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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Technetium(III), Technetium(II), and Technetium(I) Complexes with Pyridine Ligands. Can Pyridine Coordination Stabilize the Low Oxidation States of Technetium?

The substitution chemistry of TcCl(3)(PPh(3))(2)(CH(3)CN) is rather facile relative to the analogous rhenium complex, since both the chloride and phosphine ligands are easily substituted for various pyridine ligands. Consequently a series of Tc(III) complexes with amine, pyridine, and polypyridyl ligands were prepared and characterized by (1)H NMR and cyclic voltammetry. In addition, the zinc reduction of TcCl(4)(py)(2) in the presence of pyridine results in TcCl(2)(py)(4). Structural and spectroscopic data indicate that this Tc(II) complex exhibits strong metal-pyridine interactions characteristic of low-valent amine complexes of Re(II) and Os(II). For example, a decrease of 0.04 and 0.06 Å is observed for the trans-Tc-N bond length in TcCl(2)(py)(4 )relative to mer-TcCl(3)(pic)(3) and [TcCl(2)(py)(3)(PPh(3))](+), respectively. This ability of pyridine to function both as a strong sigma-donor and moderate pi-acid ligand has resulted in the isolation of technetium complexes in various oxidation states with similar ligand environments. As a result, a structural comparison of [TcCl(2)(py)(3)(PPh(3))](+), TcCl(2)(py)(4), TcCl(tpy)(py)(2), and other known Tc(III) and Tc(II) pyridine complexes is presented. Crystals of [TcCl(2)(py)(3)(PPh(3))]PF(6) are triclinic, with space group P&onemacr;, Z = 2, and lattice parameters a = 12.677(4) Å, b = 13.064(4) Å, c = 13.103(5) Å, alpha = 110.14(3) degrees, beta = 101.12(3) degrees, gamma = 96.61 degrees, V = 1959 Å(3), and R = 0.0615 (R(w) = 0.1148). Crystals of TcCl(2)(py)(4) are tetragonal, with space group I4(1)/acd, Z = 8, and lattice parameters a = 15.641(4) Å, c = 16.845(6) Å, V = 4121 Å(3), and R = 0.0373 (R(w) = 0.0290). Crystals of TcCl(tpy)(py)(2) are orthorhombic, with space group C222(1), Z = 4, and lattice parameters a = 9.359(3) Å, b = 16.088(6) Å, c = 18.367(4) Å, V = 2765 Å(3), and R = 0.0499 (R(w) = 0.0599).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

First-pass radionuclide angiographic studies of left ventricular function with technetium-99m-teboroxime, technetium-99m-sestamibi and technetium-99m-DTPA.

Technetium-99m-teboroxime (BATO) and 99mTc-sestamibi (MIBI) may provide the opportunity for first-pass evaluation of left and right ventricular function at rest and exercise in conjunction with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. This study examined the results of age- and gender-matched patients with clinically normal left ventricular function who underwent resting first-pass studies with BATO (n = 25), MIBI (n = 25) and DTPA (n = 25). There were no significant differences between the observed first-pass tracer kinetics or clinical results of MIBI and DTPA. However, there was significantly greater first-pass pulmonary uptake of BATO compared with either MIBI or DTPA. This resulted in five clinically important differences in the BATO FPRNA images: (1) greater background during the levophase of the tracer transit, (2) prolongation of the measured mean pulmonary transit time, (3) lower raw and final ejection fractions, (4) obscured left ventricular border definition resulting in larger geometrically derived left ventricular volumes and (5) poorer image detail and quality which compromised functional image and regional wall motion interpretation. This study suggests that further refinement of the first-pass methodology, particularly with regard to methods of background subtraction, is needed to obtain quality FPRNA results with BATO. However, for the purposes of left ventricular function analysis with FPRNA, MIBI and DTPA are interchangeable.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Technetium-99m-labeled liposomes to image experimental colitis in rabbits: comparison with technetium-99m-HMPAO-granulocytes and technetium-99m-HYNIC-IgG.

