[Tuberculoma and round radiological tuberculoma-like opacities shortly after primary infection].
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Humans↗
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[A case of recurrent tuberculoma; contribution to the pathogenesis of tuberculoma].
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Humans↗
Rate of resolution of histologically verified intracranial tuberculomas.
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine the rate of radiological resolution of histopathologically proven tuberculomas treated with antituberculous therapy (ATT). The effects of the size of the tuberculomas, the number of tuberculomas, and the addition of corticosteroid therapy on the rate of resolution of the tuberculomas were also studied. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients (age range, 5-48 yr; 14 male and 14 female patients) with histologically proven intracranial tuberculomas were prospectively monitored with contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scans. The patients received ATT consisting of rifampicin and isoniazid for a period of 18 months, with ethambutol and/or pyrazinamide for a minimum of 3 months. Fifteen patients also received corticosteroid therapy for 1 to 6 weeks. Of the 28 patients, 17 patients underwent partial excision, 6 underwent open biopsy, and 5 underwent stereotactic biopsy of their tuberculomas. RESULTS: Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that, after 9 months of ATT, only 18.2% of the patients demonstrated complete resolution of their tuberculomas; even after 18 months of ATT, 69.2% of the patients had residual lesions. By 24 months, 54% of the patients demonstrated complete resolution of their tuberculomas. Although the number of tuberculomas, corticosteroid administration, prior treatment with ATT, and the duration of symptoms before presentation (<6 mo versus >6 mo) did not influence the rate of resolution, larger tuberculomas (maximal size, >4 cm) were observed to resolve more slowly than smaller tuberculomas (<4 cm) (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: More than two-thirds of patients with partially excised or biopsied intracranial tuberculomas exhibited persistent lesions on computed tomographic scans, even after 18 months of ATT. Therefore, the duration of ATT for patients with intracranial tuberculomas should be based on the radiological responses of the tuberculomas. Our data suggest that some patients with intracranial tuberculomas might require prolonged periods of ATT.
Adolescent↗
Role of contrast-enhanced dynamic CT in the diagnosis of active tuberculoma.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess the role of contrast-enhanced dynamic CT in the diagnosis of active tuberculoma. SETTING: Hospitals with an isolated ward for tuberculosis. METHODS: Fifty-five subjects with newly diagnosed active tuberculoma and 24 subjects with inactive tuberculoma were examined and evaluated retrospectively. Six subjects with active tuberculomas and seven subjects with inactive tuberculomas were confirmed by histologic and microbiologic evaluation of resected specimens, whereas the remainder of the subjects with tuberculoma were confirmed clinically. The subjects were receiving iopamidol, 370 mg/mL IV, at a rate of 3.0 mL/s on contrast-enhanced dynamic CT. The time-attenuation curve was obtained and adapted to a gamma function. The peak height (PH), maximum attenuation subtracted by the background attenuation, relative flow (RF), and mean regional flow were used for comparison. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: In the surgically confirmed group, the PH and RF values of six subjects with active tuberculomas were significantly higher than those of the seven subjects with inactive tuberculoma (p < 0.05). Similarly, in the subjects with noninvasive diagnoses, the PH and RF values of 49 subjects with active tuberculoma were significantly higher than those of the subjects with inactive tuberculoma (mean +/- SD PH, 43.4 +/- 4.1 Hounsfield units [HU] vs 11.6 +/- 2.7 HU, p < 0.0001; RF, 0.012 +/- 0.001/s vs 0.006 +/- 0.001/s, p < 0.05). When the cutoff value was defined as mean +/- 2 SD, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis for active tuberculoma were 77.1% and 96.4% in PH, and 68.5% and 88.8% in RF, respectively. CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced dynamic CT is a potentially valuable tool for the diagnosis of active tuberculoma.
Adult↗
Clinical and radiological features of symptomatic central nervous system tuberculomas.
