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Women's Medical Professional Corporation v. Taft.
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Effect of some 4-alkyl-5-dimethylamino-1-phenyl-1-penten-3-one hydrochlorides and related compounds on respiration in mouse liver mitochondria.
5-Dimethylamino-1-phenyl-1-penten-3-one hydrochloride (1a) has high inhibiting properties in mitochondria isolated from mice liver. Substitution at the 4-methylene group of 1a by different alkyl substituents lead to compounds with wide variation in respiration-inhibiting properties. No correlations were found between either the Charton steric parameter (v), Taft inductive value (f*) or fragmental constant (f) of the substituents at position 4 of the Mannich bases with inhibition of respiration. However the biological results suggested two receptor sites were present in the mitochondria which may interact with the Mannich bases namely a common receptor for all compounds and in addition a narrow hydrophobic binding area which can accommodate a n-butyl or higher alkyl groups which are present in some of the compounds.
Mother v. her unborn child: where should Texas draw the line?
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Performance of the SF-36 health survey in screening for depressive and anxiety disorders in an elderly female Swedish population.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the sensitivity, specificity and predictive validity of suggested cut-off scores in the SF-36 mental health (MH) and mental component summary (MCS) in screening for depressive and anxiety disorders in a population sample of older Swedish women. METHOD: The sample comprised 586 randomly selected females aged 70-84 years who took part in an in-depth psychiatric examination. This provided the 'gold standard' against which the usefulness of SF-36 recommended thresholds for screening for depressive and anxiety disorders in older Swedish women was examined. RESULTS: Based on DSM-III-R criteria, 69 women (12%) were diagnosed with depression (major depression, dysthymia and/or depression NOS) and 49 (8%) with generalised anxiety and panic disorders. The previously recommended MH and MCS cut-offs (i.e. 52 and 42) gave a specificity for diagnosis of depression of 92 and 82% and sensitivity of 58 and 71%, respectively. Both the MH and MCS were good predictors of depressive disorders but poor predictors of anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION: The study supports the predictive validity of suggested SF-36 MH and MCS cut-off scores in screening for depressive disorder but not for anxiety disorder in older women in Sweden.
Digitalis and experimental myocardial infarction.
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Biphasic action of prostaglandin E2 on conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in chick renal tubules.
The effect of PGE2 on the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25 OH D3) to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) by isolated renal tubules from vitamin D deficient chicks was studied under a variety of experimental conditions. In the absence of added vitamin D metabolites, PGE2 (2 x 10(-6)M) caused an immediate inhibition of formation of 1,25-(OH)2D3, followed by a delayed stimulation, apparent after 15 h exposure to PGE2. Pretreatment of the tubules with 1,25-(OH)-2D3 prevented the immediate inhibitory action of PGE2, and allowed the stimulation to be apparent after 4 h exposure to PGE2. The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (IBMX) significantly stimulated the formation of 1,25-(OH)-2D3. PGE2 significantly inhibited 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation in tubules which had been stimulated by IBMX. PGE2 stimulated the adenylate cyclase activity in a crude particulate fraction from the chick kidney, and raised cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels in the renal tubules. It is concluded that PGE2 can either stimulate or inhibit 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation in chick renal tubules. The stimulatory effect may be partly due to elevation of cyclic AMP. The mechanism of the inhibitory effect requires further investigation.
Resuscitation and arterial blood gas abnormalities during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
A study was undertaken to determine the pattern of arterial blood gas (ABG) concentration in the canine model undergoing prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) from fibrillatory arrest, and to determine the importance of acid base abnormalities in predicting resuscitation. Ventricular fibrillation was induced electrically in 12 dogs. CPR was begun at 3 minutes and continued for 27 minutes, at which time the dogs were defibrillated. ABG samples were taken at 0, 8, 18, and 28 minutes of ventricular fibrillation. Seven of the 12 dogs were resuscitated successfully. There was no difference in pH, PCO2, or PO2 between the survivors and nonsurvivors at any of the points measured. A pattern of pH and PCO2 abnormalities was noted in each dog over 30 minutes. Each developed a respiratory alkalosis that peaked at 8 minutes. During the next 22 minutes the pH gradually declined. This combination of respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis resulted in normalization of the pH at about 18 minutes of fibrillation. We concluded that when adequate ventilation is provided in the canine model undergoing CPR, significant arterial acidemia does not occur for at least 18 minutes. Further, acid base abnormalities did not correlate with successful resuscitation.