UNLABELLED: Scintigraphic techniques are routinely used for the evaluation of the extent and severity of inflammatory bowel disease. Currently, the radiopharmaceutical of choice is 99mTc-hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO)-leukocytes. We studied the imaging potential of two recently developed 99mTc-labeled agents, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated liposomes and hydrazinonicotinate (HYNIC) IgG, in a rabbit model of acute colitis, and compared them with that of 99mTc-labeled, granulocyte-enriched (>90%), white blood cells. METHODS: Acute colitis was induced in rabbits by retrograde instillation of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. After 48 hr, 37 MBq of each radiopharmaceutical was administered intravenously. Gamma camera images were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 10 and 24 hr. At 4 and 24 hr postinjection, groups of rabbits were killed, and the uptake of the radiolabel in the dissected tissues was determined. For each affected 5-cm segment, the colitis index (CI, affected-to-normal-colon-uptake ratio) was calculated and correlated to the macroscopically scored severity of inflammation. RESULTS: All three agents visualized the colitis lesions within 1 hr postinjection. The CI correlated with the severity of the abnormalities. With increasing severity, the CI at 4 hr postinjection for liposomes was 3.89+/-0.73, 4.41+/-0.47 and 5.76+/-0.65; for IgG 1.67+/-0.08, 3.92+/-0.44 and 6.14+/-0.65; and for granulocytes 2.90+/-0.09, 6.15+/-0.96 and 9.36+/-3.35. For liposomes, the CI further increased during 24-hr postinjection to 6.56+/-0.84, 8.50+/-0.53 and 10.61+/-1.34, respectively. The CI for the other two agents did not change significantly with time. CONCLUSION: In this rabbit model, 99mTc-labeled granulocytes, IgG and liposomes all rapidly visualized colonic inflammation. Granulocytes and liposomes showed the highest CI. Technetium-99m-labeled PEG-liposomes may be an attractive alternative for labeled leukocytes to image inflammatory bowel disease, because they can be prepared off the shelf and no handling of blood is required.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of technetium-99m-MDP, technetium-99m-WBC and technetium-99m-HIG in musculoskeletal inflammation.

UNLABELLED: This study compared three radionuclide techniques in distinguishing musculoskeletal infection from noninfectious inflammation. METHODS: Thirty-five orthopedic patients with suspected musculoskeletal infection were examined using three radionuclide techniques in sequence: triphasic bone scintigraphy, 99mTc radioleukocytes (99mTc-WBC) scintigraphy and 99mTc human immunoglobulin (99mTc-Hig) scintigraphy. Two "early" and "late" acquisitions were performed, at 4-6 hr and 20-24 hr postinjection, respectively. Patients who were diagnosed as suffering from noninflammatory lesions became the controls. We calcu"late"d for all studies one index of inflammation (Infl) as the ratio between counts in the uptake area and counts in an equal area of normal tissue. RESULTS: The "early" radiolabeled leukocytes and "late" Hig scintigraphy allowed the greatest ability to distinguish between infections and noninfectious inflammations (p < 0.011 and p < 0.016) with a sensitivity of 96.6% and 96.5% and specificity of 71% and 100%, respectively. Hig and radioleukocytes allowed distinguishing infections from noninflammatory diseases at both examinations. CONCLUSION: The "early" radioleukocyte scintigraphy allowed us to separate infections from noninfectious inflammations. In contrast, the same result can be obtained only with the "late" scan in the Hig study, but Hig mapped the spread of the inflammation into soft tissues better. Hig might be an alternative to radioleukocytes because of its simple preparation, similar accuracy and safety.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Quantitative comparison of planar and SPECT normal data files of thallium-201, technetium-99m-sestamibi, technetium-99m-tetrofosmin and technetium-99m-furifosmin.