Tuberculomas may present with meningitis, may lead to meningitis, or may develop during the treatment of TBM. In this study, we report a series of 22 adult cases of symptomatic central nervous system tuberculomas, in eight of them tuberculomas were coexisting with TBM on admission and in 14 of them symptomatic tuberculomas developed during anti-tuberculosis therapy. We also aimed to compare the clinical, laboratory and outcome data of the 14 TBM patients that developed symptomatic tuberculomas, with the data of 41 TBM that did not, under the same treatment regimen. Most of the patients developed symptomatic tuberculomas in the first 6 weeks of treatment. Five patients developed late tuberculomas. The characteristics of tuberculomas and the role of corticosteroids in TBM patients are discussed. In conclusion, although steroids may diminish neurologic symptoms and improve outcome, tuberculomas may appear during the course of anti-tuberculosis and steroid treatment. Because of the possibility of late development of tuberculomas after initial successful treatment, all TBM patients need to be followed-up carefully for a long period.
Adult↗
Retrospective study of 23 pathologically proven cases of central nervous system tuberculomas.
INTRODUCTION: Extrapulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis involving the central nervous system (CNS) due to haematogenous spread are not a rare entity. It presents as meningitis or tuberculoma. Tuberculoma is a granulomatous inflammatory process mimicking a neoplasm radiologically, so usually a biopsy is performed. MATERIAL AND RESULTS: Our study consisted of 23 pathologically proven cases of tuberculomas between 1988 and 2003. Patients were discussed clinically, radiologically and histologically. Headache, fever, weight loss and weakness are the most common clinical manifestations. Our patient's ages vary from 3 to 67 years with a mean of 31.8 years. Ninety-five percent of patients had bad social, economic and nutritional conditions. None of them were infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). All patients had similar contrast-enhancing lesions radiologically. The majority of tuberculomas were located supratentorially. Only one patient presented two foci of (cerebral and cerebellar) tuberculomas. Nineteen tuberculomas were intracerebral; two were located in the cerebellum and one was intramedullary. Among those lesions, one cavernous sinus tuberculoma and one sellar tuberculoma were identified. Only two patients underwent stereotactic biopsy and 21 patients underwent surgical excision. Histopathologic examination revealed granulomatous inflammation with central caseous necrosis in all patients. DISCUSSION: Diagnosis of tuberculoma can be difficult, and in most of our cases, the clinical diagnosis was 'neoplasm'. For this reason, clinicians must always be aware of it and consider it in the differential diagnosis of central nervous system mass lesions.
Adolescent↗
Predictive value of computed tomography-based diagnosis of intracranial tuberculomas.
The need to obtain histological diagnoses of intracranial tuberculomas, before initiating therapy, is not universally accepted, because some clinicians believe that an image-based diagnosis is fairly accurate in patients from endemic regions. To evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of computed tomography (CT)-based diagnosis of an intracranial tuberculoma, we prospectively compared the preoperative imaging diagnoses with histological diagnoses in 105 consecutive patients with intracranial masses. CT differential diagnoses (first or second) of tuberculomas were considered in 21 patients. Seven of them were histologically confirmed to have tuberculomas (true-positive results); 14 had other diseases (false-positive results). The 14 false-positive cases included 6 cases of astrocytomas, 5 of metastases, and 3 with miscellaneous diagnoses. All tuberculomas were correctly diagnosed on the CT scans (5 by both surgeons and 2 by one surgeon). During the study period, we encountered 11 patients who were referred by other clinicians with diagnoses of tuberculomas on the basis of their CT scans. We concurred with their CT diagnoses in 5 of them, but only 1 patient had a histologically verified tuberculoma. Astrocytomas (4 patients), metastases (3 patients), and solitary cysticercus granulomas (3 patients) were the causes of misdiagnosis in this group of patients. Although the sensitivity of CT in the diagnosis of intracranial tuberculomas is 100%, and its specificity is 85.7%, the positive predictive value is only 33% (confidence limits, 24-42%). The negative predictive value is 100%. The low positive predictive value for a diagnosis of intracranial tuberculoma on CT alone indicates the need for a confirming histological diagnosis.
Adolescent↗
MR imaging of solitary pulmonary lesion: emphasis on tuberculomas and comparison with tumors.
