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Trichinosis is one of the most common food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Thailand and many outbreaks are reported each year. This paper reviews the history, species, and epidemiology of the disease and food habits of the people with an emphasis on the north, northeast, central and south regions of Thailand. The earliest record of trichinosis in Thailand was in 1962 in the Mae Sariang District, Mae Hong Son Province. Since then, about 130 outbreaks have been reported involving 7392 patients and 97 deaths (1962-2005). The highest number of cases, 557, was recorded in 1983. The annual epidemiological surveillance reports of the Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, show that trichinosis cases increased from 61 in 1997 to 351 in 1998. In contrast to these figures, the number of reported cases decreased to 16 in 1999 and 128 cases in 2000. There was no record of trichinosis in 2001, but then the figures for 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 289, 126 and 212 respectively. The infected patients were mostly in the 35-44 years age group and the disease occurred more frequently in men than women at a ratio of 1.7-2.0:1. There were 84 reported cases of trichinosis in Chiang Rai, Nan, Chiang Mai, Si Sa ket, Nakhon Phanom, Kalasin, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom and Surat Thani, provinces located in different parts of Thailand in 2005. The outbreaks were more common in the northern areas, especially in rural areas where people ate raw or under-cooked pork and/or wild animals. This indicates the need for health education programs to prevent and control trichinosis as soon as possible in the high-risk areas.
A total of 3022 sera from patients with suspected trichinosis and healthy individuals were studied by enzyme immunoassay using the commercial test systems of the Ye.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine (Moscow) and of the private joint stock company "Vector-Best" (Novosibirsk). The study indicated the trichinosis situation of strain in all subjects of the Russian Federation, including the Tyumen Region. The proportion of positive serological assays during diagnostic studies was 15.4%, that of seroepidemiological surveys was 3.3%. This poor situation associated with this entity is confirmed by group, "familial", and single cases of clinical trichinosis associated with ingestion of the meat of brown bears, badgers, and dogs and pork. The presence of natural trichinosis foci in the Tyumen Region is unquestionable, there is no evidence for formed synanthropic foci. An increase in the risk of trichinosis infection in the region is favoured by both socioeconomical and environmental epizootological prerequisites associated with the factors of technogenic and anthropic pressure on the ecosystem. Growing epidemic hazard of trichinosis foci requires that controlling and preventive measures shall be included into social development programmes for the districts and south of the Tyumen Region.
AIM: To evaluate the value of indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) in diagnosing trichinosis. METHODS: IFAT using frozen section of the purified Trichinella larvae as antigen was employed to detect anti-Trichinella antibodies in sera from mice infected with Trichinella spiralis and the patients with trichinosis. Sera from patients with trichinosis were collected at different time intervals after onset of the disease and after treatment with albendazole. Sera from patients with other parasitic diseases and healthy individuals were used as control. RESULTS: The anti-Trichinella antibodies were detected in 15 infected mice as early as 2 weeks after infection, and in 86.5% of 467 patients with trichinosis. Sera from patients with filariasis, echinococcosis and healthy controls were all negative. 8 of 48 (16.7%) cases with paragonimiasis showed positive cross reaction. The antibody positive rate of patients with trichinosis was 70.2% one week after onset of disease and increased to 91.0%, 95.8% and 100% at two, three and four weeks after onset, respectively. The frozen section of the larvae can be stored at -20 degrees C for 5 years without loss of antigenicity. The IFAT positive rate was increased from 87.5% before treatment to 100% one week after treatment, and the serum antibody titers were elevated as well. The antibody negative conversion rate of the patients was 24% at one month after teratment and increased to 75% at four months after treatment. CONCLUSION: IFAT using frozen section of the purified Trichinella larvae as antigen is highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of trichinosis and evaluation of the therapeutic effect.
The present paper presents the biological, epidemiological, clinical, and immunological characteristics of trichinosis in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, which is based on the results of long-term studies and follow-ups and on the 1971-2002 report data from medical and veterinary services and hunt inspectorate agencies. It has established that a total of 675 clinical cases of trichinosis were recorded in Ossetia-Alania in the period under study. The incidence rate of the disease ranged from 0.5 to 16.9 cases per 100,000 individuals, which was 5-20 times or more than the average federal rate. The source of infection of human trichinosis was meat from pigs in 70.7% of the cases and that from wild animals (boars and bears) in 21.3%. Immunological examinations (red cell-linked-antigen test and enzyme immunoassay) of patients with trichinosis who had ingested infected meat, but had not fallen ill with its manifestative form revealed 81.8 and 44.2% seropositive subjects, respectively. In different periods, a positive response ranged from 3.6 to 4.7% in healthy urban residents and from 6.4 to 11.8% in rural ones. The extensiveness of invasion was 0.06 to 1.4% in pigs from individual farms and 0.0033 to 0.034% in those from collective farms. In the Digorsk Region, the trichinosis infection rates were 13.4% in dogs, 4.8% in cats, and 1.3% in murine rodents. The extensiveness of invasion in wild boars was 6.35%. A population of one capsule-forming type of Trichinella spiralis was shown to circulate in the animals of natural and synanthropic biocenoses and it is just this population that determines the specific features of an epizootic process in this area. The natural and social factors that contribute to the formation and maintenance of the activity of endemic foci of trichinosis in the Ossetia-Alania under the present socioeconomic conditions are analyzed.
Trichinella spiralis is a parasite of carnivorous animals that causes the disease trichinosis. In the United States, people become infected by eating poorly cooked pork products or wild animal meat that is infected with the parasite. Although fewer than 100 cases per year are reported to CDC, trichinosis continues to persist as a public health problem in this country. Public health officials believe that the reported cases represent only a fraction of the total number of cases, since many of the mild or asymptomatic infections are undetected or are misdiagnosed unless they are related to more severe cases. In 1986, 51 cases of trichinosis were reported to CDC from 12 states and the District of Columbia. Thirty-six (71%) of these cases occurred in New Hampshire, Hawaii, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania reported the largest number of cases, 15, or 29% of the total. In 1986, commercial pork products accounted for only three isolated cases of trichinosis. The other cases of trichinosis caused by pork included wild boar or pork purchased directly from a farm. Among those cases in which the food item was known or suspected, pork was incriminated in 26 (61%) cases, bear meat in 14 (33%), and other meat in three (7%) cases. Trichinosis is a preventable disease. The U.S. Department of Agriculture requires that ready-to-eat pork products be heat treated or frozen to kill the parasite before the products are sold to consumers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)