UNLABELLED: In recent years, several of 99mTc-labeled myocardial perfusion imaging agents have been developed, such as 99mTc-sestamibi, 99mTc-tetrofosmin and 99mTc-furifosmin. Although images obtained with these new tracers have a general similar appearance, there are differences in the myocardial kinetics, body distribution, general quality of images and imaging protocols. The aim of this study was to quantitatively compare normal exercise planar and SPECT data files obtained with 201TI and 99mTc-labeled agents. METHODS: Lower-limit-of-normal curves were generated for each specific radiopharmaceutical from normal subjects with low (< 3%) pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease using circumferential count distribution profiles from planar and SPECT exercise images. Lower-limit-of-normal curves were statistically compared using the nonparametric Kruskall-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS: Planar and SPECT lower-limit-of-normal curves generated for each radiopharmaceutical showed general similarities. Statistically significant differences among the lower-limit-of-normal curves were found in the planar left anterior oblique view and in the planar left lateral view (p < 0.05 for each). No statistically significant differences existed between lower-limit-of-normal curves of various radiopharmaceuticals on the planar anterior view and on SPECT imaging. CONCLUSION: For quantitative analysis of planar images, radiopharmaceutical-specific normal data files are mandatory. Although SPECT normal data files of various radiopharmaceuticals are not statistically different, they are not identical. It appears, nevertheless, prudent to use radiopharmaceutical-specific normal data files for quantitative analysis of SPECT images.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of parathyroid imaging with technetium-99m-pertechnetate/sestamibi subtraction, double-phase technetium-99m-sestamibi and technetium-99m-sestamibi SPECT.

UNLABELLED: The ability of 99mTc-pertechnetate/sestamibi subtraction, double-phase 99mTc-sestamibi and 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT imaging to localize abnormal parathyroid tissue was compared. METHODS: Fifty-five consecutive patients had parathyroid imaging before surgery for hyperparathyroidism. Imaging consisted of 99mTc-pertechnetate pinhole images of the neck followed by 99mTc-sestamibi pinhole images of the neck and parallel-hole images of the neck and chest (early images). Within 2.5-4.0 hr later pinhole images of the neck, parallel-hole and SPECT images of the neck and chest were obtained (late images). Nodular foci of increased sestamibi activity were considered abnormal. RESULTS: The sensitivity for abnormal parathyroid glands by visual comparison of early images and pertechnetate images was 72%-75%, late images and pertechnetate images was 73%-78% and double-phase (early and late) sestamibi images was 62%-65%; computer subtraction of pertechnetate from early images was 71%-74%; and SPECT imaging was 79%. The sensitivity for parathyroid adenomas was 89%-98%, while the sensitivity for hyperplastic parathyroid glands was only 47%-58%. CONCLUSION: Late imaging, computer subtraction and SPECT may not be necessary since they provided only marginal improvements on visual comparison of early sestamibi with pertechnetate images. Double-phase sestamibi imaging was less sensitive, so baseline thyroid imaging with pertechnetate is recommended.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1979

Complexing of reduced technetium and tin (II) by chelating phosphate compounds. I. Chemical state of technetium.

Complexing of reduced 99mTc, 99Tc and of 113Sn(II) by pyrophosphate was studied, using the in vivo distribution in the rat as an indicator for complex formation. 99mTc-pyrophosphate was only formed at very low technetium concentrations, otherwise colloid formation occurred. Reduced 99mTc in trace amounts and 113Sn(II) complexed equimolarly with pyrophosphate were concentrated in bone and excreted in urine in comparable amounts. The in vivo distribution of 32P-orthophosphate and -pyrophosphate was characterized by a considerable uptake in the liver and a poor urinary excretion. The distribution patterns of 32P-pyrophosphate, complexed equimolarly with tin(II), remained unchanged. Despite these findings it is concluded that real chelates are formed, since non-complexed reduced 99mTc was not concentrated in bone. Two variants of reduced technetium could be discerned: a 99mTc-kidney agent and a 99mTc protein-bound agent. Some evidence was found that reduced technetium may change its oxidation state, but it seems much more likely that both agents are technetium(IV) compounds. It is suggested that the kidney agent is hydrated technetium dioxide whereas the protein-bound agent is a charged technetium(IV) compound. Only hydrated technetium dioxide is obviously complexed by chelating phosphate compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Skeletal uptake of pyrophosphate labeled with technetium-95m and technetium-96, as evaluated by autoradiography.