The aim of this study was to determine whether solitary pulmonary tuberculoma and malignant tumor can be differentiated on the basis of magnetic resonance (MR) signal intensity. Twenty-eight patients with solitary pulmonary lesions were prospectively studied with MR imaging: T1-weighted, enhanced T1-weighted, proton density-weighted, and T2-weighted spin echo images were obtained. The confirmation methods used were computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy in seven patients with lung cancer and four patients with tuberculosis; surgery in ten patients with lung cancer and five patients with tuberculosis; and laboratory data in two patients with tuberculosis. Morphologic features and MR signal intensity were examined in detail. As the test for detection of tuberculoma, signal difference on T2-weighted images was carefully analyzed. The signal intensity ratio of the nodule to thoracic muscle signal intensity was measured. The signal intensities obtained from the lung cancers and tuberculomas were variable on pre-and post-enhanced T1-weighted images and proton density-weighted images. Masses were hypointense in 2 of 17 patients with lung cancer and in 9 of 11 patients with tuberculoma on T2-weighted images (sensitivity 82%, specificity 89%, accuracy 87%). The mean signal intensity ratios of the tuberculomas to muscle were significantly lower than those of malignant tumors on T1-weighted, enhanced T1-weighted, proton density-weighted, and T2-weighted images (P < 0.0001). After gadolinium-DTPA enhancement, 2 malignant tumors and 7 tuberculomas showed a marginal rim enhancement pattern, whereas 15 malignant tumors and 2 tuberculomas revealed a diffuse enhancement. The results of MR imaging were consistent with those of CT in 84% of the patients. MR imaging is a helpful adjunctive method in terms of differentiating a tuberculoma from a malignant tumor.
Diagnosis, Differential↗
Intracranial tuberculoma: MR imaging.
MR studies of 6 patients with intracranial tuberculoma are reviewed. All patients also underwent CT scans which showed hypo- or isodense lesions with abnormal enhancement following contrast administration. MR showed lesions with prolongation of the T1 relaxation time in every case. On the T2-weighted sequences, the signal properties of the tuberculoma varied according to the stage of evolution of the lesion. Incipient tuberculomas appeared as scattered areas of hypointensity surrounded by edema. Mature tuberculomas were composed of a dark necrotic center surrounded by an isointense capsule which was, in turn, surrounded by edema. In one patient, the center of the lesion was hyperintense probably because of liquefaction and pus formation (tuberculous abscess). While both, CT and MR, were equally sensitive in visualizing the intracranial tuberculoma in every patient, MR was slightly superior in demonstrating the extent of the lesion, especially for brainstem tuberculomas. Nevertheless, the potential role for MR diagnosis of intracranial tuberculoma is limited by the fact that other infectious or neoplasic diseases may present similar findings. The diagnosis of intracranial tuberculoma should rest on a proper integration of data from clinical manifestations, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and neuroimaging studies.
Adolescent↗
[The cause of paradoxical growth of intracranial tuberculomas during anti-tuberculous chemotherapy].
A case of multiple intracranial tuberculomas diagnosed by enhanced brain CT scan and MRI, which developed during the course of miliary tuberculosis under anti-tuberculous chemotherapy was experienced. Chemotherapy with an increased dose of each agent and corticosteroid was administered, and eventually intracranial tuberculomas nearly disappeared. After 1970, there have been 29 reported cases of intracranial tuberculomas in Japan, which were diagnosed by brain CT and treated with anti-tuberculous agents. Among them, 27 evaluable cases were classified into 3 groups. Group A: Intracranial tuberculomas were proved by CT before chemotherapy in 7 cases. Four of them enlarged during chemotherapy. Group B: During chemotherapy of tuberculous meningitis, neurological symptoms worsened or prolonged, and finally intracranial tuberculomas were found by CT in 9 cases. In 5 of them, after meningitis was improved by chemotherapy, neurological symptoms worsened and intracranial tuberculomas were found. Group C: During chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis or miliary tuberculosis, neurological symptoms appeared and intracranial tuberculomas were found by CT in 11 cases (including our own case). Getting 3 groups together, intracranial tuberculomas seem to have worsened during chemotherapy in 24 out of 27 evaluable cases. In view of response to chemotherapy, these 24 cases can be divided into 2 categories: 1) non-responders to chemotherapy; 2) cases finally cured by chemotherapy ("transient worsening").(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
[A case of multiple intracranial tuberculoma diagnosed by open brain biopsy].
