[WHO-Expert Committe on Tuberculosis, Ninth Report. Technical Report Series No. 552; WHO, Geneva, 1974 (author's transl)].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Antitubercular Agents↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “Technical Report”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Technical report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Multiskilling.
This technical report was prepared by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Ad Hoc Committee on Multiskilling: Brenda Adamovich, chair; Elise Davis-McFarland; William W. Green; and Arlene A. Pietranton, ex officio. Sandra R. Ulrich, 1993-1995 vice president for quality of service and John E. Bernthal, 1996-1998 vice president for quality of service, served as monitoring officers. The contributions of the Executive Board and select peer reviewers are gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks are extended to Michelle Ferketic and Kirsten Gardner for their assistance in editing this report. Technical reports provide information to members on special issues affecting the delivery of services and/or serve as a basis for the development of a position statement.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association↗
[WHO Technical Report 921].
WHO Technical Report 921 "Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis" was published in 2003. WHO Scientific Group Meeting on Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis was organized in 1998. The members consisted of 21 scientists from all over the world with 2 experts in WHO. Contents of the book included introduction, pathogenesis of osteoporosis and related fractures, epidemiology and risk factors, diagnosis and assessment, prevention and treatment, socioeconomic aspects, delivery of care and education, summary and recommendations. Osteoporosis is a silent epidemic and destroys QOL in overwhelming populations in the world. Risk factors are different from country to country, but nutritional, genetic, life style and other factors are concerned in the pathogenesis of the disease. Appropriate assessment and diagnosis are essential for the evaluation who should be treated. Many kinds of drugs have been developed for the treatment. Many ways for treating patients with fractures have been proposed. However, the establishment of systems of care is needed with aids of both governmental and non-governmental organizations. Finally education of citizens is very important.
Delivery of Health Care↗
Fluoroscopically assisted percutaneous translaminar facet screw fixation following anterior lumbar interbody fusion: technical report.
STUDY DESIGN: A technical report of fluoroscopically assisted percutaneous translaminar facet screw fixation after anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF). OBJECTIVES: To describe a minimally invasive translaminar facet screw fixation technique that was modified from the Magerl method, and to assess its technical feasibility and clinical efficacy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There is no previous study in the literature on percutaneous translaminar facet screw fixation assisted only by fluoroscopy without using any specially designed guiding device. Also, there is no previous study involving a screw insertion technique in which the screw is directed to purchase the pedicle while traversing the lamina and transfixing the facet joint. METHODS: A total of 20 patients with degenerative spinal disease underwent ALIF and supplementary percutaneous translaminar facet screw fixation under fluoroscopic guidance from 2001 through 2002. Their clinical and radiologic data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 65 screws were inserted. Seven screws (10.8%) were found to have violated laminae walls but none injured or compressed neural structures directly. The purchases of the facet joints were all successful, but insertion into the pedicle in perfect position was successful in 55 screws (84.6%). Radiologic fusion occurred in all fused levels (100%). Estimated blood loss was 222.5 mL (100-520), and no blood transfusions were needed in any of the cases. There was only one complication related to facet screw fixation, in which the distal tip of a superior articular process was fractured caused by repeated drilling with a K-wire. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous translaminar facet screw fixation using fluoroscopy is technically feasible. It seems that the fluoroscopically assisted percutaneous translaminar facet pedicle screw fixation is a useful, minimally invasive posterior augmenting method following ALIF.
Adult↗
Handling technical reports in the medical library.
One of the most widely neglected sources of information in the medical library is the technical report. Often this bibliographic form is ignored because there is a general lack of information on the part of the librarian concerning its mysteries. In many cases the technical report provides the most recent and current information on a given subject, and to ignore it or wait for its appearance in the published literature could prove costly to a research project. Technical reports have reached flood proportions since World War II, and are issued from many diverse sources. Means of acquiring, processing, and using the tools which abstract and index this literature are discussed.
Cataloging↗
A new anterior cervical instrumentation system combining an intradiscal cage with an integrated plate: an early technical report.