For animal experimentation, the 95m and 96 technetium isotopes offer many advantages over technetium-99m. Their long physical half-lives and the emission of extranuclear electrons of low penetrating power make it possible to obtain autoradiograms of a great precision. The uptake of technetium stannous pyrophosphate by the epiphyseal plate was studied using liquid-emulsion microautoradiography, 3 hr after i.v. injection into 10-week-old rabbits. Microautoradiograms showed a well-defined and rather specific pattern of localization with intense uptake beneath the epiphyseal disk on the extremities of the vascular buds and a lack of accumulation in the cartilage, whether calcified or uncalcified. In the metaphysis, the label was located where new bone was being laid down and also over the cytoplasm of osteoclasts. We deduce from these results that in normal bone the general distribution of this tracer reflects mainly the arrangement of the blood supply, but the specific sites of accumulation are the bone-forming surfaces and the active resorbing osteoclasts.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Liver and gall-bladder imaging with technetium-99m dihydorthioctic acid and technetium-99m pyridoxylidene glutamate-a study in the young pig.

Seventeen scans on ten young pigs were performed after injection of Technetium-99m labelled dihydrothioctic acid (99Tcm-DHT) and Technetium-99m labelled pyridoxylidene glutamate (99Tcm-PG) using a gamma-camera. Sequential images of the liver, gall-bladder and intestine were observed in all healthy animals. 99Tcm-DHT produced the clearer liver images, whereas 99Tcm-PG produced more rapid and intense gall-bladder images. Analysis of hepatic bile in three animals also suggested a more rapid and higher concentration of 99Tcm-PG than 99Tcm-DHT (36% vs. 4% of the injected dose over two hours). Bowel images were not seen in an animal that had undergone exicision of the extrahepatic biliary tract, but scans performed after hepaticojejunostomy demonstrated intestinal transit of isotope. This study shows that the hepatobiliary system can be easily imaged using Technetium-99m labelled compounds which are excreted into bile. These agents may be useful in the diagnosis of obstructive lesions of the extrahepatic biliary tract of adults and infants.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Myocardial infarct imaging in patients with technetium-99m 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid. Superiority of technetium-99m pyrophosphate.

Technetium-99m 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (Tc-99m DMSA) has been used successfully for imaging acute myocardial infarction in a canine model. The application in humans, however, has not been previously reported. In order to determine the feasibility of using this agent in clinical studies and to compare the agent to technetium-99m pyrophosphate (Tc-99m PPi), ten patients with proven myocardial infarction were studied. While imaging of transmural infarctions in humans was achieved using Tc-99m DMSA, scores for the Tc-99m DMSA images (1.8 +/- 0.96) were not as high as for Tc-99m PPi (2.5 +/- 0.45) (P less than 0.05). Discordance among four independent interpreters was greater for images obtained with Tc-99m DMSA. The superiority of Tc-99m PPi was evident whether images were obtained early (within 24 hours) or late (within five days). Although DMSA images were not obscured by rib uptake, they were less sensitive (63%) than Tc-99m PPi (97%). A potential advantage of Tc-99m DMSA in imaging acute myocardial infarction is that radiotracer concentration in the infarct occurs primarily in the early postinfarction period. The longer postinfarction that Tc-99m DMSA imaging was attempted, the lower the concentration of radiotracer. Thus, Tc-99m DMSA would not be expected to have the same persistence pattern as Tc-99m PPi into the remote postinfarction period. The persistent positivity of Tc-99m PPi has made it difficult to diagnose reinfarction.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measurements of the distribution of technetium-99m sulfur colloid and technetium-99m HEDP in normal humans.