To provide histological diagnoses of brain diseases, CT-guided stereotactic brain biopsy (CT-SBB) has been widely used because of its less invasive technique compared with open brain biopsy (OBB). However, CT-SBB is not always diagnostic. We report a case of multiple intracranial tuberculoma whose diagnosis was not made by CT-SBB but by OBB. The patient is a 46-year-old man with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who had been receiving immunosuppressive agents (azathioprine, cyclosporin, and prednisolone) after renal transplantation for diabetic renal failure for 9 years. He gradually developed febrile, headache and unsteady gait. Brain MRI demonstrated multiple intracranial lesions involving left fronto-temporal and right parietal lobes, left cerebellar hemisphere, and the fourth ventricle. Although the MRI findings were consistent with those of previously reported cases of intracranial tuberculoma, other conditions, such as malignant lymphoma and toxoplasmosis, were not ruled out. Therefore, CT-SBB targeting the left temporal lobe lesion was done for definitive diagnosis, but it revealed only mild perivascular infiltration of mononuclear cells and hemorrhage. He was transferred to our clinic for further evaluation. On examination, mild truncal and limb ataxia on the left were noted in addition to the neurological findings corresponding to diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy. Despite vigorous laboratory examinations, including repeated bacterial cultures and PCR of cerebrospinal fluid, no evidence of tuberculous infection was obtained. A tentative diagnosis of multiple intracranial tuberculoma was made, and anti-tuberculous drugs (isoniazid 400 mg, ethambutol 750 mg, and pyrazinamide 1.5 g) were administered. Since his symptoms deteriorated because of ventricular dilatation resulting from the enlarged lesion in the fourth ventricle after a temporary clinical improvement, VP-shunting and OBB from the left temporal lobe lesion were done. The excised lesion was firmly encapsulated and the histological examination revealed typical pathology of tuberculoma. Ziehl-Neelsen staining and PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis of the biopsied specimen were also positive. Further administration of increased doses of anti-tuberculous drugs (isoniazid 600 mg, ethambutol 500 mg, pyrazinamide 2.0 g and intramuscular injection of streptomycin 0.3 g twice a week) eventually ameliorated the symptoms and shrank the lesions. In case of intracranial tuberculoma, the needle of CT-SBB may not penetrate the firm capsule of tuberculoma and only the surrounding brain tissue may be obtained as in the present case. Therefore, it is recommended to consider OBB from the beginning for definitive diagnosis of intracranial tuberculoma. Paradoxical worsening of the clinical and laboratory findings of tuberculosis in spite of appropriate anti-tuberculous therapy as seen in the present case has been described in both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The phenomenon, called transient worsening, could happen and we have to keep it in mind during the treatment of intracerebral tuberculoma.
Antitubercular Agents↗
Multiple tuberculomas in the brain and spinal cord: a case report.
STUDY DESIGN: A case of disseminated tuberculoma in the spinal cord and brain is reported. OBJECTIVES: To present a case of disseminated tuberculoma in the spinal cord and brain and to describe the unusual pathologic features and clinical presentation. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND: DATA Intramedullary tuberculoma concomitant with intracerebral disseminated tuberculoma is rare. Only one other case has been reported in the world literature. This represents the second reported case of this unusual lesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors report a 67-year-old man with miliary tuberculosis of the lung and started on antituberculous therapy. His pulmonary complaints were resolved, but he presented acute paraparesis caused by tuberculomas in the thoracolumbar spinal cord. MRI showed more tuberculomas in the brain stem, cerebellum, and cerebral hemispheres. RESULTS: After 6 months, the patient's muscle power gradually improved with a combination of medical and surgical management. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience indicates that antituberculous medication is effective in managing multiple central nervous system tuberculomas. The purpose of surgical intervention is to decompress the cord or brain when progressing neurologic defects occur and to examine the tissue pathologically.
Aged↗
Intramedullary tuberculoma of the spinal cord: a series of 10 cases.