STUDY DESIGN: To provide a technical report on a new device. Early outcome assessment of patients undergoing anterior cervical decompression and stabilization with the described technique. OBJECTIVES: To detail the operative and technical aspects of the new anterior cervical instrumentation and to identify its suitability for an extensive clinical study. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The controversy over the need for fusion in the surgery of cervical disc disease is in part fueled by the absence of an ideal technique. However, the design of the integrated anterior cervical plate and cage device (PCB) appears to provide immediate stability and to restore disc height and cervical lordosis in addition to reducing graft recipient and donor site-related complications. METHODS: After a standard anterior cervical discectomy and preparation of the disc space, the correct size of the cage with integrated plate is inserted. Self-tapping screws are inserted without image intensifier. Cancellous bone chips are used. The technique was used in 29 patients that were followed prospectively from 5 to 24 months (median 8 months, interquartile range 6-15 months). RESULTS: The technique was easy to learn and implement. The authors' experience has been free of intraoperative complications. After surgery no screw backout or device failure was identified. Twenty-seven patients improved clinically. Donor site morbidity was trivial. No collars were applied after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The design of the system appears to prevent bone-graft recipient site and donor site complications, provides immediate biomechanical stability, prevents screw backout or breakage, and restores posterior interbody height and lordosis. The device is of sufficient promise to warrant further close evaluation focusing on long-term outcome. The new radiolucent version has potential advantages for the assessment of fusion.
Bone Plates↗
American Academy of Pediatrics: Technical report: Alternative dispute resolution in medical malpractice.
The purpose of this technical report is to provide pediatricians with an understanding of past crises within the professional liability insurance industry, the difficulties of the tort system, and alternative strategies for resolving malpractice disputes that have been applied to medical malpractice actions. Through this report, pediatricians will gain a technical understanding of common alternative dispute resolution (ADR) strategies. The report explains the distinctions between various ADR methods in terms of process and outcome, risks and benefits, appropriateness to the nature of the dispute, and long-term ramifications. By knowing these concepts, pediatricians faced with malpractice claims will be better-equipped to participate in the decision-making with legal counsel on whether to settle, litigate, or explore ADR options.
Liability, Legal↗
[Twentieth report from the WHO Expert Commitee on Malaria. WHO technical report No. 892, Geneva, 2000, 71 pp].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
Technical report: diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
OBJECTIVE: This technical report describes the procedures involved in developing the recommendations of the Subcommittee on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in children. The group of primary interest for this report was otherwise healthy children older than 1 year who might have adenotonsillar hypertrophy or obesity as underlying risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The goals of the committee were to enhance the primary care clinician's ability to recognize OSAS, identify the most appropriate procedure for diagnosis of OSAS, identify risks associated with pediatric OSAS, and evaluate management options for OSAS. METHODS: A literature search was initially conducted for the years 1966-1999 and then updated to include 2000. The search was limited to English language literature concerning children older than 2 and younger than 18 years. Titles and abstracts were reviewed for relevance, and committee members reviewed in detail any possibly appropriate articles to determine eligibility for inclusion. Additional articles were obtained by a review of literature and committee members' files. Committee members compiled evidence tables and met to review and discuss the literature that was collected. RESULTS: A total of 2115 titles were reviewed, of which 113 provided relevant original data for analysis. These articles were mainly case series and cross-sectional studies; overall, very few methodologically strong cohort studies or randomized, controlled trials concerning OSAS have been published. In addition, a minority of studies satisfactorily differentiated primary snoring from true OSAS. Reports of the prevalence of habitual snoring in children ranged from 3.2% to 12.1%, and estimates of OSAS ranged from 0.7% to 10.3%; these studies were too heterogeneous for data pooling. Children with sleep-disordered breathing are at increased risk for hyperactivity and learning problems. The combined odds ratio for neurobehavioral abnormalities in snoring children compared with controls is 2.93 (95% confidence interval: 2.23-3.83). A number of case series have documented decreased somatic growth in children with OSAS; right ventricular dysfunction and systemic hypertension also have been reported in children with OSAS. However, the risk growth and cardiovascular problems cannot be quantified from the published literature. Overnight polysomnography (PSG) is recognized as the gold standard for diagnosis of OSAS, and there are currently no satisfactory alternatives. The diagnostic accuracy of symptom questionnaires and other purely clinical approaches is low. Pulse oximetry appears to be specific but insensitive. Other methods, including audiotaping or videotaping and nap or home overnight PSG, remain investigational. Adenotonsillectomy is curative in 75% to 100% of children with OSAS, including those who are obese. Up to 27% of children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for OSAS have postoperative respiratory complications, but estimates are varied. Risk factors for persistent OSAS after adenotonsillectomy include continued snoring and a high apnea-hypopnea index on the preoperative PSG. CONCLUSIONS: OSAS is common in children and is associated with significant sequelae. Overnight PSG is currently the only reliable diagnostic modality that can differentiate OSAS from primary snoring. However, the PSG criteria for OSAS have not been definitively validated, and it is not clear that primary snoring without PSG-defined OSAS is benign. Adenotonsillectomy is the first-line treatment for OSAS but requires careful postoperative monitoring because of the high risk of respiratory complications. Adenotonsillectomy is usually curative, but children with persistent snoring (and perhaps with severely abnormal preoperative PSG results) should have PSG repeated postoperatively.
