thermal tempering or ion exchange alone. The results of biaxial flexure testing indicate that thermal tempering was the most effective way of strengthening the porcelain among the three methods tested. The combined procedure did not yield the greatest strengthening effect as hypothesized, but one that is only slightly stronger than that produced by ion exchange alone. Weibull analysis indicated that the ion-exchange treatment resulted in a narrower distribution of biaxial flexural strength compared with that of untreated or thermally tempered porcelain. The narrower distribution of biaxial flexural strength is considered desirable for enhancing the longevity of ceramic-based dental restorations.

Dental Porcelain↗
PubMed1979

Immunological properties of hyaluronidases associated with temperate bacteriophages of group A streptococci.

The antigenic relationships of hyaluronidases, bound and free, associated with temperate bacteriophages of group A streptococci were examined with antibody against purified whole phage and with antibody against phage-bound enzyme released by urea and purified to homogeneity. Studies performed by double diffusion in agar (ouchterlony) with antibody against the homologous purified enzyme from a temperate phage of a type 49 streptococcus indicated that the bound and free enzyme gave a single line of identity and that the free hyaluronidase activities in induced lysates of four strains of M type 49 streptococci were immunologically indistinguishable but different from the enzyme in induced lysates of a heterologous type. The four M type 49 strains were from widely different geographical or temporal sources and of different phage subtypes as determined by lyxic patterns. These findings were confirmed in studies that employed a functional assay of enzyme neutralization. An immunoglobulin preparation of antiserum against the purified enzyme as well as one against homologous purified whole phage neutralized the hyaluronidase activity produced by induction of the M type 49 strains and present either phage-bound or soluble in phage-free lysates. These immunoglobulin preparations had little effect on the hyaluronidase activities present in phage-lysates of other M types of group A streptococci. Inhibition of propagation of temperate phages by antibody against the purified phage hyaluronidase paralleled the neutralization of phage-associated enzyme activity by this antibody, indicating that antibody to the purified enzyme can inhibit phage infection. Antibody preparations against the purified phage-bound enzyme or against purified whole phage did not neutralize the extracellular hyaluronidase in the supernate of an uninduced culture of M type 4 streptococci. A human serum strongly inhibitory for the extracellular enzyme of this strain or on the purified phage enzyme from an M type 49 strain. The results support the view that the hyaluronidases associated with the temperate bacteriophages from various M types of group A streptococci do not share common antigenic determinants but that an immunological specificity exists that parallels the serologic specificity of the M protein of the host strains.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMed1986

Relationships between the cryptic and temperate viruses of alfalfa, beet and white clover.

Small isometric virus particles containing double-stranded RNA have been independently reported in Europe and Japan from apparently healthy alfalfa (Medicago sativa), beet (Beta vulgaris), and white clover (Trifolium repens). They have been called cryptic viruses in Europe and temperate viruses in Japan. Serological comparison using immunoelectron microscopy, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNAs indicate that alfalfa cryptic and temperate viruses are the same, beet cryptic virus is probably a mixture of two different viruses, one of which is similar to or the same as beet temperate virus, and white clover temperate virus is a mixture of at least three different viruses, two of them indistinguishable from white clover cryptic viruses 1 and 2, respectively, and the third very likely the same as white clover cryptic virus 3.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMed1992

Influence of tempering method on residual stress in dental porcelain.

The porcelain component of a porcelain-fused-to-metal restoration is strengthened by residual (tempering) stresses which are induced by cooling procedures followed in dental laboratories. The thermophysical properties of materials and cooling rate are the main factors which determine the residual stress. In this paper, the temperatures in the midplane of body-porcelain disks were measured from a heat-soak temperature (1000 degrees C) to room temperature during two different cooling procedures: slow cooling in air and forced-air cooling. Experimental results approximated exponential cooling wherein the cooling rates could be represented by a linear equation of temperature. Residual stresses, as affected by the tempering method and thickness of a porcelain disk, were calculated by computer simulation for regions away from the edges. The following temperature-dependent factors were incorporated into the simulation: elastic modulus, viscosity, and coefficient of thermal expansion. The cooling rate dependencies of the glass transition temperature and the temperature distribution during cooling were also included. The cooling rates used in this simulation were derived from the tempering data. The agreement between development of transient and residual stresses--calculated by computer simulation for various cooling methods, and the tendency toward failures of porcelain disks subjected to the tempering processes--was examined. Simulated residual stresses were also in good agreement with those measured by the indentation fracture method of Marshall and Lawn (1977) and Anusavice et al. (1989).