Reliability of femoral artery sampling during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
A study was undertaken to determine whether femoral arterial blood gas (ABG) content adequately reflects central oxygenation and acid base status during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) from fibrillatory arrest in the canine model. Six dogs were fibrillated electrically. After 3 minutes, CPR was begun. ABG samples were taken simultaneously from femoral and thoracic aortic catheters at 0, 3, 8, 13, 23, and 28 minutes of ventricular fibrillation. Pair analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between aortic and femoral PO2 values throughout the duration of external chest compression and assisted ventilation (P less than .05). The aortic PO2 was 12% more than the femoral PO2. There was no difference in pH and PCO2 between the femoral and aortic blood gas samples. The lower femoral PO2 observed may be the result of poorer blood flow to the lower half of the body. It was concluded that femoral PO2 underestimates aortic PO2 during external chest compression and assisted ventilation in the canine model.
Prognostic and therapeutic importance of the aortic diastolic pressure in resuscitation from cardiac arrest.
A study was done to determine if 12 dogs could be resuscitated from 30 min of ventricular fibrillation if aortic diastolic blood pressure was maintained above 30 mm Hg by administration of epinephrine and, in 6 cases, saline solution during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Of the 12 dogs seven were resuscitated successfully. The survivors received 3.4 +/- 1.7 mg of epinephrine, whereas the nonsurvivors received 11.1 +/- 2.1 mg of epinephrine. The aortic diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher (p less than .05) in the survivors at 12, 18, 24, and 30 min of ventricular fibrillation. In all nonsurvivors, it was impossible to maintain diastolic pressure above 30 mm Hg even with large doses of epinephrine and saline. Maintenance of an adequate diastolic blood pressure during CPR appears important for survival.
A clinical-histological study of individuals with diabetes mellitus and proteinuria.
Coexistent renal pathology with diabetic glomerulosclerosis was found in 38 of 136 (28%) consecutive renal biopsies performed primarily for proteinuria in individuals with diabetes mellitus. The histological lesions found were glomerulonephritis (14), focal tubulointerstitial disease (23), and amyloidosis (1). Significant microscopic haematuria was present in 66% of all patients and did not help to distinguish non-diabetic disease. The severity of diffuse diabetic glomerular disease was independently associated with duration of diabetes, raised plasma creatinine, the presence of hypertension, clinical retinopathy and neuropathy, but not with type of diabetes, degree of proteinuria or glycosylated haemoglobin at the time of biopsy. Diffuse interstitial fibrosis was related to the severity of glomerular disease and, if severe, also with a significantly (p less than 0.01) higher plasma creatinine. Coexisting renal disease was found to be associated with a significantly higher plasma creatinine (p less than 0.01) independent of the severity of diabetic glomerulopathy. Coexistent pathology is a not uncommon finding in renal biopsies from diabetic patients with proteinuria. These lesions and their underlying causes may not only influence the renal function and natural history of renal disease in diabetic individuals, but may also determine the response of proteinuria to therapy.
Improved synthesis of zebularine [1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-dihydropyrimidin-2-one] nucleotides as inhibitors of human deoxycytidylate deaminase.