OBJECTIVE: Involvement of vertebral column is common in tuberculosis but intramedullary tuberculomas are rare. We report a series of ten cases of intramedullary tuberculomas, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the largest series of biopsy proven intramedullary tuberculomas in English literature. METHODS: During a period of 16 years (1985-2000), ten cases of intramedullary tuberculomas were diagnosed in our department. Of these, eight cases were histologically proven intramedullary tuberculomas. The clinical profile, radiological data and histological slides were reviewed. RESULTS: Age ranged from 18 to 45 years (mean 29.7 years) and there was slight male preponderance (six men, four women). Duration of symptom varied from 3 to 20 months (mean 11.5 months). All of them presented with motor weakness and sensory impairment. Most common site of involvement was dorsal cord followed by cervical, cervicodorsal and dorsolumbar regions. Three patients had associated involvement of lungs, cervical lymphnodes, and brain, and one patient had past history of tuberculous meningitis. Two patients were treated conservatively but surgical excision was done in eight cases followed by medical treatment. CONCLUSION: Radiologically, intramedullary tuberculomas should be differentiated from other space occupying lesions (SOL) to avoid unnecessary surgery especially in those patients with tuberculosis of the other organs. The incidence of intramedullary tuberculomas is likely to increase with a rise in the incidence of AIDS.
Adolescent↗
Magnetization transfer MR imaging correlation with histopathology in intracranial tuberculomas.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to correlate the differences in the magnetization transfer (MT) ratios of different components of the tuberculoma with histopathology and to see whether MT or conventional MR imaging correlates better with histopathology. METHODS: MT T1 and conventional spin echo MR imaging was performed in six patients with intracranial tuberculomas. The tuberculomas were excised as a single mass and ex vivo MR imaging was performed using the same protocol. The gross histopathology was compared with in vivo imaging with respect to the MR signal intensity (MT ratio) in all six specimens. RESULTS: The size of the tuberculomas was larger on MT T1-weighted images compared to T2-weighted images and matched the gross measurements of each specimen. The MT hyperintense rim matched the cellular component of the tuberculoma that was masked on T2-weighted images because of the associated perifocal oedema. The cellular component had a lower MT ratio compared to the necrotic components. CONCLUSION: The outer hyperintense rim and hyperintense strands are due to the cellular infiltrate, noncaseating granulomas, and gliosis while the hypointense core represents solid caseation. The cellular outer rim shows lower MT ratio compared to the core of the tuberculoma. Histological correlation of the cellular and necrotic components of tuberculomas is best shown with MT T1 imaging.
Adult↗
Intramedullary spinal tuberculoma: a case report.
STUDY DESIGN: A case report showing an intramedullary thoracic spinal tuberculoma secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis in a 16-year-old patient with findings of subacute spinal cord compression. OBJECTIVES: The significance and the use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of intramedullary tuberculoma, and the treatment of the patient that involves surgically the excision of intramedullary lesion followed by appropriate antituberculous therapy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Tuberculomas of spinal cord are rare entities. The possibility of intramedullary tuberculoma should be seriously considered when an intraspinal mass is found, provided that pulmonary tuberculosis is present in the history of the patient. METHOD: Th4-Th5 laminectomy was performed. Intramedullary tuberculoma was excised through a myelotomy. Antituberculous treatment was applied after the surgery. RESULTS: Excellent clinical outcome was obtained with a combination of both medical and surgical treatments. CONCLUSION: The intramedullary spinal tuberculoma, although a rare entity, must be considered in the differential diagnosis of the spinal cord compression in patients with a history of tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, and those who have a bad socioeconomic condition and bad nutrition habit. When confronted with a progressing neurologic deficit, a combination of microsurgical resection and antituberculous chemotherapy with the avoidance of steroids should be the choice of treatment for intramedullary tuberculomas.
Adolescent↗
Brain CT and MRI findings in 100 consecutive patients with intracranial tuberculoma.