Adenoidectomy↗
Determination of facial symmetry in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients from three-dimensional data: technical report and assessment of measurement errors.
OBJECTIVE: To assess measurement errors of a novel technique for the three-dimensional determination of the degree of facial symmetry in patients suffering from unilateral cleft lip and palate malformations. DESIGN: Technical report, reliability study. SETTING: Cleft Lip and Palate Center of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. PATIENTS: The three-dimensional facial surface data of five 10-year-old unilateral cleft lip and palate patients were subjected to the analysis. Distances, angles, surface areas, and volumes were assessed twice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Calculations were made for method error, intraclass correlation coefficient, and repeatability of the measurements of distances, angles, surface areas, and volumes. RESULTS: The method errors were less than 1 mm for distances and less than 1.5 degrees for angles. The intraclass correlation coefficients showed values greater than .90 for all parameters. The repeatability values were comparable for cleft and noncleft sides. CONCLUSION: The small method errors, high intraclass correlation coefficients, and comparable repeatability values for cleft and noncleft sides reveal that the new technique is appropriate for clinical use.
Anthropometry↗
Technical report: the pediatrician's role in the diagnosis and management of autistic spectrum disorder in children.
Autism and its milder variants are not rare. Most pediatricians will have the opportunity to provide a medical home for a child with autism. This technical report serves to complement and expand on the information in the accompanying policy statement to increase the pediatrician's fund of knowledge and comfort level in caring for children with autism. In so doing, it is anticipated that earlier diagnosis and referral for appropriate intervention will be possible and that this will, in turn, have a positive effect on long-term outcomes for children with autism and their families.
Autistic Disorder↗
Genotyping for polymorphisms in interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-beta 1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha genes: a technical report.
Polymorphic variants of cytokine genes are associated with acute and chronic transplant rejection. In this technical report, the methods currently used in our centre to genotype individuals for interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-beta 1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha are described in detail. The DNA sequences of primers and probes, and conditions for polymerase chain reactions are given, and the allele and genotype frequencies in our control populations are summarized.
Genotype↗
Blend uniformity analysis: validation and in-process testing. Technical Report No. 25. PDA (Parenteral Drug association).
One of the most challenging problems confronting oral solid dosage form manufacturers today is the difficulty in applying scientifically valid methods to blend uniformity validation. The Wolin decision in U.S. v. Barr Laboratories caused the FDA to reexamine and modify its policies on blend uniformity and sampling techniques. The resulting policies are predicated on the assumption that current technology provides a means to consistently collect minute representative samples from much larger static powder blends. A comprehensive review of the scientific literature indicates that current sampling technology is plagued by a propensity for sampling bias. This limitation is particularly troublesome to the pharmaceutical industry which must then hold these samples to very high standards. In response to these concerns the PDA Solid Dosage Process Validation Committee has reviewed approaches to blend uniformity analysis. This technical report provides: a method to determine the appropriate sample size for each product, a holistic approach for establishing meaningful acceptance criteria, a discussion on the use of proper analytical techniques and recommendations for conducting investigations for out-of-specification results.
Capsules↗
NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (CAS No. 1746-01-6) in female Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats (Gavage Studies).
