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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

Current concepts: immunology. Transplantation immunology.

The MHC is of overwhelming importance in determining the fate of an allograft. Over the past 10 years, our understanding of the serology of this locus, its role in cellular immunity, its biochemistry, and most recently, its molecular biology has increased enormously. Genes for all the known loci, both Class I and Class II, have been cloned and sequenced, and their evolution and function are therefore now more amenable to investigation at the molecular level. Concomitantly, an understanding of the different populations of immune cells involved in the recognition of the antigens encoded by these loci has permitted a more precise immunologic description of the rejection response. It is now clear that recognition of both Class I and Class II allogeneic differences by both helper and cytotoxic T cells has an important role in graft rejection. The goal of transplantation biologists is to take advantage of this increased understanding in order to design new techniques for specifically modifying the immune response to MHC antigens and achieving specific tolerance. Some exciting approaches are already being studied, including specific modifications of both the antigen and the receptor arms of the immune response. It is hoped that these approaches will have new clinical applications in the near future.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Frequency and Distribution of KIR Genotypes of Donors-Recipient Pairs in the Haploidentical Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Setting: Collaborative Study by the Spanish Working Group in Histocompatibility and Transplant Immunology (GETHIT) and the Spanish Haematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy Group (GETH-TC).

There is limited information regarding the influence of KIR genotype, compared to the HLA system, in haploidentical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT). This study aimed to determine the frequencies of KIR genotypes in Spanish haematologic patients undergoing haplo-HSCT. A study was conducted on 113 oncohaematological patients and their donors, treated across five centres that are members of the Spanish Working Group in Histocompatibility and Transplant Immunology (GETHIT) and the Spanish Haematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy Group (GETH-TC). KIR typing was performed using PCR-rSSO or PCR-SSP. KIR genotypes were identified using the KIR Allele Frequency Net Database. Among donors, the most frequent KIR genotypes were Type 1 (28.3%), Type 2 (12.4%) and Type 4 (10.6%). In patients, Genotypes 1 (23.9%), 4 (23%) and 2 (14.2%) were most prevalent. Donors exhibited AA centromeric (46%) and telomeric (59.3%) types, while patients had a higher AB centromeric frequency (52.2%). Differences were observed in the BB centromeric type (3.5% patients; 16.8% donors, p = 0.002). The AB KIR genotype was the most common (70.8% donors; 75.2% patients). Most were classified as 'neutral' (61.9% donors; 73.5% patients). B-content score1 was the most common (48.7% patients; 33.6% donors). Notably, classification as best was rare (2.7% patients; 16.8% donors, p = 0.002). The study highlights the distribution of KIR genotypes in haplo-HSCT patients and donors, with Genotypes 1, 2 and 4 being the most prevalent. AB KIR genotypes and B-content score 1 were dominant. Moreover, KIR genotypes ID may serve as criteria for future investigation about the immunogenetic predisposition to malignant haematological diseases.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

[Transplantation immunology in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The significance of HLA-tissue crossmatching between donors and recipients].

We describe our current programme for donor-patient HLA matching. First, the patient and family members are serologically typed to define HLA haplotypes and to search for HLA genotypically identical siblings. If no HLA identical siblings can be found, we search for a haploidentical family donor with zero or at most one HLA molecule mismatch on the non-shared haplotype. Secondly, we search for an HLA identical unrelated donor in the Norwegian and foreign bone marrow donor registers. For final matching of patient and unrelated or haploidentical donors, we include genomic typing of DRB1, DQB1, and DPB1 alleles by sequence-specific oligonucleotide probing or direct sequencing.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMed1998

Current activity and perspectives of Clinical and Transplantation Immunology Division, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.

Our unit was established in 1972 as Laboratory of Clinical Immunology in the Department of Nephrology, Medical Academy, Sofia Since 1985 it was expanded in Division of Clinical and Transplantation Immunology. Transplantation activity includes: HLA typing (serology and DNA) of all kind of recipients and donors, alloantibody screening and crossmatching (basic microlymphocytotoxicity, DTT and flowcytometry tests). Immunologic evaluation of patients prior to and after transplantation is also performed for individualization of immunosuppressive therapy and discrimination between rejection, CMV infection and cyclosporine toxicity. Since 1983 till now 1662 candidates for kidney transplantation were immunologically tested and registered in Bulgaria. During the same period 293 donors (109 cadaveric and 184 living related) were also typed. The number of transplanted patients from the waiting list is 221. 123 transplantations (76 from cadaveric and 52 from living related donors) were performed in our country and the rest abroad. Because of the imbalance in numbers between cadaveric and living related donors and recipients, the waiting time for transplant candidates has increased, and tragically, the high percentage of patients are dying or become unsuitable while awaiting transplantation. In the field of bone marrow transplantation our laboratory performs the tissue typing of patients and all available members of the immediate family in order to search for histocompatible sibling donor. As recipient numbers continue to grow, both in absolute terms and relative to the number of available donor organs, our histocompatibility laboratory attempts to provide the best possible immune testing to ensure an optimal transplant outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Overview of transplantation immunology and the pharmacotherapy of adult solid organ transplant recipients: focus on immunosuppression.