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1989

Glasgow's temperance story: changing approaches towards the control of alcohol abuse.

This article gives an account of the growth and eventual decline of Glasgow's Temperance Movement from its beginnings in the early part of the 19th century, to the present day. The article focuses on the changing rhetoric, aims and practice of the various organisations within the Glasgow Temperance Movement. These shifts, from individual persuasion to moves for government legislation, are analysed in relation to the social and political conditions of their time. The article concludes by drawing comparisons between these early changes within the Temperance Movement and the current shifts with regard to alcohol policy, from concern for the 'alcoholic' to a more generalised focus on the 'moderate drinker', being witnessed at present in the UK.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1986

Three new temperate phages of Bacillus subtilis.

Three temperate bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis were isolated from soil samples and analysed, together with all the other known temperate phages of this organism, with respect to their host range, immunity, serology and DNA restriction pattern, and by other tests. The results show that the newly isolated phages are new members of the immunity sub-group I of the group III of B. subtilis temperate bacteriophages. We named these new phages IG1, IG3 and IG4.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1987

Molecular characterization and comparison of 38 virulent and temperate bacteriophages of Streptococcus lactis.

Thirty-three virulent and five temperate phages of Streptococcus lactis and Streptococcus cremoris were differentiated into three groups by DNA homology. A complete lack of DNA homology was demonstrated between the phage groups. Within each group, large parts of the phage genomes were homologous except for a few phages. One group consisted of five temperate and two virulent phages suggesting that virulent phages isolated during abnormal fermentations and temperate phages isolated after induction from lactic streptococcal starter cultures may be related to one another. We observed a good correlation between the grouping of phages by DNA homology and by their protein composition since within the same DNA homology group, the protein composition of a phage exhibited some similarities with that of the other phages of the group. Therefore, the DNA homologies seemed to be located, at least, in the region coding for the structural proteins. By immunoblotting, we confirmed the relatedness between the proteins of the phages belonging to the same DNA homology group. The important host range factor in bacterium-phage interactions appeared to be an unreliable criterion in determining phage taxonomy.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed1992

EJ-1, a temperate bacteriophage of Streptococcus pneumoniae with a Myoviridae morphotype.

The first temperate bacteriophage (EJ-1) of Streptococcus pneumoniae with Myoviridae morphotype A1 isolated from a clinical atypical strain has been purified and characterized. This phage has a double-stranded linear genome about 42 kb long, but in contrast to the other pneumococcal temperate phages that have been characterized so far, EJ-1 does not contain any protein covalently linked to it. We have sequenced a fragment of EJ-1 DNA containing the ejl gene, encoding a cell wall lytic enzyme (EJL amidase). This gene has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the EJL enzyme was purified and biochemically characterized as an N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase that shares many similarities with the major pneumococcal autolysin. The EJL amidase is a choline-dependent enzyme that needs the process of conversion to achieve full enzymatic activity, but in contrast to the wild-type pneumococcal LYTA amidase, this process was found to be reversible. Comparisons of the primary structure of this new lytic enzyme with that of the other cell wall lytic enzymes of S. pneumoniae and its bacteriophages characterized so far provided new insights as to the evolutionary relationships between phages and bacteria. The nucleotide sequences of the attachment site (attP) on the phage genome and one of the junctions created by the insertion of the prophage were determined. Interestingly, the attP site was located near the ejl gene, as previously observed for the pneumococcal temperate bacteriophage HB-3 (A. Romero, R. López, and P. García, J. Virol. 66:2860-2864, 1992). A stem-and-loop structure, some adjacent direct and inverted repeats, and two putative integration host factor-binding sites were found in the att sites.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Temper tantrums. Prevalence and etiology in a non-referral outpatient setting.