DIOXIN TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTOR EVALUATION OVERVIEW: Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) have the ability to bind to and activate the ligand-activated transcription factor, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Structurally related compounds that bind to the AhR and exhibit biological actions similar to TCDD are commonly referred to as "dioxin-like compounds" (DLCs). Ambient human exposure to DLCs occurs through the ingestion of foods containing residues of DLCs that bioconcentrate through the food chain. Due to their lipophilicity and persistence, once internalized, they accumulate in body tissue, mainly adipose, resulting in chronic lifetime human exposure. Since human exposure to DLCs always involves a complex mixture, the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) methodology has been developed as a mathematical tool to assess the health risk posed by complex mixtures of these compounds. The TEF methodology is a relative potency scheme that ranks the dioxin-like activity of a compound relative to TCDD, which is the most potent congener. This allows for the estimation of the potential dioxin-like activity of a mixture of chemicals based on a common mechanism of action involving an initial binding of DLCs to the AhR. The toxic equivalency of DLCs was nominated for evaluation because of the widespread human exposure to DLCs and the lack of data on the adequacy of the TEF methodology for predicting relative potency for cancer risk. To address this, the National Toxicology Program conducted a series of 2-year bioassays in female Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of DLCs and structurally related polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mixtures of these compounds. TCDD is not manufactured commercially other than for scientific research purposes. The main sources of TCDD releases into the environment are from combustion and incineration; metal smelting, refining, and processing; chemical manufacturing and processing; biological and photochemical processes; and existing reservoir sources that reflect past releases. TCDD (dioxin) was selected for study by the National Toxicology Program as a part of the dioxin TEF evaluation to assess the cancer risk posed by complex mixtures of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and PCBs. The dioxin TEF evaluation includes conducting multiple 2-year rat bioassays to evaluate the relative chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of DLCs, structurally related PCBs, and mixtures of these compounds. While one of the aims of the dioxin TEF evaluation was a comparative analysis across studies, in this Technical Report, only the TCDD results are presented and discussed. TCDD was included because it is the reference compound for the dioxin TEF methodology. Female Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats were administered TCDD (at least 98% pure) in corn oil:acetone (99:1) by gavage for 14, 31, or 53 weeks or 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, Drosophila melanogaster, and mouse bone marrow cells. 2-YEAR STUDY: Groups of 81 or 82 female rats were administered 3, 10, 22, 46, or 100 ng TCDD/kg body weight in corn oil:acetone (99:1) by gavage, 5 days per week, for up to 105 weeks; a group of 81 vehicle control female rats received the corn oil/acetone vehicle alone. Up to 10 rats per group were evaluated at 14, 31, or 53 weeks. A stop-exposure group of 50 female rats was administered 100 ng/kg TCDD in corn oil:acetone (99:1) by gavage for 30 weeks and then just the vehicle for the remainder of the study. Survival of dosed groups was similar to that of the vehicle control group. Mean body weights of 100 ng/kg core study and stop-exposure groups were less than those of the vehicle control group after week 13 of the study. Mean body weights of 46 ng/kg rats were less than those of the vehicle controls during year 2 of the study, and those of 22 ng/kg rats were less than those of the vehicle controls the last 10 weeks of the study. THYROID HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS: Alterations in serum thyroid hormone levels were evaluated at the 14-, 31- and 53-week interim evaluations. At 14 weeks, there were significant decreases in serum total and free thyroxine (T4) levels and increases in serum total triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). At 31 weeks, there were significant decreases in serum total and free T4 levels and increases in serum total T3 but no significant effect on TSH. At 53 weeks, there were significant decreases in serum total T4 levels and increases in serum total T3. There were no significant effects on total T4 or TSH levels. HEPATIC CELL PROLIFERATION DATA: To evaluate hepatocyte replication, analysis of labeling of replicating hepatocytes with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine was conducted at the 14-, 31-, and 53-week interim evaluations. The hepatocellular labeling index was significantly higher in the 22 ng/kg group compared to vehicle controls at 14 weeks. At the 31-week interim evaluation, the labeling indices in hepatocytes were significantly higher in all dosed groups than in the vehicle controls. At 53 weeks, labeling indices were significantly higher in the 46 and 100 ng/kg groups than in the vehicle controls. CYTOCHROME P450 ENZYME ACTIVITIES: To evaluate the expression of known dioxin-responsive genes, CYP1A1-associated 