Technetium-99m sulfur colloid and technetium-99m hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (HEDP) are two radiopharmaceuticals that have been widely used in nuclear medicine. Radiation dose estimates for both materials have been published in the literature and are found in the package inserts of the commercial kits. However, these estimates were made without the benefit of quantitative human organ uptake data. Estimates of absorbed radiation dose to the kidneys differ by nearly a factor of 6 between the two calculations for HEDP. The results of this study are in agreement with the lower previous estimate. Other than that one exception, agreement of the previous estimates with the measurements reported here is surprisingly good.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Can technetium-99m-mercaptoacetyltriglycine replace technetium-99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid in the exclusion of a focal renal defect?

The presence of focal renal damage dictates different management of a child with urinary tract infection (UTI) compared with children who have normal kidneys. Technetium-99m-dimercaptosuccinic (DMSA) has a high sensitivity in the detection of a focal defect, and allows estimation of differential function. The introduction of 99mTc-MAG3 with high renal extraction suggests that this may be useful in children with UTI but its role remains speculative. Fifty-nine children with previous UTI underwent both 99mTc-DMSA and MAG3 within 4 wk of each other. Differential function and assessment of the images were undertaken. There is close correlation (R2 = 0.97) between the differential function. Analysis of the 99mTc-DMSA and functional MAG3 images showed that the functional image had a specificity of 88% and a sensitivity of 88% in the detection of a focal parenchymal defect. Technetium-99m-MAG3 in the clinical setting of a child with UTl allows accurate assessment of differential function and a high probability of detecting a focal renal abnormality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Discordant technetium-99m-MIBI and technetium-99m-HMPAO uptake of recurrent occipital meningioma on brain SPECT images.

Technetium-99m-HMPAO and 99mTc-MIBI brain SPECT, MRI, CT and cerebral angiogram were studied in a patient with recurrent occipital meningioma. MRI and CT of the head showed right cerebral hemispheric tumor masses involving parasagittal, temporal and parietoccipital areas. The angiograms showed an intense vascular tumor blush in recurrent mass lesions supplied by the following arteries: the meningeal branch of the right external carotid artery, the right middle cerebral artery, the right anterior cerebral artery and the right posterior cerebral artery. Although demonstrable 99mTc-MIBI lesions mass exactly corresponded to CT and MRI (T-1) findings, mass lesions exhibited a mismatch between 99mTc-MIBI (increased uptake) and 99mTc-HMPAO (absent uptake) brain SPECT images. Technetium-99m-MIBI images, rather than 99mTc-HMPAO brain SPECT, resulted in the correct pathological diagnosis of recurrent meningioma.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of thyroid nodules with technetium-99m MIBI and technetium-99m pertechnetate.

BACKGROUND: Most thyroid centers use fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and technetium-99m pertechnetate for the preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules. This approach is sufficient in most cases other than follicular neoplasm, and follicular carcinoma is more common than papillary carcinoma in developing countries such as in our center. Technetium 99m-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) proposed for myocardial perfusion was also found to be taken up by a variety of tumors including thyroid cancer. METHODS: We evaluated MIBI uptake of nodular thyroid disease and compared it with pertechnetate scan, FNA, and histologic findings for the differentiation of malignant thyroid nodules from benign lesions. Seventy-one patients were included in the study. Three-phase pertechnetate scintigraphy was completed after a single injection of 150 MBq. Perfusion/uptake mismatch (uniform perfusion with cold uptake) was regarded as positive for malignancy, whereas perfusion/uptake match (cold perfusion with cold uptake) was regarded as negative. After 1 week, 400 MBq of MIBI was injected, images were obtained at 20 minutes and 2 hours, and evaluated semiquantitatively by use of a 4-point (0-3) scoring system. MIBI scans were considered positive if there was uptake superior to normal thyroid tissue on early and delayed images (score = 3). In the following days and weeks, all patients underwent FNA followed by surgery. RESULTS: Histopathologic diagnosis revealed a total of 23 thyroid carcinomas, 21 (91%) and 19 (83%) were positive on MIBI and pertechnetate, respectively. Of the 48 patients with benign nodules, 11 (23%) and 29 (60%) were positive on MIBI and pertechnetate, respectively. The specificity of MIBI, pertechnetate, and FNA is 77%, 40%, and 90%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In combination with FNA and three-phase pertechnetate scan, MIBI could be helpful in preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules. Intense MIBI activity increases the probability of thyroid cancer, whereas reduced activity drastically decreases the probability of malignancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Localization of technetium 99m-ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis(alpha-2-hydroxy-5-bromophenyl)acetic acid and technetium 99m-N-(2-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)glycine in hepatobiliary system.