A review of transplantation immunology is discussed with emphasis on alloantigen presentation, T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation, and the immune effector mechanisms responsible for allograft rejection. Immunosuppressive pharmacology is introduced beginning with conventional medications (cyclosporine, azathioprine, and corticosteroids) followed by a discussion of drugs recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and the interleukin-2 receptor antagonists). In addition, drugs that are used in the treatment of transplant rejection or as rescue therapy are discussed (muromonab-CD3, antithymocyte globulin, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and corticosteroids). Throughout, implications for nurses involved in the pharmacotherapy of transplant recipients are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Current trends in transplant immunology.

Recent advances in transplant immunology are wide ranging. These include the testing of new approaches to tolerance induction by the interruption of co-stimulatory pathways, the analysis of molecular events underlying the development of chronic rejection, efforts to increase the donor pool by consideration of the role of brain death in donor-dependent outcomes of allografting, and progress towards renal xenografting. In addition, current molecular approaches are paramount to understanding key events from ischemia/reperfusion injury and the role of apoptosis in remodelling of the host immune response to an allograft. Important papers relevant to the field from the past year are reviewed with an eye to clinically relevant new data involving renal transplantation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Transplantation immunology.

The practice of clinical and experimental transplantation continues to evolve at a rapid pace. To appreciate the current transplant practices, it is first necessary to review transplant immunology in its proper context, ie, as a component of the complex series of events that promote the repair of damaged tissues. These processes are generally categorized as inflammation, immunity, and tissue repair/reinforcement. In general, there are 3 forms of graft rejection: hyperacute, acute, and chronic rejection. All 3 forms of graft rejection represent pathologic consequences of one or more of these repair-related processes. The various graft rejection responses also illustrate several complex immunologic principles that need to be considered. These include the definition of an alloantigen, the structure and function of major histocompatibility complex molecules, and the behavior of antigen-presenting cells and alloreactive T cells. This review combines these concepts and principles into a discussion of the 3 forms of graft rejection, each of which is addressed at the level of histopathology, pathobiology, incidence, and clinical strategies.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transplantation immunology 1957-1975.

Knowledge of the transplantation immunity has increased rapidly in the past twenty years. The rejection of allograft is now known to involve the interaction of several subsets of lymphocytes, as well as humoral immunity. Efforts to suppress immunity to the allograft are effective but suppress other kinds of immunity also, thus rendering the recipient susceptible to opportunistic infections. Two approaches to modification of the immune response by impairing the ability of cells sensitized specifically against allograft antigen to kill such cells are described. These agents can and have been used therapeutically in humans for other reasons and have been shown in the laboratory to actually markedly prolong the life of renal allograft, without impairing the immune response to other antigens.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1995

Transplantation immunology.

The success of transplantation is such that it is now the treatment of choice for many of those requiring renal replacement therapy. The use of other solid organs, including liver, pancreas, heart and lung, continues to progress. This article reviews some recent advances in our understanding of the immunological response to alloantigen and xenoantigen.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Transplantation immunology 2003: simplified approach.

Transplantation has been performed clinically for four decades and has become the standard of care for end-stage organ failure. Understanding of the immunobiology of transplantation has made tremendous advances, but knowledge still lags behind the clinical use. As a result, nonspecific immunosuppression remains the standard therapy. This article presents an overview of current knowledge of the immunobiology of solid organ transplantation, with emphasis on T-cell activation (antigen presentation, CoS) and cellular allograft (transplantation) immunity. The molecular events of T-cell activation, with some emphasis on the sites of action of modern immunosuppression, are reviewed. A simplified approach to understanding the immunobiology and strategy of maintenance immunosuppression is discussed. Key early and late steps in T-cell activation and the sites of action of immunosuppressive agents are reviewed. The required cellular interactions for the alloresponse and the targets of biologic agents used in transplants are reviewed. Special considerations for the immunology in neonates, infants, and children as recipients are provided. Understanding the immunobiology of transplantation is key to making decisions about children with transplants, developing better protocols, and creating tolerance in the future.

Antigen Presentation↗
PubMed2003

New frontiers: the 2002 FASEB Summer Research Conference in Transplant Immunology.

The first Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) summer research conference on transplantation immunology was organized by Angus Thomson (University of Pittsburgh), Robert Lechler (Imperial College London), Laurence Turka (University of Pennsylvania) and Megan Sykes (Massachusetts General Hospital). Over the past four decades, patient and graft survival rates for solid organ transplant recipients have improved dramatically; however, chronic rejection and the untoward effects of potent immunosuppressive drugs continue to loom. This symposium is a testament to the importance of bringing investigators from diverse biological backgrounds together in a single forum to discuss the fundamental issues of immune biology and advance the goal of transplant-specific tolerance.

Animals↗