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and CYP1A2-associated acetanilide-4-hydroxylase (A4H) activity were evaluated at 14, 31, and 53 weeks. In addition, pentoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (PROD) activity was analyzed. Hepatic EROD, PROD, and A4H activities were significantly higher in all dosed groups relative to vehicle controls at the 14-, 31-, and 53-week interim evaluations. Pulmonary EROD was also significantly higher in all dosed groups compared to vehicle controls at 14, 31, and 53 weeks. DETERMINATIONS OF TCDD CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES: The tissue disposition of TCDD was analyzed in the liver, lung, fat, and blood of all animals in each group at the 14-, 31-, and 53-week interim evaluations and in 10 animals per group at the end of the 2-year study (105 weeks). The highest concentrations of TCDD were observed in the liver, followed by fat tissue. Liver and fat tissue concentrations of TCDD increased with increasing doses of TCDD. No measurable concentrations of TCDD were observed in blood from vehicle control or treated rats at any of the interim evaluations. Mean levels of TCDD in the liver and fat in the 100 ng/kg group at the end of the 2-year study were 9.3 and 3.2 ng/g, respectively. In liver tissue from the stop-exposure group, TCDD concentrations were slightly higher than those observed in the 3 ng/kg group. In the stop-exposure group, TCDD concentrations in fat were below the limits of quantitation. PATHOLOGY AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Absolute and/or relative liver weights were increased at 14, 31, and 53 weeks, with more severe effects occurring in the higher dosed groups. Increased liver weights correlated with increased incidences of hepatocyte hypertrophy at 14, 31, and 53 weeks. Exposure led to a treatment-related increase in hepatic toxicity with a broad spectrum of lesions. Incidences and severities of lesions increased at higher doses and longer durations of exposure. The earliest effects were increased incidences and severities of hepatocyte hypertrophy at 14 weeks. At 2 years, there was a significant increase in toxic hepatopathy characterized by increased incidences of numerous nonneoplastic liver lesions including hepatocyte hypertrophy, multinucleated hepatocytes, altered hepatocellular foci, inflammation, pigmentation, diffuse fatty change, necrosis, portal fibrosis, oval cell hyperplasia, bile duct hyperplasia, bile duct cysts, cholangiofibrosis, and nodular hyperplasia At 2 years, the incidence of hepatocellular adenoma was significantly increased in the 100 ng/kg core study group. Dose-related increased incidences of cholangiocarcinoma were seen in core study rats administered 22 ng/kg or greater. The highest incidence of cholangiocarcinoma was seen in the 100 ng/kg core study group and included a significant number of animals with multiple cholangiocarcinomas. Two cholangiocarcinomas and two hepatocellular adenomas were seen in the 100 ng/kg stop-exposure group. Two hepatocholangiomas were seen in the 100 ng/kg core study group, and one cholangioma was seen in the 100 ng/kg stop-exposure group. In the lung, the incidence of cystic keratinizing epithelioma of the lung was significantly increased at 2 years in the 100 ng/kg core study group. Nonneoplastic effects in the lung included increased incidences of bronchiolar metaplasia. The incidence of gingival squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa was significantly increased in the 100 ng/kg core study group at 2 years and was accompanied by an increased incidence of gingival squamous hyperplasia. At 2 years, the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterus in the 46 ng/kg group was significantly increased, and there were two squamous cell carcinomas in the 100 ng/kg stop-exposure group. At 2 years, one acinar adenoma and two acinar cell carcinomas of the pancreas were seen in the 100 ng/kg core study group; one acinar carcinoma was seen in the 100 ng/kg stop-exposure group. The incidences of acinar cell adenoma or carcinoma (combined) exceeded the historical vehicle control range. Nonneoplastic effects in the lung included acinar cytoplasmic vacuolization, chronic active inflammation, acinar atrophy, and arterial chronic active inflammation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
Animals↗
Cell culture systems and in vitro toxicity testing. Technical report no. 4 of the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT): technical workshop of June 13-15, 1990.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animal Testing Alternatives↗
Technical report: per-oral image-guided insertion of a jejunostomy feeding tube.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Aged↗
Technical report: Interventional sialography: dormia basket removal of Wharton's duct calculus.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adolescent↗
Technical report: Management of tract disruption due to radiologic T-tube extraction of a retained common bile duct stone.
When a T-tube is in situ after cholecystectomy and common bile duct exploration, the treatment of choice for retained common duct stones is removal through the T-tube tract. Tract disruption during stone removal is uncommon. It may be a significant complication resulting in biliary peritonitis. We report a case of tract disruption during removal of a stone through a T-tube tract and discuss its management.
Catheterization↗