The 2'-deoxy (2a) and 2'-ara-fluoro (3a) derivatives of zebularine [1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-dihydropyrimidin-2-one, 1a] were phosphorylated in high yield to the 5'-nucleotides 2b and 3b, respectively, and characterized by HPLC, enzyme degradation, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR, and high resolution mass spectral analysis. Their inhibitory activity against partially purified MOLT-4 deoxycytidylate deaminase (dCMPD) in the presence of the allosteric effector deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) and Mg+2 ion was examined. Compounds 2b and 3b inhibited dCMPD with Ki values of 2.1 x 10(-8) M and 1.2 x 10(-8) M, respectively. The parent nucleotide, zebularine monophosphate 1b was ineffective at concentrations > 100 mumol. The effect of the nucleosides, 1a-3a, as well as tetrahydrouridine (THU) and 2'-deoxy THU (dTHU), on the cellular production of DNA precursors was examined in human MOLT-4 peripheral lymphoblasts. It was shown that 1a, 2a and 3a all elevated intracellular dCTP and TTP levels in whole cells with the most powerful effect elicited by 1a. The 2'-fluoro derivative 3a was chemically phosphorylated much more cleanly and higher yield than 2a, without the formation of diphosphorylated by-products. This compound was found to be infinitely less sensitive to acid-catalyzed degradation than 2a. Since the substitution of fluorine for hydrogen had a slight potentiating effect on the dCMPD inhibitory activity while stabilizing the compound toward acid-catalyzed and enzymatic depyrimidination, compound 3b emerges as a very attractive tool for the pharmacological modulation of pyrimidine deaminase activity.
Cairo is working. USA. The Hague Forum.
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Bone density in women: college athletes and older athletic women.
Bone density was studied in intercollegiate athletes and older athletic women. Single-photon densitometry was used to assess bone density parameters at a new distal radial site, the midradius, and the first metatarsus. Dual-photon densitometry assessed bone density of the lumbar spine. Eleven intercollegiate tennis players, 23 swimmers, and 86 older "athletic" women from 23 to 75 years of age were compared with age-matched nonathletic controls. "Athletic" describes adult women who exercised at least three times per week, 8 or more months of the year, for a minimum of 3 years. The radius and metatarsus bone content of intercollegiate athletes was significantly above control values. Lumbar spine density was significantly higher only in tennis players. Mean bone density values for adult "athletic" women were also significantly greater than in age-matched controls. In the oldest athletic group (55-75 years of age) bone measurement values in radius and lumbar spine were in the same range as for younger "athletic" women. In contrast, after 50 years of age, these values in the control population decreased by 0.7%/year. Therefore the largest variance (increase) from age-matched controls occurred in the oldest "athletic" group. Also, we have established a distal radial density value (using our modified site) below which we consider women "at risk" and recommend further bone health evaluation. Only two adult athletic women greater than 55 years of age fell into this category. It is concluded from this cross-sectional study that a regularly maintained athletic program for adult women may reduce the rate of "normal" bone mass loss accompanying age, particularly postmenopausally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of long-term thyroidectomy on post-prandial plasma calcium changes in man.
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Are calcium intakes and physical activity patterns during adolescence related to radial bone mass of white college-age females?
The determinants of bone mass, i.e., size and density, in young adult women after cessation of growth in length of the bones are not well understood. Usual dietary calcium (Ca) intakes and physical activity (PA) patterns during the post-pubertal half-decade have been considered as two important factors contributing to bone mass. In the present hypothesis-generating cross-sectional study, radial bone mineral content and density were measured by single-photon absorptiometry at two sites containing different proportions of trabecular and cortical bone tissue in 705 healthy, Caucasian college women (18-22 years). Ca intake during high school and college, as estimated by milk and cheese intake only, was categorized into low, moderate and high groups; and physical activity, estimated during the same time frame, was also categorized into low, moderate and high groups. Bone measurements were related to both long-term dietary Ca intake from milk and cheese and long-term PA in sports, dance or other exercises, as assessed by recall. By univariate analyses, both distal and mid-radial bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (BMD) were found to be positively related to gynecological age (GA) (p less than 0.01). Also, independent effects of long-term Ca intake (p less than 0.05) on distal BMC and BMD, and of long-term PA (p less than 0.05) on distal and mid-BMC and BMD were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Know thy mouse.
In science it is imperative that the basic reagents and materials are defined and uniform. Unlike chemical reagents, which are uniform over time, mice, like all living creatures, have an intrinsic genetic drive to change, with mutations accumulating over time leading to increasing genetic variation and phenotypic change. Such changes compromise the reproducibility of experimental data over time and place. The use of the mouse has expanded rapidly in recent years and many scientists who have turned to the mouse as a research model might be unaware of the profound impact of changes in genetic background. Here we discuss the sources of genetic change and strategies to reduce them with the idea of strengthening international genetic standards for inbred mice.
Reversibility of clip sterilizations.
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