OBJECTIVE: The characteristics of intracranial tuberculoma on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are not well known. The authors reviewed the features of tuberculoma on CT scans and MRI. The authors also correlated the MRI characteristics on various pulse sequences with neuropathological findings. METHODS: The charts of patients with intracranial tuberculoma were consecutively reviewed during the period from 1988 to 1999. The diagnosis of tuberculoma was based on pathology (n = 19), clinical or neuroimaging response to tuberculous chemotherapy (n = 57), or evidence of systemic tuberculosis (n = 24). Neuropathological specimens of tuberculoma were graded for the amount of fibrosis, gliosis, necrosis, and cell types (lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells). RESULTS: One hundred patients (43 men) were identified. The age range was 1 to 75 years (mean = 30 y). The number of lesions ranged from 1 to > 100 (mean = 4.5 lesions/patient). Thirty-one patients had solitary lesions, whereas 69 had multiple lesions. Thirty-seven patients had hydrocephalus. After contrast administration, > 450 lesions were seen on CT and MRI images in all 100 scans. The diameter of these enhancing lesions ranged from 1 mm to 5 cm. Lesions > 1 cm showed varied enhancement, including irregular shapes, ringlike shapes, open rings, and lobular patterns. Targetlike lesions were seen in only 2 patients. Other features included cortical and subcortical infarcts (12 patients), calcification (10% of lesions), edema (33 patients), meningeal enhancement (12 patients), mass effect, and/or midline shift (18 patients). A hypointense core with a hyperintense rim was the most common signal characteristic on T2-weighted MRI. The central hypointensity on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images reflected extensive necrosis and hypercellularity. CONCLUSION: Multiple tuberculomas and infratentorial locations were more common in the authors' patient population than in previous reports. The MRI signal characteristics of intracranial tuberculoma are extremely diverse. An isointense or hypointense core with a hyperintense rim on T2-weighted and FLAIR images is the most common presentation. Core hypointensity of lesions on these images is related to necrosis and the large number of cells.
Adolescent↗
[A case of cerebellar tuberculoma].
We report a case of cerebellar tuberculoma presenting with headache, without any specific data. A 22-year-old male had headache for recent three months. Because of detection of the tubercle bacillus in his sputum, he was suspected the pulmonary tuberculosis and the tuberculous meningitis. On admission the cerebrospinal fluid revealed no abnormal data and the tubercle bacillus was not detected in the culture. We started medication for the tuberculosis. MRI demonstrated a mass lesion at the right cerebellum, suggesting the presence of a tuberculoma. He underwent total removal of the tumor via the supracerebellar route. Histological examination revealed tuberculoma when there are no abnormal data. The intracranial tuberculoma may be confused with an intracranial neoplasm. It is important to make an overall evaluation to diagnose tuberculosis; for instance, compromised high age, HIV, and the type of steroid administered, will increase intracranial tuberculoma. In this report, we describe a cerebellar tuberculoma without any abnormal data, suggesting that intracranial tuberculoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any intracranial mass lesion.
Adult↗
[Paradoxical expansion of intracranial tuberculomas during chemotherapy].
A 45-year-old female patient was admitted to a hospital because of tuberculous meningitis in July, 1986. She was treated with chemotherapy (oral isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and an intramuscular injection of streptomycin). Her consciousness was worsened at first, but later she improved aside from some disabilities (incontinence, gait disturbance, disorientation and dementia). She was transferred to National Higashisaitama Hospital in November, 1986. Since then we have continued the chemotherapy, and she has improved gradually. Initially her cranial computerized tomography (CT) revealed no intracranial tuberculoma and showed mild enhancement of basal cistern. About 4 months later, her CT showed many tuberculomas with ringed or nodular enhancement. About 13 months later almost all tuberculomas disappeared. But a few were found with homogeneous enhancement and were enlarged in spite of adequate chemotherapy. These tuberculomas were enlarged while the chemotherapy was continued, but later they were reduced in size. About 3 and a half years later, these tuberculomas disappeared without any calcifications. The above facts may suggest that intracranial tuberculoma could appear and be enlarged on cranial CT in spite of adequate chemotherapy during a course of tuberculous meningitis. They also suggest that continuation of adequate chemotherapy might improve tuberculomas.
Antitubercular Agents↗