Of a total of 800 children (aged 3-12 years) attending a pediatric outpatient department, 182 (22.8%) were found to be having temper tantrums (mean age, 4.7 years). Temper tantrums were found to be most common at 3-5 years (75.3%), less common at 6-8 years (20.8%), and least common at 9-12 years (3.9%). Children aged 3-5 years were more likely to be of a lower social class (p less than 0.01), whereas in other age groups (6-8 years and 9-12 years) children were more likely to be of an upper social class. Boys dominated the study significantly: the ratio of boys to girls was 3.1:1. Boys having temper tantrums were more likely to be of an upper social class (p less than 0.001) compared with girls, who tended to be of a lower social class (p less than .01). Children showed a higher incidence of history of postnatal trauma and seizure disorder compared with the control group (p less than 0.05). Parental overprotection and marital discord were found to be stress factors in a significantly higher number of boys than girls (p less than 0.01); parental negligence was a significant stress factor for girls (p less than 0.01). Associated behavioral problems, such as thumb sucking, enuresis, tics, head banging, sleep disturbances, and hyperkinesis were found to be significantly higher among children with tantrums.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Effect of thermal tempering on strength and crack propagation behavior of feldspathic porcelains.

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that tempering stress can retard the growth of surface cracks in layered porcelain discs with variable levels of contraction mismatch. Porcelain discs, 16 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick, were prepared with a 0.5-mm-thick layer of opaque porcelain (O) and a 1.5-mm-thick layer of body porcelain (B). The materials were selected to produce contraction coefficient differences, alpha O-alpha B, of +3.2, +0.7, -0.9, and -1.5 ppm/degrees C. Body porcelain discs with a thickness of 2 mm were used as the thermally compatible control specimens (delta alpha = 0). The discs were fired to the maturing temperature of body porcelain (982 degrees C) and were then subjected to three cooling procedures: slow cooling (SC) in a furnace, fast cooling (FC) in air, and tempering (T) by blasting the surface of the body porcelain with compressed and dried air for 90 s. The dimensions of cracks induced by a Vickers microhardness indenter under a load of 4.9 N were measured at baseline and six months after indentation at 80 points along diametral lines within the surface of body porcelain. In addition, biaxial flexure tests were performed to determine the influence of mismatch and tempering on flexure strength. The results of ANOVA indicate that crack dimensions were influenced significantly by the interaction of cooling rate and contraction mismatch (p less than 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1992

Strengthening of feldspathic porcelain by ion exchange and tempering.

This study investigated the effectiveness of tempering and ion-exchange treatments on crack growth and bi-axial flexural strength of seven feldspathic porcelains. The results showed that tempering treatment was more effective in strengthening porcelain than was the ion-exchange process as measured by the bi-axial flexural strength. However, the results of initial crack size induced by a microhardness tester showed that ion-exchange yielded a surface that was more resistant to crack initiation than was that yielded by the tempering treatment. EDX and microprobe analyses showed that there was evidence of exchange between Na+ within the porcelain surface and K+ from the ion-exchange agent applied on the surface.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1990

Tempering as a means to strengthen porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations.

Structural failures of porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) dental restorations still occur despite the known success of specific products and reliable techniques. The possible causes of these failures are varied but the actual fractures usually originate at a surface flaw. Although it is difficult to produce a porcelain that is free of surface flaws, it is possible to inhibit the growth of these flaws by inducing compressive stresses in the surface of the porcelain by a tempering process. The objectives of the present study were: 1) to develop an analytical model to calculate incompatibility stresses in metal-porcelain discs due to thermal contraction mismatch between metal and porcelain, and 2) to determine whether tempering stresses can retard the growth of induced cracks in the porcelain surface of metal-porcelain discs. Ni-Cr-Be alloy discs, 16mm in diameter and 0.3mm thick, were prepared with a 0.5mm thick layer of opaque porcelain and a 1.5mm-thick layer of body porcelain. The materials were selected to provide a range of thermal contraction mismatches. The discs were fired to the maturing temperature of body porcelain (982 degrees C) and then were subjected to three cooling procedures: slow cooling in a furnace (SC), fast cooling in air (FC) and tempering (T) by blasting the surface of the body porcelain with compressed air. The lengths of cracks induced in the surface of the body porcelain by a microhardness indenter were measured immediately after indentation at 30 points along diametral lines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Dental Alloys↗