Two radiopharmaceuticals, technetium 99m-N-(2-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)glycine (99mTc-I) and technetium 99m-ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis(alpha-2-hydroxy-5-bromophenyl)acetic acid (99MTc-II), were prepared and evaluated in dogs, rabbits, and rats. Both agents gave good scintigraphic images of the liver and gallbladder in dogs. The cumulative amount of 99mTc-I and 99mTc-II excreted in the bile of dogs and the physiological disposition data in rats revealed slight, inconclusive differences in their distributions. However, the scintigraphic images and physiological disposition data in rabbits revealed gross differences in the distribution pattern of the two agents. The observed similarities in the biliary excretion of both agents in dogs and rats were attributed to the fact that these species are relatively good biliary excretors, and both agents therefore were excreted extensively. However, rabbits, which are poor biliary excretors relative to dogs and rats, excreted 99mTc-II more extensively than 99mTc-I because of the favorable molecular characteristics of 99mTc-II.

Amino Acids, Sulfur↗
PubMed1993

Comparative scanning of thyroid nodules with technetium-99m pertechnetate and technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile.

Thyroid imaging was performed using technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile and technetium-99m pertechnetate in 58 patients. The 99mTc-pertechnetate scans showed a total of 77 nodules: 60 cold, 13 hot and 4 of normal activity. There was no 99mTc-MIBI accumulation in 46.4% of 99mTc-pertechnetate cold nodules; 27 (45%) of these nodules showed 99mTc-MIBI uptake with the same intensity as the surrounding normal tissue, and five (8.6%) became hot with 99mTc-MIBI. Of the 99mTc-pertechnetate hot nodules 11 (84.6%) could not be differentiated from the normal extranodular tissue on the 99mTc-MIBI scan. The histopathology of 34 surgically removed nodules proved that increased, normal or decreased 99mTc-MIBI accumulation is not specific for thyroid malignancy and that the 99mTc-MIBI uptake depends mainly on the viability of thyroid tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The scintigraphic evaluation of myocardial infarction and regional ventricular performance using technetium-99m hexakis (t-butylisonitrile) technetium (I) (TBI): a new myocardial imaging agent.

Technetium-99m hexakis (t-butylisonitrile) technetium (I) (99mTc-TBI) is a new myocardial perfusion imaging agent. To determine its potential in the evaluation of myocardial infarction, 15 patients with suspected or confirmed acute infarction were studied by bedside imaging in the coronary care unit. Good-quality planar scintigrams in multiple projections were obtained in 13 patients. Gated perfusion studies were performed in 14 patients, and for comparison 13 of these were restudied 24-72 h later by standard gated equilibrium blood pool radionuclide ventriculography. Conventional and planar scintigraphic criteria for myocardial infarction (acute or old) agreed in 12 (92%) patients (k = 0.81, p less than 0.05). All the infarctions detected by scintigraphy were associated with electrocardiographic Q-waves. Localization of infarction by the electrocardiogram and scintigraphy exhibited moderate agreement (k = 0.49, p less than 0.1). Regional wall motion analysis by standard radionuclide ventriculography and gated 99mTc-TBI scintigraphy were in complete agreement for 25 (64%) of 39 left ventricular segments (k = 0.35, p less than 0.05). However, in 7 other segments, associated with areas of infarction, regional wall motion abnormalities were noted only on gated 99mTc-TBI scintigraphy. Therefore, 99mTc-TBI scintigraphy can readily provide data on regional myocardial perfusion and wall motion, permitting detection and localization of areas of myocardial infarction. The superior imaging properties, ready availability and low cost of 99mTc point to the considerable potential value of 99mTc-TBI in assessing patients with suspected or confirmed myocardial infarction.

Adult↗